building construction

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
PROJECT 1: SKELETAL STRUCTURE
(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER DESIGN)
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. HABEEBAH ZAINAB SAYED HOSSEN | 0327492
2. HOR XEUT YIN | 0327770
3. JIJI NG | 0904Y72861
4. NUR FARAHIYAH BILLAH HJ MOHD ASMADEE | 0324416
5. NURUL ATIQAH BINTI MOHD GHAZALI | 0325630
TUTOR: MR. RIZAL
INTAKE: AUGUST 2017

2. CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................1
2. DESIGN CONCEPT.......................................................1
3. MASSING.............................................................................2
4. DESIGN CONSIDERATION.....................................3-4
5. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT.........................................5
6. FINAL DESIGN (DRAWINGS)................................6-8
7. SPECIFICATIONS...........................................................9
8. MATERIAL ANALYSIS.................................................10-11
9. JOINTS...................................................................................12
10. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS............................13-15
11. LOADS AND FORCES ..............................................16-17
12. FINAL PHOTOS OF MODEL.................................18
13. REFERENCES.................................................................19

3. INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CONCEPT
A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or alight from a bus. Our design aims to
use the least material and screws to highlight on the portability and easy installation throughout the construction
process. Materials used are extremely light weight and removable joints are applied on the design.
1
This project aims for us to understand the skeletal structure and its structural components. We have to
understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading. We have to analyze the issue of strength, stiffness and
stability of structures includes modes of structural systems, forces, stress and strain and was of static.
So, in a group of 5, we have to design a bus shelter, a temporary one, and create a 1:5 model. We must clearly
show the building components: roof, column, walls, and floor.

4. MASSING
2
The general massing of our temporary
bus shelter is based on two forms;
right-angle triangular prism which rests
above cuboid.
Cuboid has large surface area in
contact with ground and the overall
horizontality of both cuboid and right-
angle triangular prism lower the center
of gravity which make the bus shelter
stable and able to accommodate.

5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3
ACCESS SHELTERSPACIOUS CAPACITY
Able to accommodate
5- 6 passengers.
It provides easy access to go in
and out from the shelter.
Protects the waiting passengers
from weather ( i.e. rain).

6. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (cont.)
4
BENCHES
Benches facing the street.
The structure and material
chosen for strength and
durability.
Provide openings and
transparency so that
natural light will be use
more.
LIGHTING
Provide semi- transparency
enclosure so that the bus
drivers are able to see inside.
Also the passengers will know
when the bus has arrive due
to no blockage
TRANSPARENCY

7. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1
We have decided to use cube and prism to be the
form of our design.
STAGE 4 ( FINAL)
STAGE 3
STAGE 2
We have come out with a rough sketch of how the
design is going to look like. There is two rows of seats
and the back seat is higher than the one in front. It is
something like a staircase seating area.
What to change:
- Seating: not convenient to get to the seat at the back
- Knee brace to be removed because there is enough
support
There is just a row of seat one so it will be wider to
accommodate 5-6 people. We are now at the stage discussing
the detail part of the design (joints, dimension, etc.)
What to change:
- Material: from steel to timber, it is easier to construct as there
is less bolts and nuts
- Roof: become a whole slanted structure to make
construction easier
The whole design has been finalised. 5

8. FINAL DESIGN ( DRAWINGS)
6
ROOF PLAN FLOOR PLAN
3,000 mm 3,000 mm
2,000mm
2,000mm

9. FINAL DESIGN ( DRAWINGS)
7
FRONT ELEVATION
3,000mm
2,750mm

10. FINAL DESIGN ( DRAWINGS)
8
RIGHT ELEVATION LEFT ELEVATION
2,750mm
2,500mm
2,000 mm
1,000 mm
1,000 mm

11. SPECIFICATIONS
9
HOLLOW STEEL SECTION:
90 mm x 90 mm
90 mm
90 mm
LAMINATED TIMBER FLOOR
COVER:
2,000 mm x 3,000 mm
Thickness: 75 mm
TIMBER COLUMN:
150 mm x 150 mm
150 mm
150 mm
3,000 mm
2,000 mm
LAMINATED TIMBER BENCH:
300 mm x 3,000 mm
Thickness: 50 mm
3,000 mm
300 mm
TIMBER BEAM:
50 mm x 100 mm
TIMBER ROOF RAFTERS:
50 mm x 100 mm
Length: 2,000 mm
POLYCARBONATED ROOF:
3,000 mm
2,000 mm
50 mm
100 mm
100 mm
50 mm
ISOMETRIC VIEW

12. MATERIAL ANALYSIS
10
Hollow Steel Section ( Floor beam structure)
Glued Laminated Timber ( Floor cover and bench)
Glued laminated timbers (glulam) are
manufactured by end joining individual
pieces of dimension lumber or boards
together with structural adhesives to create
long-length laminations. These long-length
laminations are then face boned together
with adhesives to create the desired glulam
shape.
Commonly used as beams. The section’s inherent
flat surfaces makes it more economical for joining
and other fabrication processes. It possessed clean
lines, it is functional, and interacts less with
external environmental effects.
In construction, hollow steel sections create
lightweight and visually attractive structures that
benefit communities and environments.

13. MATERIAL ANALYSIS (cont.)
11
Polycarbonate (Roof)
Timber ( Columns, beams and roof rafters)
Polycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has
high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance.
It also has a high heat deflection temperature and
absorbs very little moisture. Its strength, impact
resistance and transparency (unfilled grades only)
also make it an ideal material for certain transparent
structural applications.
Timber can be easily connected using nails, screws,
bolts, connectors. It is lightweight and easy to handle
in manufacture, transport and construction. It has a
good durability characteristics and good insulating
properties against heat.
Concrete is for the foundation part of the shelter. It
has relatively high of compressive strength, able to
withstand loads from the shelter. It goes to a process
of formwork to form a rectangular shape concrete
block that is distributed evenly on all sides of the
shelter..
Concrete ( Foundation)

14. JOINTS
12
Mortise and Tenon Joint / End Bridle Joint
End bridle joint (also known as open slot mortise
and tenon) is the method of joining timber by
working a solid rectangular projection in the one
piece and cutting a corresponding cavity to
receive it in the adjoining piece. The projection is
called the tenon, and the cavity the mortise.
It joins two members at their respective ends,
forming a corner. This form of joint is commonly
used to house a rail in uprights, such as legs. It
provides good strength in compression and is
fairly resistant to stacking, although a mechanical
fastener or pin is often required.
Mortise
Tenon
DETAIL DIAGRAM OF JOINING COLUMN AND BEAM
TOGETHER
Column
(Mortise)Beam
(Tenon)

15. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
13
1. Cut a section at the top of the columns.
Dimension of cut: 50 mm x 100 mm x 150
mm.
2. Screw the column on to the floor cover
3. Slot in the timber beam into the cut
section of the column
50 mm
150
mm
100
mm
4. Place the roof rafter on top of the
column and beams.

16. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS (cont.)
14
5. Place the rest of the rafters on top of the column and beams.
6. Screw the roof polycarbonated cover on top
of the rafters/
7. Screw the welded hollow beam structure on the bottom
of the timber flooring.

17. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS (cont.)
15
8. Mark the position of the L Bracket for the seating and screw on the column at
the back.

18. LOADS AND FORCES
16
The columns, which is the
compression member, transfer
the load above it equally to the
foundation.
Column Rafter
Roof Beam
The roof is supported by the
rafters and both of them are
supported by roof beam.
Transferred load from the roof
Distributed load from roof
beam to column
Transferred load to foundation
through columns
The load is transferred from the roof to
the rafters, which is then distributed to
the roof beam and will be transferred
through columns to the foundation.

19. LOADS AND FORCES (cont.)
17
The bottles of water represent loads from heavy rain. The bus shelter is
able to withstand the load as it is supported by 5 columns within an area
of 2m by 3m. The number of columns is sufficient to withstand heavy load
within the area. The load will be transferred from roof to the rafters and
distributed equally to the columns through the roof beam, then it will
finally be transferred to the foundation through columns.
WEIGHT OF BOTTLES LOAD ( RAIN) : 7.5 kg

20. PHOTOS OF FINAL MODEL
18
Base with hollow beams
Roof Cover
Back ElevationFront Elevation
Right Elevation Left Elevation

21. REFERENCES
19
APA. (2008). Gulam Design Specification. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 from http://www.drjlumber.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/07/Glulam-design-specs.pdf
APTA. (2010). Bus Stop Design and Placement Security Considerations. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 from
http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Documents/APTA-SS-SIS-RP-008-10.pdf
Boedeker. (2017). Polycarbonate Specifications. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 from
http://www.boedeker.com/polyc_p.htm Glulam. (2014). More About Glulam. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 from
http://www.glulam.co.uk/about_designData.htm
STA. (2014). Timber as a structural material – an introduction. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 from http://www.cti-
timber.org/sites/default/files/STA_Timber_as_structural_material.pdf
TATA. (2013). Hollow Sections. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2017 form
https://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Business_Units/Corus_Tubes/Tubes/TST01_Overview_Bro
chure_NH_update.pdf