global warming

GLOBAL WARMING
PRESENTED BY
Dr ASMIN P K
POSTGRADUATE

• “In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments; there
are only consequences”
—Robert Green Ingersoll

CONTENTS
• Definition
• Greenhouse effect
• Impact on health
• Heat stress
• Respiratory illnesses
• Vector borne diseases
• Water borne diseases
• Disasters
• Global strategies
• Conclusion
• References

INTRODUCTION
• From The Stone Age to the modern era man has come a long way.
• In his pursuit of comforts of life he ignored the threat of pollution and
environmental degradation caused by industrialization.
• While other planets in the solar system of the Earth are either roasting hot or
bitterly cold,earth's surface has relatively mild, steady temperatures.
• Earth enjoys these temperatures because of its atmosphere, which is the thin layer
of gases that cover and protect the planet.

• However, 97 % of climate scientists and researchers agree that humans have
changed the Earth's atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past two centuries,
resulting in global warming.
• Global warming is not new as this process occurs naturally and keeps the
Earth’s temperature about 50 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would be
otherwise.
• Without this natural cover, Earth’s surface would be colder than it is today,,
making the planet freezing and devoid of life.

GLOBAL WARMING
• Global warming is the increase in
the average measured temperature
of the Earth.
• It is mainly caused by “Greenhouse
Effect”.

Basic Questions of Global Warming
• What causes the earth’s climate to
change?
• What are the effects of Global
Warming to humanity?
• How do we overcome this
problem?

"The Causes of Climate Change". climate.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.

Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun.
• Roughly 30% of incoming sunlight is reflected into space by bright surfaces
like clouds and ice.
• Remaining 70%, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is
absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet.
• As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal
infrared radiation).
• From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is
absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide and methane.

• This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural
greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth.
• If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature
would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F)
Michael Daley, an Associate
Professor of Environmental
Science at Lasell College
"Gas molecules that absorb
thermal infrared radiation, and are
in significant enough quantity, can
force the climate system. These
types of gas molecules are called
greenhouse gases”.
CO2 and other greenhouse gases
act like a mantle, absorbing
infrared radiation and preventing it
from escaping into the outer space
The net effect is the regular
heating of the Earth's atmosphere
and surface.

• Today, humankind’s activities are altering the world’s climate.
• We are increasing the atmospheric concentration of energy-trapping gases,
thereby amplifying the natural "greenhouse effect" that makes the Earth
habitable.
• In its Third Assessment Report (2001), the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) stated: "There is new and stronger evidence that most
of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human
activities."

• Unusual rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past
century is primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn
fossil fuels.
• The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1
to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005.
• This rate has nearly doubled in the last 50 years.
Averaged as a whole, the
January 2019 global land and
ocean surface temperature
was 0.88°C (1.58°F) .Only the
years 2016 (+1.06°C /
+1.91°F) and 2017 (+0.91°C /
+1.64°F) were warmer.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global
Climate Report for January 2019, published online February 2019, retrieved on December
31, 2019 from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201901.

• Indeed, climate change signifies that, today, we are altering Earth’s
biophysical and ecological systems at the planetary scale.
• It is also evidenced by stratospheric ozone depletion, accelerating biodiversity
losses, stresses on terrestrial and marine food producing systems, depletion of
freshwater supplies, and the global dissemination of persistent organic
pollutants.

• The greenhouse effect, combined with increasing levels of greenhouse gases
and the resulting global warming, is expected to have philosophical
implications.
• If global warming continues unrestrained and nothing effective is done to
limit this evil, it will cause significant climate change, a rise in sea levels,
extreme weather events and other ruthless natural, environmental and social
impacts.
Marc L, “What is the greenhouse effect”, 28 January 2015,
http://www.livescience.com/37743greenhouse-effect.html, Accessed 23 May 2015

Greenhouse Gases: A Hazard
• There are many greenhouse gases
which are mainly emitted by human
activity.
• The first and foremost in the list is
carbon dioxide.
Excessive burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Cement manufacture
Agricultural activities
Improper waste management
By fertilizers
Various industrial process
refrigerators

Shahzad RU. Global warming: Causes, effects and solutions. Durreesamin J.
2015;1:1-8.

Massive
deforestation could
lead to less carbon
dioxide (CO2) being
absorbed (for
photosynthesis
process) and causing
much more of the
greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere
Effects
1. Rise In Sea Levels
Worldwide- ice sheet
melting
2. More Killer Storms-
cyclones

Antarctica is covered by two ice sheets. The larger
East Antarctic ice sheet covers the majority of the
continent, while the West Antarctic ice sheet has
significant ice shelves floating in the ocean. Taken
together, they contain about 90% of Earth’s ice, 70%
of its freshwater, and contain enough water to raise
sea level by around 200 feet if they were to melt
completely.
Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A., and
Vaughan, D. G. (2016). Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic
Peninsula. Science 353, 283–286. doi: 10.1126/science.aae0017

• Global warming will significantly
increase the intensity of the most
extreme storms worldwide.
• Tropical storms are powered by
evaporation of seawater.
• Other changes in the climate system
that counteract this – e.g. an increase in
wind shear that tears the hurricanes
apart, changes in the humidity of the
atmosphere, or increases in natural or
anthropogenic aerosols.
• Due to global warming we do not
necessarily expect more tropical storms
overall, but an increasing number of
particularly strong storms
Rahmstorf S, Emanuel K, Mann M, Kossin J. Does global warming make
tropical cyclones stronger?.

Ozone Getting Depleted
• Pollution from transport is the fastest growing source of carbon dioxide
emissions since the industrial revolutions
• Carbon emission levels responsible for 70% of global warming -vary widely
among nations.
• Due to these emissions the ozone layer that provides a protective shield over
the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation is getting depleted.
• Another greenhouse gas, methane, has more than doubled

• Climate change affects the social and environmental determinants of
health – clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.
• Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause
approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year, from malnutrition,
malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress.
• The direct damage costs to health (i.e. excluding costs in health-
determining sectors such as agriculture and water and sanitation), is
estimated to be between USD 2-4 billion/year by 2030.
• Areas with weak health infrastructure – mostly in developing countries
– will be the least able to cope without assistance to prepare and
respond.
• Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases through better transport, food
and energy-use choices can result in improved health, particularly
through reduced air pollution.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health

Does global warming have an impact on the
stratospheric ozone layer?
• Since the 1960s, there has been a trend of increasing warming of the lower
atmosphere and a cooling of the upper atmosphere.
• This warming-cooling dynamic creates conditions that lead to ozone loss.
• Observations show that as greenhouse gases increase and result in heating in
the lower atmosphere (troposphere), a cooling is occurring in the upper
atmosphere (stratosphere).
• Largely because heat from Earth's surface that normally would convey
through the troposphere and stratosphere, and eventually escape to space, is
now being trapped (or confined to the troposphere).

• The increased concentrations of heat-trapping gases make the blanket
uncomfortably thicker.
• Wrapped now in a thicker blanket, Earth’s surface warms up, heats the
blanket itself, and traps more heat in the lower atmosphere.
• In other words, heat-trapping gases contribute to creating the cooling
conditions in the atmosphere that lead to ozone depletion.
https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ozone-hole-and-global-warming
https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/15/is-the-ozone-hole-causing-climate-change/

Impact of global warming on health
Changes due to global warming Impact on Human Health
1.Warmer Temperatures and
stagnant air masses
 Increased risk of heat strokes
,heat exhaustion
 Changes in vector borne
transmitted diseases
2.Heavy precipitation events  Floods
 Water pollution
3. Intense weather events
(Cyclones, Storms)
 Loss of Life, injuries, lifelong
handicaps.
 Diseases outbreak.
 overcrowding, poor sanitation.
4.Air pollution  Respiratory illnesses
5. Ozone depletion  Increased skin cancers and
cataract

1.Extreme heat
• contribute directly to deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory disease,
particularly among elderly people.
• In the heat wave of summer 2003 in Europe for example, more than
70 000 excess deaths were recorded.
Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Robine JM, Cheung SL, Le Roy S, Van Oyen H, Griffiths C,
Michel JP, et al. C R Biol. 2008;331(2):171-8.
• It also raise the levels of ozone and other pollutants in the air that exacerbate
cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
• Pollen and other aeroallergen levels will be high - trigger asthma.
• Ongoing temperature increases are expected to increase this burden.

• For every 1ºC increase above 29ºC there was 3.94% increase in mortality.
• 14,800 deaths in France due to heatwaves in August 2003.
• 18 heatwaves were reported in India between 1980 & 1998 causing 1300
deaths.
• The year 2010 was recorded as hottest year in India with temperature
reaching 50 ºC

2:EXPOSURE TO UV RAYS •
• Excessive solar UVR exposure has
caused the loss of approximately 1.5
million disability-adjusted life years
(DALYs) (0.1% of the total global
burden of disease) and 60,000
premature deaths in the year 2000.
• The greatest burden is by UV induced
 cortical cataracts
 cutaneous malignant melanoma
 sunburn

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
• Global warming causing heat stress
affects both indoor and outdoor worker.
• Working in hot environments causes
 diminished ability to carry out physical
tasks
 diminishes mental task ability
 Increases accident risk
 Leads to heat exhaustion or heatstroke

2.Natural disasters and variable rainfall patterns
• Globally, the number of reported weather-related
natural disasters has more than tripled since the 1960s.
• Every year - 60 000 deaths, mainly in developing
countries.
• Rising sea levels and increasingly extreme weather
events- destroy homes, medical facilities and other
essential services.
• More than half of the world's population lives within
60 km of the sea.
• People may be forced to move -the risk of a range of
health effects, from mental disorders to communicable
diseases.

• increasingly variable rainfall patterns are likely to affect the supply of fresh
water.
• A lack of safe water can compromise hygiene and increase the risk of diarrheal
disease, which kills over 500 000 children aged under 5 years, every year.
• Water scarcity leads to drought and famine.
• By the late 21st century, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and
intensity of drought at regional and global scale.
• [PCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. ]

• Floods contaminate freshwater supplies,
heighten the risk of water-borne
diseases, and create breeding grounds
for disease-carrying insects such as
mosquitoes.
• They also cause drownings and physical
injuries, damage homes and disrupt the
supply of medical and health services.

Patterns of infection
• Climatic conditions strongly affect water-borne diseases and diseases
transmitted through insects, snails or other cold-blooded animals.
• Malaria is strongly influenced by climate.
• Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, malaria kills over 400 000 people
every year – mainly African children under 5 years old.
• The Aedes mosquito vector of dengue is also highly sensitive to climate
conditions, and studies suggest that climate change is likely to continue to
increase exposure to dengue.

Warmer
temp
Increased
precipitati
on
Disturbed
rainfall
patterns
VECTOR
BORNE
DISEASES

VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
• The distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases such as malaria is
influenced by the spread of vectors and the climate dependence of the
infectious pathogens.
• The insect-borne infectious diseases strongly modulated by global warming
include
 malaria
 dengue fever
 schistosomiasis

• India has about 2 million confirmed cases of malaria per year while 15000 die
from it per year
• 65% cases are reported from Orissa, Jharkand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh,
West Bengal and Northeast.

APHA-American public
health association

Heavy rainfall
 Droughts
Cyclones
tornadoes
 Water borne diseases:
 Cholera, diarrhea,
 Malnutrition
 Human displacement leading to
overcrowding, poor sanitation

Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the
implications for public health research and policy?
• ABSTRACT
• vector-borne diseases continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, and
cause epidemics that disrupt health security and cause wider socioeconomic impacts around
the world. All are sensitive in different ways to weather and climate conditions, so that the
ongoing trends of increasing temperature and more variable weather threaten to undermine
recent global progress against these diseases. Here, we review the current state of the global
public health effort to address this challenge and outline related initiatives by the World
Health Organization (WHO) and its partners. For operational health agencies, the most
pressing need is the strengthening of current disease control efforts to bring down current
disease rates and manage short-term climate risks, which will, in turn, increase resilience to
long-term climate change. The WHO and partner agencies are working through a range of
programmes to (i) ensure political support and financial investment in preventive and
curative interventions to bring down current disease burdens; (ii) promote a comprehensive
approach to climate risk management; (iii) support applied research, through definition of
global and regional research agendas, and targeted research initiatives on priority diseases
and population groups.
Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases:
what are the implications for public health research and policy?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015 Apr 5;370(1665):20130552.

Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-
borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015 Apr 5;370(1665):20130552.

Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional
analysis
• Current evidence suggests that inter-annual and inter-decadal climate variability have a direct
influence on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. This evidence has been assessed at the
continental level in order to determine the possible consequences of the expected future climate
change. By 2100 it is estimated that average global temperatures will have risen by 1.0–3.5 C,
increasing the likelihood of many vector-borne diseases in new areas. The greatest effect of climate
change on transmission is likely to be observed at the extremes of the range of temperatures at which
transmission occurs.For manydiseases these lie in the range14–18 oC at the lower end and about 35–
40 C at the upperend. Malaria and dengue fever are among the most important vector-borne diseases
in the tropics and subtropics; Lyme disease is the most commonvector-borne disease in the USA and
Europe.Encephalitis is also becoming a public health concern.Health risks due to climatic changes
will differ between countries that have developed health infrastructures and those that do not. Human
settlement patterns in the different regions will influence disease trends. While 70% of the population
in South America is urbanized, the proportion in sub-Saharan Africa is less than 45%. Climatic
anomalies associated with the El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation phenomenon and resulting in drought
and floods are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. They have been linked to outbreaks of
malaria in Africa, Asia and South America. Climate change has far-reaching consequences and
touches on all life-support systems. It is therefore a factor that should be placed high among those that
affect human health and survival.
Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization. 2000;78:1136-47.

WATERBORNE DISEASES
• For every 1ºC rise in temperature cases of
diarrhea increased by 8%.
• Increased precipitation will increase the
risk of flooding in many areas of the
world.
• Floods can increase human exposure to
pathogens, as contaminants are spread by
floodwaters.
• Developing countries are particularly
susceptible to this

Increased
precipitation
flood
Human
exposure to
pathogen
Water
treatment
facility
damaged
Sewage and
water pipe
break-
drinking
water
contaminati
on
Water borne
diseases

What Impact Does Temperature Have on
Waterborne Illnesses?
• Several studies have found a relationship between temperature and waterborne
illnesses.
• Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis and Legionellosis are reported in significantly higher
numbers in late summer and early fall, which the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention identify as being a result of the summer recreational water season.
• While droughts minimize the amount of runoff, they can also cause the water quality
to decrease.
• Sediment and minerals, such as iron and manganese, are more concentrated towards
the bottom of the water supply.
• During a drought, when the level of water decreases, the concentration of sediment
and minerals in the water increases.

• The outbreak of E. coli in Walkerton, Ontario, is a good example of how
excessive precipitation can increase the probability of water contamination.
On May 8, 2000, a heavy rainfall began in Walkerton.
• On each of the first four days, the community received 10 to 20 millimetres
of rainfall. On May 12, 70 millimetres of rain fell.
• This amount of rainfall was unusual and could be expected once every 60
years.
• It is believed that the heavy rain overburdened the groundwater aquifers, and,
through runoff, animal wastes contaminated the water supply with the E. coli
bacteria.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance for Waterborne -
Disease Outbreaks -- United States, 1993-1994.
• Curriero, Frank C.; Patz, Jonathan A.; Rose, Joan B.; & Lele, Subhash. August 2001. American Journal of Public Health: The
Association Between Extreme Precipitation and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446745/

• In a recent Canadian study, the effect of temperature on the occurrence of
Salmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter was studied in Alberta and
Newfoundland between 1992 and 2000. In Alberta, the researchers found
that, for every degree increase in the average weekly temperature, the number
of reported cases of campylobacteriosis increased by 2.2 percent and the
number of reported cases of E. coli increased by 6.0 percent.
• In Newfoundland, they found that, for every degree increase in the average
weekly temperature, the number of reported cases of campylobacteriosis
increased by 4.5 percent.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance for Waterborne - Disease
Outbreaks -- United States, 1993-1994.

• The World Health Organization estimates that there are approximately four
billion cases of diarrhea each year, and 2.2 million deaths resulting from
diarrheal illnesses.
• This means that, if the average global temperature was to increase by one
degree, there could be an additional 320 million cases and 176,000 deaths
from diarrheal illnesses!

Climate change is taking its toll on India
• Delhi, of course, gets all the publicity as the world’s most-polluted capital.
• This year, there’s a mucky smog in Delhi so bad that the Supreme Court
called it “worse than hell” and apocalyptically offered the opinion it would
be “better to get explosives and kill everyone”.
• air we breathe, causes higher rates of respiratory and heart disease, strokes
and cancer, as well as making summers hotter and winters shorter.
• The World Bank calculates climate change will shave nearly 3 per cent off
India’s GDP and depress living standards of nearly half its population by
2050.
• The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction estimates India’s suffered
$79.5billion in economic losses in 19 years due to climate-change
disasters.

Haze may be contributing to warming in
South Asia: study
• The haze over Delhi and Northwest India seen during winters is not only
causing problems to people on the ground but also impacting atmospheric
climate.
• A new study by an international group of researchers has found that the
composition of a class of carbon-carrying aerosols in the haze changes as it
travels from above the landmass to the oceans.
• The haze, also called atmospheric brown cloud (ABC), contains several types
of particles emanating from vehicular pollution, biomass burning and other
sources.
• This layer of polluted air plays critical role in regional climate as it both
absorbs and scatters incoming solar radiation.
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/haze-may-be-contributing-to-warming-in-south-asia-study-63095

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)-
Initiatives Taken by Government of Delhi for Combating
Climate Change
8 Core Missions
1. National Solar Mission
• To promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other
uses.
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
• Mandating specific energy consumption and energy incentives •
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
• To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning
4. National Water Mission
• The plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing
and other measures

5. National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem
The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values
in the Himalayan region.
6. National Mission for Green India
To carry out afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and
expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
To support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-
resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural
practices •
8. National Mission for Strategic Mission for Climate Change
To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges
Initiatives Taken by Government of Delhi for Combating Climate Change M. Dwarakanath Senior Scientific Officer, Envt.
Govt. of NCT Delhi, India

NATURAL DISASTERS
• Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades.
• In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have
the greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America.
• Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries, infectious diseases and toxic
contamination, to mental health problems.
• Serious and recurrent floods in Bangladesh, Nepal and north-east states of
India during 2002, 2003 and 2004.

• A record 944 mm of rainfall in Mumbai, India on 26 to
27 July 2005 led to loss of over 1,000 lives with loss of
more than US$250 million.
• Floods in Surat, Barmer and in Srinagar during summer
monsoon season of 2006.
• 2018 Kerala Floods
• 2018 Kerala floods is a big disasters, more than 36,000
people displaced across the state and 445 people died,
In addition to all the 5 gates of the Idukki Dam were
opened for the first time in history.
• It was the worst flooding in Kerala and had been
directly affected all 14 districts of the state.

decreased food crop production
and water availability
malnutrition (undernutrition,
protein-energy malnutrition
and/or micronutrient
deficiencies)
infectious diseases
effects of
drought on
health
overcrowding
a lack of safe water, food and
shelter
Increased levels of stress
causing increase in psychiatric
illnesses
Population
displacement

Result in……
• Increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and
development;
• Increased deaths, disease and injury due to heatwaves, floods, storms, fires and droughts;
• Increased burden of diarrheal disease;
• Mixed effects on the range and transmission potential of malaria;
• Increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-
level ozone related to climate change;
• Altered spatial distribution of some infectious-disease vectors.
• [IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) Fifth Assessment report-2014]

Australia is burning - but why are the bushfires
so bad and is climate change to blame?
• So far at least 17 people have died in blazes that have swept the country, more
than 1,200 homes have been destroyed and 5.5 million hectares (13.5 million
acres) of land has been burnt.

Why are the fires so bad?
• Australia’s deadly fires have been fuelled by a combination of extreme heat,
prolonged drought and strong winds.
• The country is in the grip of a heatwave, with record-breaking temperatures
over the last three months.
• In mid-December the nation saw the hottest day in history - the average
temperature was 41.9 degrees Celsius.
• These conditions have been accompanied by brisk winds which fan the
flames and push the smoke across Australia’s major cities.

Has climate change caused the fires?
• experts say that the changing climate is key to understanding the ferocity of this
year's blazes - hotter, drier conditions are making the country’s fire season longer
and much more dangerous.
• According to the country’s Bureau of Meteorology, temperatures have already risen
by more than one degrees Celsius since 1920 - with much of the increase taking
place since 1950.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/australia-burning-bushfires-bad/

GLOBAL STRATEGIES
FOR CLIMATE
CHANGES

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5
°C- 8th October 2018
• Its key finding is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would
require "deep emissions reductions“ and "rapid, far-reaching and
unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.“
• Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C
compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human
health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate
extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral
bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.

• SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C,
"Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by
about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050.“
• The reduction of emissions by 2030 and its associated changes and challenges,
including rapid decarbonisation, was a key focus on much of the reporting which
was repeated through the world.
• India
• The Centre for Science and Environment said the repercussions for
developing countries such as India, would be "catastrophic" at 2 °C
warming and that the impact even at 1.5 °C described in SR15 is
much greater than anticipated. Crop yields would decline and
poverty would increase.

The Kyoto Protocol
• It is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding
emission reduction targets.
• Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high
levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of
industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under
the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."
• was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16
February 2005.
• The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the "Marrakesh Accords."
• Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

• The Kyoto mechanisms are:
• International Emissions Trading
• Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)
• Joint implementation (JI)
• The mechanisms help to stimulate green
investment and help Parties meet their
emission targets in a cost-effective way
https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

• The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover
emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
• The maximum amount of emissions (measured as the equivalent in carbon
dioxide) that a Party may emit over a commitment period in order to comply
with its emissions target is known as a Party’s assigned amount.

• 192 parties have ratified the protocol (191 states and one regional economic
integration organization). The United States has not; it dropped out in 2001.
• The protocol mandated that 37 industrialized nations plus the European
Community cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Developing nations were
asked to voluntarily comply.
• More than 100 developing countries, including China and India, were
exempted from the treaty.
• The treaty could not go into effect until at least 55 countries, accounting for
55% of the world's emissions in 1990, ratified it.
• The signatories agreed to cut their country's emissions to 5% below 1990
levels between 2008 and 2012.
https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/world/kyoto-protocol-fast-facts/index.html

• On March 28, 2001, President George W. Bush announced
that the United States would not implement the Kyoto
Protocol on global warming.
• Given the current energy crisis as well as "the incomplete state
of scientific knowledge of the causes of, and solutions to,
global climate change and the lack of commercially available
technologies for removing and storing carbon dioxide," the
President said he could not sign an agreement that would
"harm our economy and hurt our workers."
• He also objected to the fact that the Protocol--which has been
ratified by only one of the countries necessary before it could
go into effect--still "exempts 80 percent of the world...from
compliance.

Severe Economic Consequences….
• A recent study notes that many climate policy experts now believe the
emissions reductions called for in the Protocol could have an adverse effect
on Americans.
• The study finds, for example, that U.S. productivity following
implementation of the Protocol would fall by $100 billion to over $400
billion in 2010.
https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/why-president-bush-right-abandon-the-kyoto-protocol

The Paris Agreement- 2016
• Aim :
a. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C
above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature
increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
b. Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and
foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in
a manner that does not threaten food production;
c. Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse
gas emissions and climate-resilient development.

• As of February 2019, 194 states and the
European Union have signed the Agreement.
186 states and the EU, representing more than
87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have
ratified or acceded to the Agreement,
including China, the United States and India,
the countries with three of the four largest
greenhouse gas emissions of the
UNFCCC(united nation framework convention on climate change)
members total (about 42% together).
1."Paris Agreement". United Nations Treaty Collection. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved
27 July 2016.
2.Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)
3."Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada. 14 December 2015.
Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.Articles 3, 9(3), Paris Agreement (2015)

• On 4 August 2017, the Trump administration
delivered an official notice to the United Nations that
the U.S. intends to withdraw from the Paris
Agreement as soon as it is legally eligible to do
so.The formal notice of withdrawal could not be
submitted until the agreement was in force for 3
years for the US, on 4 November 2019.
• On 4 November the US government deposited the
withdrawal notification with the Secretary General of
the United Nations, the depositary of the agreement.
1. "Reference: C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)" (PDF). United Nations. 8 August 2017. Archived (PDF) from
the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
2. "Trump administration delivers notice U.S. intends to withdraw from Paris climate deal". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 4
August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
3. Producer, Kevin Liptak, CNN White House. "WH: US staying out of climate accord". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 September
2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
4. Dennis, Brady. "Trump makes it official: U.S. will withdraw from the Paris climate accord". Washington Post. Archived from the original
on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.

Climate movement
• is the collective of nongovernmental organizations engaged in activism
related to the issues of climate change. It is a subset of the broader
environmental movement, but some regard it as a new social movement itself
given its scope, strength and activities.
• Activism related to climate change began in the 1990s, when major
environmental organizations became involved in the discussions about
climate, mainly in the UNFCCC framework.
• In the 2000s several climate-specific organizations were founded, such as
350.org, Energy Action Coalition, and the Global Call for Climate Action.

• The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
in Copenhagen was the first UNFCCC summit in
which the climate movement started showing its
mobilization power at a large scale.
• Between 40,000 and 100,000 people attended a march
in Copenhagen on December 12 calling for a global
agreement on climate.
• And activism went beyond Copenhagen, with more
than 5,400 rallies and demonstrations took place
around the world simultaneously

Activities
1. 2014 People’s Climate March
2. Fossil Fuel Divestment-2012
3. School strikes for climate-inspired by Greta
Thunberg- since 2018.
4. Youth Climate Strikes- March 15, 2019 USA
5. Global Climate Strike-Between 20 and 27
September 2019- biggest climate mobilization
in history.
1
3

September 2019 climate strike in Sydney, Australia

Climate change: Greta Thunberg
calls out the 'haters'
• she explained she first heard the world's climate was changing when she was eight and
couldn't understand why so little was being done about it. By the time she was 11, she
was very unhappy indeed. She stopped eating. She stopped growing, and she stopped
speaking to almost everyone.
• "It felt like I was the only one who cared about the climate and the ecological crisis,"
Thunberg told. "My parents didn't care about it, my classmates didn't care about it, my
relatives didn't care about this. I mean nobody I knew cared about this and I felt like I
was the only one."

• She was determined to change that and, starting with her family, she began
her campaign to get the world to act on climate change.
• On 20 August 2018-Thunberg walked alone on to the steps of the Swedish
parliament building holding her now-famous "Skolstrejk För Klimatet" -
school strike for climate - sign.
• She's famously described her Asperger's as a "superpower", allowing her to
cut through the noise and see to the heart of the issue.

Conclusion
• The risk of global warming is substantial
• There should be more studies to assess the linkages between global warming
and specific health outcomes especially in India.
• There is need to develop integrated survellience system to identify vulnerable
regions.
• Effective education measures to spread awareness regarding global warming.

REFERENCES
• Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer.
Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849.
• "The Causes of Climate Change". climate.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.
• Huang, B., V.F. Banzon, E. Freeman, J. Lawrimore, W. Liu, T.C. Peterson, T.M. Smith, P.W. Thorne, S.D. Woodruff, and H-
M. Zhang, 2018: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: Upgrades and
Intercomparisons. J. Climate, 28, 911-930.
• IPCC, 2007: climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability,contribution of working group II to the fourth
assesssment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change,cambridge university press,cambridge,uk.
• WHO: climate change and human health - risk and responses
• Kathleen F. Bush, Impacts of climate change on public Health in India: Future Research Directions.
• Nitesh Dogra, Sangeet Srivastava : Climate Change and Diseases Dynamics In India, executive summary, Energy and
Resources Institute.
• Indur M. Goklany. Global Health Threats: Global Warming in Perspective. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons.
14(3);2009;69-75

• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for January 2019, published online
February 2019, retrieved on December 31, 2019 from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201901.
• Marc L, “What is the greenhouse effect”, 28 January 2015, http://www.livescience.com/37743greenhouse-effect.html, Accessed 23 May 2015
• Shahzad RU. Global warming: Causes, effects and solutions. Durreesamin J. 2015;1:1-8
• Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A., and Vaughan, D. G. (2016). Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the
western Antarctic Peninsula. Science 353, 283–286. doi: 10.1126/science.aae0017
• Rahmstorf S, Emanuel K, Mann M, Kossin J. Does global warming make tropical cyclones stronger?.
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health.
• https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ozone-hole-and-global-warming
• https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/15/is-the-ozone-hole-causing-climate-change/
• Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Robine JM, Cheung SL, Le Roy S, Van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel JP, et al.
C R Biol. 2008;331(2):171-8.
• [PCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. ]
• Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public
health research and policy?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015 Apr 5;370(1665):20130552.

• Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization. 2000;78:1136-47.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446745/
• [IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) Fifth Assessment report-2014]
• https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
• https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/world/kyoto-protocol-fast-facts/index.html
• https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/why-president-bush-right-abandon-the-kyoto-protocol
• "Paris Agreement". United Nations Treaty Collection. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 27 July
2016.
• Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)
• "Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada. 14 December 2015. Archived
from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.Articles 3, 9(3), Paris Agreement (2015)

• C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)" (PDF). United Nations. 8 August
2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "Trump administration delivers notice U.S. intends to withdraw from Paris climate deal". POLITICO.
Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
• Producer, Kevin Liptak, CNN White House. "WH: US staying out of climate accord". CNN. Archived
from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
• Dennis, Brady. "Trump makes it official: U.S. will withdraw from the Paris climate accord".
Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
• https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/haze-may-be-contributing-to-warming-in-south-
asia-study-63095
• Damian Carrington (4 December 2018). "'Our leaders are like children', school strike founder tells
climate summit". The Guardian.
• "The climate movement needs more people like me". Grist. 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2019-10-14.

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