Dental Materials

1. Recent Advances in Direct Tooth
Coloured Restorative Materials
Asmat Fatima
JR-II

2. Introduction
With the advancement in the field of dentistry, the demand of esthetics has gained
popularity.
The search for an ideal esthetic material for restoring teeth has resulted in significant
improvements in both esthetic materials and techniques for using them.
An interpretation of esthetics primarily is determined by an individual's perception and is
subject to wide variations.

3. In 1959, Skinner wrote,
"The esthetic quality of a restoration may be as
important to the mental health of the patient as the
biological and technical qualities of the restoration are
to his physical or dental health."

4. History
• 1873 - Thomas Fletcher - first tooth-colored filling material - silicate cement.
• 1904 - Steenbock introduced an improved version
• 1948 - first dental acrylic resins - better color stability but significant shrinkage, limited
stiffness, and poor adhesion.
• 1951 - Swiss chemist Oscar Hagger - first dimethacrylate molecule - more durable and
color-stable.
• 1955 - Michael Buonocore - acid etching for increasing the adhesion of acrylic fillings to enamel.
• 1962 - Ray Bowen - hydrophobic dimethacrylate monomer - Bis-GMA - limited shrinkage and
increased fracture resistance. It was first used in a composite in 1969.
• 1974 - Wilson and Kent, with the assistance of John McLean - first glass-ionomer cement.

5. Properties of ideal tooth-colored restorative material
• Inhibit Caries
• Adhere to enamel and dentin
• Maintain a smooth surface
• Resemble tooth structure in stiffness
• Resist water (Insolubility)
• Maintain marginal integrity
• Not irritate pulpal tissues
• Resist leakage
• Maintain desired colour
• Place and repair easily
• Resist wear and fracture

6. Types Of Esthetic Restorative Materials
• Silicate cements
• Acrylic resins
• Glass ionomers
• Composites

7. Silicate cement
• First translucent filling material introduced in 1878 by Fletcher in England
• Used extensively to restore carious lesions in the anterior teeth for over 60 years
• Powder - acid-soluble glass made by fusing CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and other ingredients
with a fluoride flux at 1400oC.
• Liquid - buffered phosphoric acid solution

8. Advantages
• High caries index patients
• Tooth-matching ability
• Ease of manipulation
• Anticariogenic quality
• Good insulator
• Coefficient of thermal expansion equals to enamel
Disadvantages
• Contra indicated in Mouth breathers
• Tendency to stain and erode in oral fluids and to eventually disintegrate
• Poor strength
• Irritation to pulp(Ph - 1.43 at 2 min, becomes 5 after 24 hr)
• Brittleness

9. Acrylic resin
• Self-curing (chemically activated) acrylic resin for anterior restorations was developed
in Germany in the 1930s
• Rarely used today, but, as with silicate cement restorations, may be seen in older
patients.
• Was most successful in protected areas of teeth where temperature change, abrasion,
and stress were minimal.

10. Advantages
• Aesthetic
• Insolubility in oral fluids
• Low cost and ease of manipulation
Disadvantages
• Lack of abrasion and wear resistance
• High polymerisation shrinkage and LCTE
• Poor marginal seal - microleakage
• Colour changes
• No bonding to tooth structure
• Irritation and injury to pulp
• Poor strength and hardness

11. Glass ionomer cements
• First developed by Wilson and Kent in 1972
• Release fluoride into the surrounding tooth structure, yielding a potential
anticariogenic effect, and possess a favorable coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Unlike the silicate cements that have a phosphoric acid liquid, glass ionomers use
polyacrylic acid, which renders the final restorative material less soluble.

12. Glass ionomer is a water- based material that hardens following an acid base reaction
between fluroaluminosilicate glass particles and an aqueous solution of polyalkenoic
(polyacrylic) acid.
Composition
POWDER (Calcium Fluroaluminosilicate)
• Alumina (28.6%) Alumina: Silica --> 1:2
• Silica (41.9%)
• Calcium Fluoride (15.7%)
• Aluminium Phosphate (3.8%)
• Cryolite
• Na+, K+, Ca2+
• La2O3, SrO
LIQUID
• Polyacrylic acid (40 to 50%) Polyacrylic: Itaconic-- > 2:1
• Itaconic acid
• Maleic acid
• Tricarboxylic acid
• Tartaric acid (5-15%)
• Polyphosphates
• Metal oxides
• Water

13. Setting Reaction

14. Properties
ADHESION:
• The chemical adhesion of GIC to enamel and dentin is achieved by reaction of phosphate ions in the
dental tissue with carboxylate groups from the polyacrylic acid.
• Aesthetics- Translucency due to glass fillers
• Bond strength - Enamel- 2.6 to 9.6 Mpa ; Dentin – 1.1 to 4.5 Mpa
• Strength:
• Compressive strength- 150 Mpa
• Tensile strength- 6.6 Mpa
• KHN- 48
• Abrasion resistance: Satisfactory if material is supported by sound
tooth structure.

15. Advantages
• Ability to release fluoride
• Initial release of up to 10 ppm and a constant long-term release of 1 to 3 ppm over
100 months was reported

16. Classification
Type I- Luting
Type II- Restorative
Type III- Liner/ Base
Type IV- Pit & Fissure Sealant
Type V- Luting for Orthodontic Purpose
Type VI- Core build up material
Type VII- High fluoride releasing command set
Type VIII- ART
Type IX- Geriatric & Paediatric GIC
• In endodontics - Sealing and restoring the pulp chamber and repairing the perforation

18. Recent Advances In GIC
• High viscosity GIC
• Low viscosity GIC
• Metal modified GIC
• Resin modified GIC
• Smart GIC
• Fiber reinforced GIC
• Giomers
• Compomers
• Nano-ionomers

19. High Viscosity GIC
• Developed as an alternative to amalgam.
• Packable / condensable glass ionomer cements
INDICATIONS:
• Primary molar restoration
• Intermediate restoration
• Core build up material
• For ART
ADVANTAGES:
• Improved wear resistance
• Low solubility
• Rapid finishing possible
• Decrease moisture sensitivity
DISADVANTAGES:
• Limited life
• Moderately polishable
• Not esthetic
FUJI-IX GP
FUJI-IX GP FAST

20. Low Viscosity GIC
• Also called as Flowable GIC
• Low P:L ratio thus increase flow.
• Use for lining, pit and fisure sealer, endodontic sealer and for sealing
hyper sensitive cervical area.
Fuji lining LC
Ketac-Endo

21. Metal- Modified GIC
• Seed & Wilson (1980) invented miracle mix –
Spherical silver amalgam alloy + Type II GIC in ratio 7:1
• Mc lean & Gasser (1985) invented ceremet –
Glass powder sintered to metal fillers (<5%) at 800°C
• Minimal improvement in mechanical property
• Compressive strength – 150 Mpa
• Modulus of elasticity is slightly lower
• KHN – 39
• Tensile strength – slightly more 6.7 Mpa
• Slight increase in wear resistance
• Fluoride release
• Maximum for miracle mix (3350µg - 4040µg)
• Minimum for cermets (200µg - 300µg)

22. Resin Modified GIC
• The strength of glass ionomers was improved through the addition of methacrylate monomer in
the aqueous polyalkenoic acid solution as well as the addition of monomer containing free radical
double bonds in the fluoroaluminosilicate-containing component
• Defined as hybrid cement that sets partly by acid base reaction and partly by polymerisation
reaction (Mc Lean)
• Powder – Ion leachable glass and initiators
• Liquid – water, Poly acrylic acid, HEMA (15-25%), methacrylate monomers.
• Setting reaction:- Dual cure

23. Properties
• Esthetic – Superior than conventional GIC
• Fluoride release:
• Conventional GIC - 440µgF after 14 days ; 650 µgF after 30 days
• RMGIC-1200 µgF after 14 days ;1600 µgF after 30 days
• Strength: Diametral strength
• Conventional GIC: 6.6Mpa
• RMGIC: 20 Mpa
• Compressive strength
• Conventional GIC:150Mpa
• RMGIC: 105Mpa
Hardness:
Conventional GIC:48KHN
RMGIC:40KHN
Marginal adaptation: poor compared to conventional GIC

24. Uses
• As a luting cement (FUJI PLUS, Ketac-cem, Fuji Cem)

25. • As a liner and bases
(Fuji LC)
• As a pit and fissure sealant
(Vitre Bond)
• Core build up material
(Fuji I LC)
• Retrograde filling material

26. Self hardening RMGIC
• Activated purely by chemical polymerisation reaction
• Contains benzoyl peroxide and T-Amines
• Advantages
• Ease of handling
• Fluoride release
• Higher compressive strength
• No additional set up for light activation
• Uses:
• Luting of stainless steel crown, orthodontic brackets, space maintainers.

27. Low pH “Smart” GIC
• Smart materials are materials that have properties which may be
altered in a controlled fashion by stimuli, such as stress, temperature,
moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields
• Releases fluoride when pH falls below the critical level
• Fluoride release is episodic and not continuous

28. Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cements
• Al and SiO2 fibers added to glass powder (PRIMM - Polymer rigid Inorganic
matrix material)
• Diameter of fiber is 2µm.
• Advantages:
• Increased wear resistance.
• Improved handling characteristics
• Increased depth of cure
• Reduction of polymerization shrinkage
• Improved flexure strength(50Mpa)

29. Giomers
• True hybridization of GIC and composite
• Based on PRG (Pre-reacted Glass) technique - PRG composites
• These products contain pre-reacted glass–ionomer filler in a resin matrix. The
fluoro-alumino-silicate glass has been prereacted with polyacid to form a glass–
ionomer matrix structure and then blended with resin
• As a more extensive acid–base reaction has been carried out before blending
with resin, the hydrogel layer of the glass filler in the giomer is more extensive
than that in the compomers.
• If the glass–ionomer hydrogel matrix is the key factor to control fluoride uptake
and re-release, it is expected that the giomer will demonstrate a more effective
fluoride recharging characteristic than other resin–matrix materials.

30. • Combine fluoride release and fluoride recharge of GIC
• Esthetic with easy polishability and strength of composite
• Considered as light-cure composite - does not have a significant acid-base reaction as
part of its curing process and cannot set in the dark.
• Bonding system -Reactmer bond (Shofu Inc. Kyoto, Japan).
• Giomers contain essential components of glass ionomer cements but they cannot be
classified as compomers as the acid base reaction has already occurred

31. Indications
• Class I, II, III, IV, and Class V cavities
• Restoration of cervical erosion and Root caries
• Laminates and core build up
• Restoration of primary teeth.
• Repair of fracture of porcelain and composites

32. Polyacid Modified composite resin
• Also called as compomer
• Composites to which some glass-ionomer components have been added.
• Defined as : material that contain both the essential components of GIC but in an amount
insufficient to carry out acid base reaction in dark.
• They are developed to combine the best properties of fluoride release of GIC and durability
of composite
• No water
• Set via a free radical polymerization reaction
• Significantly lower levels of fluoride release than GICs

33. • Composition: one paste system containing ion leachable glass, sodium fluoride,
polyacid modified monomer but no water
• Recently 2 paste or powder liquid system is introduced.
• Powder:
Strontium aluminium flurosilicate glass particles, metal oxides,and intiators
• Liquid:
Polymerizable methacrylate/caboxylic acidic monomers multi functional acrylate
monomers and water

34. • Setting reaction
1. Initially light curing forms resin network around the glass
2. After 2 to 3 month there is water uptake which initiates slow acid base reaction and
fluoride release.
• Properties
• Adhesion –Micromechanical, absence of water thus no self adhesion
• Fluoride release minimal (20% of a conventional glass ionomer)
• Physical properties better than conventional GIC but less than composite.
• Optical properties superior to conventional GIC.

35. Uses
• Pit and fissure sealant
• Restoration of primary teeth
• Liners and bases
• Core build up material
• For class III & V lesions
• Cervical erosion / abrasion
• Repair of defective margins in restorations
• Sealing of root surfaces for over dentures
• Reterograde filling material.

36. Commercial Products
Compoglass F Principle
Compoglass Flow

37. Significant differences were seen in fluoride release of different
days and materials (p<0.05). The maximum cumulative fluoride
release of days 1-7 was related to Fuji VII, followed by Fuji IX
Extra, Fuji II LC, Fuji IX, Dyract Extra and Beautifil in
descending order and this order remained the same until the
21st day.

39. • Combination of fluoroaluminosilicate glass, nanofillers, and nanofiller clusters.
• It also shows high fluoride release that is rechargeable after being exposed to a
topical fluoride source.

40. Powder-Modified Nano Glass Ionomers
• Modification Using Nano-Apatite
• Modification with Nano-Sized HAp/Zr, CaF2 and TiO2 Particles

41. Modification Using Nano-Apatite
• Due to their chemistry being similar to that of mineralized bone and dental tissues
nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) crystals can favor remineralization of enamel
• Addition of apatite to GIC powder increases the crystallinity of the set GIC, hence
improving the chemical stability and water insolubility.
• Superior bonding to the tooth surface due to the possibility of the formation of the
strong ionic linkages between the apatite crystals/particles in the cement and Ca-ions
in the tooth structure.
Lee, J.J.; Lee, Y.K.; Choi, B.J.; Lee, J.H.; Choi, H.J.; Son, H.K.; Hwang, J.W.; Kim, S.O. Physical properties of resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement
modified with micro and nano-hydroxyapatite. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 5270–5276

42. Composites
42

43. Composites
• Three dimensional combination of at least two chemically different materials with a
distinct interface separating the components
• Filled resins – reinforced with inorganic fillers
Composition
• Resin matrix – monomer- BISGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA
– initiator (Chemical- Benzoyl Peroxide
(Light- Camphorquinone)
– inhibitors
– pigments
• Inorganic filler – glass, quartz, colloidal silica, barium , lithium
• Coupling Agent – Silane coupling group ( difunctional)

44. History
• 1962 – Bis-GMA – stronger resin
• 1969 – filled composite resin – improved mechanical properties
– less shrinkage
• 1970’s – acid etching and microfills
• 1980’s – light curing and hybrids
• 1990’s – flowables and packables
• 2000’s – nanofills
• 2010’s – New monomers, low shrinkage

45. Classification ( based on filler)
• Homogenous composites – Macrofill (10-100µm)
Midifill (1-10µm)
Minifill (0.1 -1µm)
Microfill (0.01-0.1µm)
Nanofill (0.001-0.01µm)
• Heterogeneous composites
• Hybrid composites.
Microhybrids (0.6 to 1 lm and 40 nm).
Nanohybrid-combination of microhybrid and
nanofilled-size particles

46. Properties
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
• 100- to 150-megapascal
LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (LCTE)
• The LCTE of improved composites is approximately three times that of tooth
structure; that for hybrid glass ionomer is 1.5 to 2 times that of tooth structure.
WEAR RESISTANCE
The filler particle size, shape, and content affect the potential wear of
composites.

47. WATER ABSORPTION
• Materials with higher filler contents exhibit lower water absorption values.
SURFACE TEXTURE
• The size and composition of the filler particles primarily determine the smoothness of
a restoration, as does the material's ability to be finished and polished.
Modulus of Elasticity
• A more flexible material such as a microfill composite allows the restorations to bend
with the tooth, thereby better protecting the bonding interface.
• Stress breaking liners that possess a lower elastic modulus also can be used to better
protect the bonding interface.

48. Polymerization Shrinkage
• Potential problems associated with composites
• Minimized but cannot be totally elimination
CONFIGURATION FACTOR (C-FACTOR)
• The C-factor is the ratio of bonded surfaces to
the unbonded, or free, surfaces in a tooth.
• Higher the C-factor, the greater is the potential
for bond disruption from polymerization
effects.

49. How to minimize shrinkage
(1) "soft-start" polymerization instead of high-intensity light-curing,
(2) incremental additions to reduce the effects of polymerization shrinkage, and
(3) a stress-breaking liner, such as a filled dentinal adhesive or RMGI.

50. Recent Advancement

51. Flowable Composites (1996)
• Micro filled or hybrid resins with a reduced viscosity .
• Lower filler levels results in reduced strength and wear
resistance.
• More resin- higher shrinkage value
• Used today more as a base and liner because of its flow
characteristics, which allow it to adapt to tooth surfaces quite
well
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
 FioRestore
 Flow-it
 Tetric Flow (Vivadent)

52. USES
 Pit & Fissure sealants
 Class V restorations
 Cervical wear processes
 Preventive resin restoration (Minimally invasive occlusal Class I restorations
 Cavity liners
 Bonding orthodontic brackets
Baroudi, K. (2015). Flowable Resin Composites: A Systematic Review and Clinical Considerations. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH.

53. Packable Composites (1998)
• Composite resins with a high percentage of filler (Higher viscosity)
• This system is composed of a resin matrix and an inorganic ceramic component.
PRIMM – Polymeric rigid Inorganic matrix material.
Fillers – Scaffold of Ceramic fibres (2micron)
Ceramic fibres :Aluminium, Silicon Dioxide Silanization

54. • Advantages-condensability (like silver amalgam)
-greater ease in achieving a good contact point
-better reproduction of occlusal anatomy
-Increased flexural strength
-Reduced polymerization shrinkage
• Disadvantages- difficulties in adaptation between one composite
layer and another
- difficult handling
-poor aesthetics in anterior teeth.
Their main indication is Class II cavity restoration in order to achieve a better
contact point

55. Available materials
• Solitaire
• Alert
• Surefill
• Filtek P60
• Prodigy condensable
• Pyramid BISCO
• Synergy Compact

56. Low Shrinkage Composite
• In the last few years, low shrinkage composites have been presented, with a concept of
bulk filling in a flowable consistency for use as a cavity base/liner, and also in a regular
consistency to be conventionally used in the entire restoration.
• A more recent generation of resin composites with photoinitiators, such as urethane-
based patented monomer, allowed for indication of bulk filling of layers up to 4 mm
thickness.
• This composite was named Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR) flowable composite
(Dentsply, York, PA, USA).
Hirata, R., Kabbach, W., de Andrade, O. S., Bonfante, E. A., Giannini, M., & Coelho, P. G. (2015). Bulk Fill Composites: An Anatomic Sculpting Techniq
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 27(6), 335–343.

59. Techniques for improved shrinkage stress distribution
The Layering Technique
• By using an incremental
layering technique, the
resin composite is
bonded to a reduced
number of cavity walls
that decreases the C-
factor thus reducing its
shrinkage levels

60. Hirata, R., Kabbach, W., de Andrade, O. S., Bonfante, E. A., Giannini, M., & Coelho, P. G. (2015). Bulk Fill
Composites: An Anatomic Sculpting Technique. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 27(6), 335–
343.

61. Bulk Fill Flowable and Regular Composite: Two-Step Amalgam-Like
Sculpting Technique

62. Hirata, R., Kabbach, W., de Andrade, O. S., Bonfante, E. A., Giannini, M., & Coelho, P. G. (2015). Bulk Fill
Composites: An Anatomic Sculpting Technique. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 27(6), 335–343.

63. Bulk Fill Regular Composite: One-Step Amalgam-Like
Sculpting Technique

64. Hirata, R., Kabbach, W., de Andrade, O. S., Bonfante, E. A., Giannini, M., & Coelho, P. G. (2015). Bulk Fill
Composites: An Anatomic Sculpting Technique. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 27(6), 335–343.

66. Alqudaihi, F., Cook, N., Diefenderfer, K., Bottino, M., & Platt, J. (2018). Comparison of Internal Adaptation of Bulk-fill and Increment-fill Resin
Composite Materials. Operative Dentistry.

67. Loguercio, A. D.,
Rezende, M.,
Gutierrez Reyes, M. F.,
Costa, T. F., Armas-
Veja, A., & Reis, A.
(2019). Randomized
36-month Follow-up of
Posterior Bulk-Filled
Resin Composite
Restorations. Journal
of Dentistry

69. Ceromers (Ceramic Optimized polymer)
• Microfilled hybrid resins or universal composite resins
• Utilizes combinations of ceramic fillers to provide precise and controlled
placement, wear, and aesthetic properties.

70. Composition
• Specially developed and conditioned fine particle ceramic fillers of sub-micron size
(0.04 and 1.0 micron), which are closely packed (75 – 85 weight percent) and
embedded in an advanced temperable organic polymer matrix.
• Consists of a paste containing barium glass (<1 mm), spheroidal metal oxide,
ytterbium trifluoride, and silicon dioxide (57 vol%) in dimethacrylate monomers
(bis-GMA and UDMA).
• Tetric Flow (Flowable Ceromer) and Tetric Ceram (Direct Ceromer, lvoclar Vivadent,
Amherst, NY) incorporate a catalyst system which renders the material less
sensitive to ambient light.

71. Ormocer
• Organically modified ceramics (ormocers) were introduced to overcome problems of
polymerization shrinkage associated with conventional methacrylate-based resin
composites.
• Ormocers contain inorganic-organic copolymers in addition to inorganic filler particles.
• Ormocers have shown lower wear rates compared to other composites and similar
shrinkage to hybrid composites despite their lower filler content.
• Commercially two types of Ormocer based materials are available:
• Definite (Degussa)
• Admira

72. • Due to their organic and inorganic elements, the structure of Ormocers closely
resembles that of a natural tooth.
• Their coefficient of thermal expansion also approximates that of natural tooth structure,
which is very practical.
• In the mouth, which may be exposed to considerable temperature fluctuations, no
stresses are recorded between the tooth structure and filling material in extensive
cavities.
• Due to their cross-linking and chemical structure, it is a highly biocompatible filling
material.

73. SMART Composites
• Introduced as Ariston pHc (Vivadent ) in 1998.
• Involve embedding micron-size sensor particles or "tags" into a composite
product which interact with their host structures and generate quantifiable
ions.
• Smart Composites containing ACP (amorphous calcium phosphate) have an
extended time release nature and is one of the biologically important source
for calcium and phosphates, exhibiting the most rapid conversion to
crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAP)

74. • So when the pH level in the mouth drops below 5.8, these ions merge within seconds to form a gel.
• In less than 2 minutes, the gel becomes amorphous crystals, resulting in release of fluoride, hydroxyl,
and calcium and phosphate ions in the area immediately adjacent to the restorative material.
• This results in a reduced demineralization and a buffering of the acid produced by caries forming micro-
organisms.
When low pH values (at or below 5.8) - during a carious attack
ACP converts into HAP and precipitates
Replacing the HAP lost to the acid

75. Fiber- Reinforced Composites
• FRCs are structural materials that have at least two distinct constituents. The reinforcing
component provides strength and stiffness, while the surrounding matrix supports the
reinforcement and provides workability
• FRCs can be divided according to the reinforcement and polymer matrices used
• Glass fibres are the most commonly used reinforcing fibre in dental applications.
Carbon/graphite, aramid, boron and metal fibres are also use
• Silane coupling agents have been used successfully to
improve the adhesion between the polymer matrix and glass
fibres
Eg : Vectris FRC Material

76. Properties
• Higher flexure strength
• Excellent in compression, increased hardness
• Increased resistance to crack propagation
• Increased resistance to contact damage.
• Potential for unique optical and thermal properties.
• Very low thermal expansion (structural stability)
• Decreased wear of opposing dentition (as compared to porcelain)

77. Badakar, C. M., Shashibhushan, K. K., Naik, N.
S., & Reddy, V. V. S. (2011). Fracture resistance
of microhybrid composite, nano composite and
fibre-reinforced composite used for incisal edge
restoration. Dental Traumatology, 27(3), 225–229

78. Specialized Formulations
• Specialized composite for Core build-up
• Composites for cementing post and core
• Orthodontic composite
• Luting and cementing composite

79. Nano composites
• Composite resin characterised by containing nanoparticles measuring approximately 25 nm and
nanoaggregates of approximately 75 nm, which are made up of zirconium/silica or nanosilica
particles.
• Nanohybrid and nanofilled are generally the two types of composite restorative materials
characterized by filler-particle sizes of ≤100 nm referred to under the term “nanocomposite”.
• Nanofilled composites use nanosized particles throughout the resin matrix, nanohybrids include a
mixture of nanosized and conventional filler particles
• The main aim of incorporating nanofillers into resin composites (ie, nanocomposites) is to create
materials that can be used to restore both anterior and posterior teeth with a high initial polish and
gloss

80. 2 kinds of nanofiller particles
Nanomeric particles (NM) Nanoclusters (NC)
monodisperse non-aggregated zirconia-silica particles particles of silica
and non-agglomerated silica
nanoparticles

81. Advantages
• More filler can be accommodated if smaller particles are used for particle
packing. Theoretically, with the use of nanofillers, filler levels could be as
much as 90 - 95% by weight
• The lower size of the particles leads to less curing shrinkage
• Negligible marginal leakage, colour changes, bacterial penetration and
possible post operative sensitivity
• Superior flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and translucency

82. Disadvantages
• The drawback is that since the particles are so small they do not reflect light, so
they are combined with larger-sized particles, with an average diameter within
visible light wavelengths (i.e. around or below 1μm), to improve their optical
performance and act as a substrate

83. Properties Of Nano-composites
• Polymerization shrinkage: 1.4% to 1.6%
• Water Sorption: nanohybrid composites show less water sorption than nanofill composite
higher sorption and solubility values were found for nanocomposites compared with hybrid
composites
• Flexural strength of nanocomposites were found to be statistically equivalent or higher than
those of the hybrid or microhybrid composites and significantly higher than those of the microfill
composites
Commercially available nanocomposite materials do not hold any significant advantage over hybrid
composites in terms of strength and hardness.
Alzraikat, H., Burrow, M., Maghaireh, G., & Taha, N. (2018). Nanofilled Resin Composite Properties and Clinical Performance: A Review.
Operative Dentistry, 43(4), E173–E190. doi:10.2341/17-208-t

84. Other features of Nano-composites
Fluoride (F)-
releasing
nanocomposite
Dicalcium
phosphate
anhydrous (DCPA)
incorporated with
nanosilica
Zirconia-
amorphous
calcium
phosphate RBC
filler

85. CERAMIC-MATRIX
NANOCOMPOSITES
• Main part of volume is
occupied by a ceramic (
oxides, nitrides,borides ,
silicides)
• Encompass metal as
second component.
• Improved optical,
electrical and magnetic
properties (F E Kruis, H.
Fissan and A Peled 1998).
METAL-MATRIX
NANOCOMPOSITES
• Also called
reinforced metal
matrix
composites.
• Classified as
continuous and
non-continuous
reinforced
materials
POLYMER-MATRIX
NANOCOMPOSITES
• Enhanced
crystallization
behaviour.
• Improved
properties are
due to high
aspect ratio or
/high surface area
of nanofillers.

86. Trade names
• Filtek O Supreme Universal Restorative Pure Nano
• Premise, Kerr/Sybron, Orange
• Trade name of nanohybrids: NANOSIT™ nanohybrid composite (Nordiska Dental,
Angelholm, Sweden
• Trade name of nanofills: Filtek™ Supreme Plus [3M ESPE], Estelite® Sigma
[Tokuyama America, Inc., Encinitas, CA, USA]

90. Conclusion
• In the quest for a single material that might meet all requirements for
the ideal restorative, composites and glass ionomers have both
evolved as a good option.