Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Mahnoor
1. •Soy or soybean belongs to
the fabaceae or
leguminosae
(legume) family
which also includes peanuts,
chickpeas and other beans and
pulses.
•The plant is classed as
an oilseed rather than a pulse.
2. Historical
Background !!
Soybeans are native to East Asia, where
they appear to have been cultivated from
a wild species known as “ glycine soja ”
starting about 5,000 years ago .
Soybeans originated in Southeast
Asia were first domesticated by
Chinese farmers around 1100
BC.By the first centuryAD,
soybeans were grown in
Japan and many other
countries too.
3. In 1904, the famous American
chemist, George Washington Carver
discovered that soybeans are a
valuable source of protein and oil. He
also realized the benefits of soybeans
for preserving good quality soil and
enhancement of nitrogen and
minerals in the soil.
Henry Ford ,known for
producing automobiles
he once made a car
with plastic bodywork
made from soybeans.
By 1935 Ford was using
one bushel of soybeans
for every car he
manufactured
5. The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray
hairs.
The leaves are trifoliolate having three to four leaflets per leaf
The leaves fall before the seeds are mature.
Self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are white, pink or purple.
Fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of thre
e to five, each pod
contains two to four seeds (5–11 mm in diameter).
Soybeans are of various sizes, in several hull or seed
coat colors including black, brown, blue, yellow,
and mottled.
The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant
and protects the cotyledon from damage.
The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the
hilum
Micropyle or small opening in the seed coat
which
can allow the absorption of water.
6. Extensively grown for its nutriotious oil rich proteinaceous
seeds and for forage. Soybeans grow on a variety
of soils and a wide range of climates.
Varieties Of Soybean :
Edamame:
Sweet ,Tasting large soybeans
that are harvested prematurely, when the
beans are still green. Sweet and delicate in
flavor, edamame can be added to salads or soups
or rice dishes.
Mature Soybeans:
Mature soybeans are tan-colored
and are harvested when they have fully matured.
Dried Soybeans:
Are dense, pea-sized beans
that require a long soaking before cooking.
7. CULTIVATION OF SOYA PRODUCTS
Soybeans are globally important crops, providing oil and
protein.
Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers,
with optimum growing conditions in mean temperature of
20°C to 30°C ; temperature of below 20°C and over 40°C stunt
growth significantly.
They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum
growth in moist alluvial soils with a good organic content.
Soybeans, like most legumes, perform nitrogen fixation by
establishing a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium
Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Modern crop cultivars generally reach a height of around
1m and take 80-120 days from sowing to harvesting.
8.
9.
10. INGREDIENTS:
Soybean(500 gm)
Water(3000 ml)
Flavoring agents(chocolate flavor)[optional]
OTHER MATERIAL:
Muslin cloth
Mixer/Grinder
Cooker
Gas stove
Vessels
Jar with a lid
PREPARATION:
Raw Soybean – Take raw soybeans and weigh it.
Cleaning – Clean the soybeans to remove impurities like dust, stone,
metal impurities.
Washing – Wash the soybeans to remove adherent impurities.
Soaking – Soak the soybean in a jar. Close the jar with a lid. Water
required to soak is 1.5 times of the quantity of soybeans. After soaking,
volume of soybean become double.
11. Removing of hull – Drain excess water from soyabeans and
remove outer coverings of soybeans.
Grinding – Grind soybeans in a mixer. Blend it till liquefied.
Addition of Water – In the soybean pulp/paste, add four
times water.
Filtration – Filter the mixture through muslin cloth.
After filtration we get okara (solid portion) and soymilk.
Heat the soymilk till its boiling point. Continue heating for
further 15 minutes.
Flavoring of soymilk – We can add natural flavoring substance
and artificial flavor in it.
Let the soymilk cool at room temperature. Now soymilk is
ready. We can use it immediately or can refrigerate it and use
within next 3 days.
13. Nutrients….
Soybeans contain all three of the macro-nutrients required for good
nutrition: complete protein, carbohydrate and fat, as well as vitamins
and minerals, including calcium, folic acid and iron.
Complete protein :
Soybeans are the only common plant food that contain
complete protein. Soybean protein provides all the
essential amino acids in the amounts needed for human
health. The amino acid profile of soy protein is nearly
equivalent in quality to meat, milk and egg protein.
16. Soybean oil is 61% polyunsaturated fat and 24% monounsaturated fat which is
comparable to the total unsaturated fat content of other vegetable oils (~
85%). Like other vegetable oils, soybean oil contains no cholesterol
Soybean Oil - Nutritional Analysis :
•Polyunsaturated vs Saturated Fats
•Essential Fatty Acids
•Hydrogenated Soybean Oil
17. Soy Protein – Nutritional Benefits
Almost 40% of the calories in soybeans are
derived from protein causing soybeans to be higher
in protein than other legumes and many animal
products. The quality of soy protein is highly
notable and approaches the quality of meat and
milk. Unlike many other good sources of protein,
soybeans are low in saturated fat and are
cholesterol-free.
Soy Protein Products
Defatted soy flakes, a product resulting from the
oil extraction process of soybeans, are the basis of
a variety of soy products including soy flour, soy
concentrates, and soy isolates.
•Soy flour
•Soy concentrates
•Soy isolates
18. Soy Fiber
Soybeans contain both soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble
fiber may help lower serum cholesterol and control blood
sugar. Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk, may prevent colon
cancer, and can help relieve symptoms of several digestive
disorders.
Whole Soybean Foods
•Full fat
flour is made from whole soybeans and therefore has the same fat, protein and
dietary fiber content as the whole bean. Full fat flour is used for doughnut
mixes, pie crusts, pancake batters and other baked goods.
•Soymilk
is made from ground soybeans that are mixed with water to form a milk-like
liquid. Soy milk can be consumed by people who are dairy sensitive or by strict
vegetarians who eat no animal proteins. Soymilk is an excellent source of
protein, B-vitamins and iron, and if fortified, provides adequate calcium. It has
low levels of saturated fat and no cholesterol
19. Traditional Asian Soybean Foods
•Tofu
•Miso
•Natto
•Tempeh
•Soybean
•Soy sauce
www.nsrl.illinois.edu
23. In the United States, you can find a wide variety of
genetically modified soybeans. It is known as
genetically modified organisms. According to the
genetically modified organism compass, the
genetically modified soybeans are being used as a
livestock feed and 70 percent of it can be found in
most food crops in the United States that include
soy milk, cereals, breads, meat and pasta. The
genetically modified soybeans have hazardous
effects on environment and human health.
24. Soybeans are one of the "biotech food" crops that
have been genetically modified, and genetically
modified soybeans are being used in an
increasing number of products. In
1995, Monsanto Company introduced glyphosate-
tolerant soybeans that have been genetically
modified to be resistant to Monsanto's glyphosate
herbicides through substitution of
the Agrobacterium sp. (strain CP4) gene EPSP (5-
enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-3-phosphate) synthase.
The substituted version is not sensitive
to glyphosate.
25. ADVANTAGES OF GM SOYBEANS…
These soybeans help farmers in that they provide for easier
weed management . The GM crops makes spraying
herbicides less damaging to the crops.
GMO soybeans have been modified to make them more
resistant to insect pests. A toxic bacterium can be added to
soy to make them insect repellent, yet safe for human use.
This can reduce the amount of pesticide chemicals used on
the plants, thus potentially reducing exposure to pesticides.
The increase of GMO soy and animals often requires less
chemicals, time and tools, and may help to reduce
environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil
erosion.It can improve general beauty &health of the
environment surrounding farms &contribute to sustaining
of better air &water quality, which indirectly benefit you.
26. ADVANTAGES….(Cont…)
GMO soy have been engineered to be more nutritious in terms of
mineral or vitamin content. Not only does this help you get the
nutrients you need, it can also play a significant role in battling
malnutrition in the developing world.
The genetically modified soybeans also have the ability to generate
useful vaccines and medicines that have the potential to treat human
diseases on a cost-effective manner. You can also associate the
genetically modified soybeans into your diet to avoid the occurrence
of harmful illnesses and diseases.
The genetically modified soybeans can also give you with stress
tolerance like low temperature and drought. It also helps to extend the
range to food production.
The genetically modified soybeans can resist the harsh conditions
that include weed killers and weather. The genetically modified
soybeans will also allow most of the harvest to survive.
27. DISADVANTAGES OF GM SOYBEANS…
GM soybeans are growing problem in Latin America . The world’s
most grown GM crop has a need for more fertilizer due to the gene that
provides a resistance to glyphosphate , a herbicide.
The problem with GM soybeans that have a built in resistance to a
herbicide is that the soybeans can spread its genes to surrounding
organisms.
Most of the farmers can use the chemically weed killers to destroy
other plants. However, the genetically modified soybeans and corn
will leave the chemicals on the ground. It will damage the natural
predators and delicate ecosystems.
The genetically modified soybeans and corns have unpredictable
side effects on health. There are chemical compounds that are present
in genetically modified soybeans that can harm your human diet
and the possible cause cannot be detected easily.
28. Disadvantages… (cont…)
It greatly affects the budget of the small farms and the pollination
of the soybeans and corn can be spread through the genetically
modified soybeans seeds.
According to scientists, the genetically modified soybeans can
cause toxemia and liver damage that is due to over consumption of the
genetically modified soybeans.
The sudden incorporation of genetically modified soybeans to a
plant will create new set of allergen and allergic reaction especially to
those individual who are extremely sensitive.
29. The 5 Cons of Genetically Modified Soybeans
The following are the issues associated with genetically modified soybeans:
1. Ecological Damage
2. Unpredicted Side Effects
3. Patented
4. Liver Changes
5. Allergic Reactions
30.
31.
32. SOY HEALTH RISKS ARE…..
CANCER, by interfering with normal cell division
DIABETES ,by interfering with insulin receptors in your cell
membrane
Decreased IMMUNE FUNCTION by reducing your immune response
REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS , by interfering with enzymes
needed to produce sex hormones
Cause CHRONIC HEALTH PROBLEMS such as Obesity , Asthma,
Autoimmune disease, Cancer and Bone degeneration
HEART DISEASE ,by clogging your arteries (among woman with
underlying coronary heart disease, eating trans-fats increase
the risk of sudden cardiac arrest threefold
Increase blood levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad”
cholesterol while lowering levels of high density lipoprotein(HDL)
or “good” cholesterol
Interfere with your body’s use of beneficial OMEGA-3 FATS
33. Brain
epidemiological evidence of humans eating soya products is currently divided: a study of
Japanese men between 1965 and 1999 demonstrated a positive correlation between brain
atrophy and consumption of tofu meals , and a study on elderly Indonesian men and women
found that high tofu intake was associated with poorer memory
Australia has released a statement saying scientific research suggests that overall the
moderate consumption of soy products does not appear to present a risk to women with breast
cancer, and there is equivocal evidence that consuming large amounts of soy products may
have a protective effect against developing breast and prostate cancer. However, the Council
does not recommend taking soy dietary supplements as there is no evidence they are either
effective or safe at preventing or treating cancers.
Carcinogenicity
Gout
Soybeans and soy products contain significant amounts of purines a class of organic
compounds. For people who suffer from gout eating foods containing moderate or high levels
of purines may make the condition worse. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
recommends that gout sufferers limit consumption of soy products (although also
suggesting that soy may have health benefits by reducing the risk for heart
disease).However, other researchers have found little or no association between consumption of
purine-rich vegetables (including beans) and gout.
HIDDEN FACTS OF SOY…
38. SOYA OIL :
1.Soya bean oil is chiefly a poly
unsaturated vegetable oil.
2.It is low in saturated fats & free
from cholesterol ; making it as
one of the most healthiest oils.
3.It is a moderate source of anti
oxidant vitamin E.
4.It also have vitamin K in high
concentration.
40. Also used for type 2 diabetes, asthma, lung cancer, endometrial cancer,
prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer, as well as Soy is used for high
cholesterol, high blood pressure, and preventing diseases of the heart
and blood vessels. It is preventing weak bones (osteoporosis), and slowing the
progression of kidney disease.
Other uses include treating constipation and diarrhea, as well as
decreasing protein in the urine of people with kidney disease,
improving memory, and treating muscle soreness caused by
exercise.
MEDICAL USES:
41. In foods, soy is used as a milk substitute in infant feeding formulas, and as an alternative
to cow's milk. Soybeans are eaten boiled or roasted. Soy flour is used as an ingredient in
foods, beverages, and condiments.
IN FOOD:
Bio composites are building materials made from recycled newspaper and soybeans.
They replace other products traditionally made from wood, such as furniture, flooring,
and countertops.
BIO COMPOSITS:
42. Soy oil produces an environmentally friendly solvent that
safely and rapidly removes oil from creeks, streams and
shorelines without harming people, animals and the
environment. Soy is an ingredient in many industrial
lubricants, solvents, cleaners and paints.
ENVIRONMENTAL :
OTHERS :
Soy products are also found in many popular
brands of home and commercial carpet.
Candles made with soybean oil burn longer
but with less smoke and soot.
