apoptosis,apoptosis

1. NAME-AVHIJIT ROY
CLASS-B.PHARM
YEAR-3rd year
ROLL NO.-20801914023
PROJECT NAME- APOPTOSIS

2. APOPTOSIS
 Apoptosis is a form of ‘coordinated and internally
programmed cell death’ .
 The term was first introduced in 1972.
 Its having significance in a variety of physiologic and
pathologic conditions.

3. PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES
I. Organised cell destruction of tissue during
development of embryo.
II. Physiologic involution of cells in hormone –
dependent tissue.
III. Involution of the thymus in early age.

4. PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES
1. Cell death in tumours exposed to chemotherapeutic
agents.
2. Cell death in viral infection e.g. viral hepatitis.
3. Pathologic atrophy of organs and tissues on
withdrawal of stimuli e.g. atrophy of kidney.
4. In degenerative diseases of CNS e.g. parkinson’s
diseases.
5. Heart diseases e.g. in acute myocardial infration.

5. TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY AND COUNT
APOPTOTIC CELLS
1. Staining of chromatin condensation by
haematoxylin.
2. DNA changes detected by in situ techniques.
3. Fluorescent stain with acridine orange dye.

6. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF APOPTOSIS
1. Proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins.
2. Protein- protein cross linkages.
3. Appearance of cell membrane.
4. Some apoptosis appearance glycoprotein.
5. Appearance of inflammatory cells.

7. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF
APOPTOSIS
1. INITIATORS OF APOPTOSIS:
 Transmembranous
 Intracellular
 Extracellular
2. PROCESS OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEAT:
 Activation of caspases
 Activation of receptor(CD95)
 Activation of growth controlling genes(Bcl-2,p53)
 Cell death

8. 3. PHAGOCYTOSIS
Membrane changes
No inflammatory cells