ppt on aids
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ppt on aids
- 1. BBYY-- MMrr.. AASSHHOOKK BBIISSHHNNOOII LLeeccttuurreerr ,,JJIINNRR
- 3. WBC are the most important part of the immune system 3 Neutrophils attack bacteria B-lymphocytes make antibodies T-lymphocytes ◦ Responsible for coordinating the immune system’s attack on viruses, fungi and some bacteria
- 4. 4 Important components of the immune system Lymphocytes T4-lymphocytes B lymphocytes CD4 type* CD8 type Antibodies HIV uses CD4 cells for replication
- 5. 5
- 6. Human: ◦ Can live only in humans Immunodeficienc y: ◦ Damages the immune system of people it infects Virus: ◦ Retrovirus (RNA) 6 Transmembrane Glycoprotein – gp 41 Envelope Glycoprotein gp 120 Viral genome RNA Nucleoid Core protein p 24 Reverse Transcriptase
- 7. Acquired (not born with) Immune (body’s defense system) Deficiency (not working properly) Syndrome (a group of signs and symptoms) 7 Transmitted from person to person It affects the body’s immune system, the part of the body which usually works to fight off germs such as bacteria and viruses Malfunctioning of the body’s immune system Someone with AIDS may experience a wide range of different diseases and OIs
- 9. 9 HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease HIV develops into AIDS AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense mechanism or immune system AIDS is acquired, not hereditary
- 10. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 at Chennai According to the (WHO), there were approximately 35 millions people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS in 2013. Of these, 3.2 million were children (<15 years old). 4.4 Million people living with the HIV Positive in India (2013) India has the 3rd largest no of people living with HIV at the end of 2013
- 11. In India 2,52000 death are reported on 1dec.2013 In M.P. 39114 peoples are living with HIV/AIDS reported on oct.2014 At the end of 2013 more then “7” lakh people were on ARV therapy, Is the 2nd largest number of people on treatment in any single country
- 13. 6month to 6year
- 14. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
- 15. HIV 1. Attachment to host CD4 cell 2. Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from the virus’s RNA 3. Integration into host cell’s nucleus 4. Reproduction of viral components 5. Assembly of new HIV viruses 6. Release
- 16. Viral replication (8-10 years) CD4 cell death Further impairment of immune system Increased likelihood of opportunistic infections (OIs) AIDS
- 17. Blood products Vaginal fluids Semen Breast milk
- 19. Sharing Needles Unsterilized blades & razor Through Sex:-(Unprotected Intercourse) Eg, Oral & Anal sex
- 20. Hugging Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces Bathing/Swimming in the same pool Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet seats, bedding, telephones or towels Eating food prepared by an infected person
- 21. WHO Stage Some Typical Diseases* CD4 Count I Asymptomatic No symptoms or signs of any illness Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy >500 II Minor Symptoms Dermatomal Herpes (Varicella) Zoster 500 to 350 III Moderate Symptoms Oral Candidiasis, Leukoplakia, Pulmonary Tuberculosis 350 to 200 IV AIDS-defining Illness Cytomegalovirus, Severe Chronic Herpes Ulcers, Toxoplasmosis. <200 *Staging of diseases is approximate and not the same for all individuals
- 22. Weight Loss Frequent Fever and sweating Persistence skin rashes & flaky skin
- 23. Severe & persistence Diarrhea Vision loss Nausea Vomiting Abdominal cramps
- 24. 24 11.. HHiissttoorryy 22.. SSoocciiaall HHiissttoorryy 66.. LLaabboorraattoorryy FFiinnddiinnggss 55.. PPhhyyssiiccaall EExxaammiinnaattiioonn Patient 33.. SSeexxuuaall HHiissttoorryy
- 25. HIV Antibody Tests - HIV Rapid test - ELISA - Western Blot Test (Confirmatory Test) HIV Antigen Tests - DNA PCR - P24 Antigen
- 27. Note- (Provide infants with 4-6 weeks of once-daily Nevirapine or twice-daily Zidovudine ) 1. ART(Anti-retroviral Therapy) (Anti HIV drugs) 2. Palliative care 3. Complimentary therapy 4. Guidance/Counselling
- 28. Although ART dramatically improves the health and life expectancy for PLHIV -ART is NOT a cure for AIDS - HIV is NEVER entirely eliminated from the body HIV can still be transmitted to others, even when the PLHIV is healthy and taking his/her medication regularly 28 ART is to be taken lifelong
- 29. As HIV replication decreases immune response increases ARVs reduce the ability of the HIV virus to replicate In turn, this increases the body’s ability to fight disease
- 30. 30
- 31. Before ART After ART
- 32. Alters/reverses course of existing OIs Decreases hospitalizations Increases survival Restores hope Improves quality of life Reduces HIV transmission Benefits both adults and children ARVs change HIV from a terminal (fatal) disease to a chronic disease
- 34. End of life 34 Entry Well Continuum of care Death Palliative care Symptom Management Psychosocial Management Spiritual Management Pain Management
- 36. Yoga Massage Aromatherapy Relaxation Techniques - Meditation -Visualization ( Imagery) Laughter Therapy Music Therapy Hydrotherapy
- 39. We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV. We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with HIV. We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment. We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV.
- 40. We can remove, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to AIDS. We can stop violence against women and girls. We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV. We can enhance social protection for people affected by HIV.
- 41. Educate & Counsel Clinical Care: 41 Address social issues • Assess needs • Plan care • Implement care • Monitor and Evaluate care Refer, Link, Network
- 43. Q 1. Who is causative organism of AIDS…?
- 44. Q 2.What is the incubation period of AIDS..?
- 45. Q 3. What is the normal CD4 Cell count...?
- 46. Q 4. What is the full form of ELISA…..?
- 47. Q 5.Which is confirmatory test for HIV/AIDS...?
- 48. Q 6. Which drugs we are use to treat AIDS..?
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Trainer’s Notes : Discuss the basic components of the immune system in the human body using the points on the slide. The body protects itself from infections in two ways: Skin and mucous membrane: prevent infection from physically entering the body The Immune System: fights infection inside the body. The immune system protects the body by recognizing and destroying: Infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites; Abnormal cells; Foreign objects – anything from small objects like thorns, to transplanted organs.
- Trainer’s Notes : T-lymphocytes are processed and stored in the thymus. The most important of T lymphocytes are CD4 type and CD8 type. B-lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow. The HIV is especially attracted to the CD4 type of lymphocytes. It enters the CD4 lymphocyte and multiplies in them thereby destroying the CD4 cells. Gradual loss of these CD4 cells results in the loss of immunity in these patients. Ask participants to think about how they can give patients simple explanations about the immune system as part of ongoing patient education.
- Trainer’s Notes : Ask participants “Are HIV and AIDS the same thing?” If they say no, ask them “How are they different?” Wait for their answers and then project the next series of slides.
- Trainer’s Notes : HIV, like all viruses, must enter other cells if it is to replicate and survive. HIV is a “retrovirus”. The genetic material of retroviruses are carried in the form of RNA rather than DNA. Retroviruses usually contain an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, that helps in converting RNA to DNA during the replication process. Unlike most viruses, HIV cannot be destroyed by the body. After becoming infected, a person has HIV infection for the rest of his/her life. HIV cannot stay alive outside the human body unless under laboratory conditions.
- Trainer’s Notes : Someone may be infected with HIV for many years before their immune system is damaged sufficiently (CD4&lt;200) to cause opportunistic infections and hence AIDS.
- Trainer’s Notes : Review slide and explain the six stages of the HIV life cycle. HIV uses the CD4 cell like a factory to reproduce more of itself: HIV attaches to the CD4 cell & releases RNA & enzymes on entry The enzyme ‘Reverse Transcriptase’ makes a DNA copy of the viral RNA New viral DNA is then integrated using the enzyme ‘Integrase’ into the CD4 cell nucleus New viral components are then produced, using the cell’s machinery These are assembled together using the enzyme ‘Protease’ The new viruses are released. The host CD4 cell eventually gets destroyed by this process. The normal CD4 count ranges between 500-1500 cells/mm3 Reinforce with video clip
- Trainer’s Notes : As CD4 cells get destroyed, the immune system is weakened. The body’s capacity to fight infections is reduced. Person becomes susceptible to many infections including OIs (caused by organisms that naturally reside in the body (e.g. PCP) or that are in the environment (e.g. TB). Presence of major OIs indicate AIDS .
- Trainer’s Notes: Brainstorm with participants why HIV cannot be transmitted as mentioned in the slide. Ask participants what other myths they have heard about routes of transmission. Clarify any doubts before moving on. HIV is NOT transmitted by: -Kissing and hugging – contact with intact skin is not harmful -Contact with sweat, tears, urine or faeces – as long as none of these contain blood, they pose no risk for transmission of HIV -Insect bites – HIV cannot be transmitted by insects. -Swimming, sharing utensils, toilet seats, etc. – HIV cannot exist outside the human body, so there is no risk of transmission through these methods -Eating food prepared by an infected person – will not lead to transmission of HIV. This is just a common myth and increases stigma towards HIV +ve people Ask participants what biological factors increase the risk of HIV transmission. After eliciting their responses, screen the next slide.
- Trainer’s Notes : Remind participants of the section on clinical staging covered in Unit 3. This table depicts HIV disease progression with some typical OIs and the relationship with CD4 count. HIV disease progresses with a decrease in CD4 count.
- Trainer’s Notes: The &quot;whole&quot; patient has to be considered in order to get a complete and accurate picture of the situation. Each portion of the assessment – how the patient perceives his/her condition, medical and social histories, the lab results - impacts the final conclusions and will determine the appropriate interventions.
- Trainer’s Notes : Inform the participants that the commonly used HIV tests in India are: 1. Antibody based Tests . 2. Antigen based Tests HIV antibody tests -HIV rapid tests ELISA Western Blot (Confirmatory Test) 3 tests are done before declaring whether a person is HIV positive or negative. In case of indeterminate results or if the person is in the window period the person is advised to return for HIV testing again and is counseled to stay HIV negative .
- Trainer’s Notes : HIV replicates inside CD4 cells, it destroys those CD4 cells and gradually weakens the immune system. ARVs protect the immune system from destruction by reducing the ability of HIV to replicate. With the immune system restored and protected, the body is then able to fight infections.
- Trainer’s Notes : This is a picture of Jyothi from Jyothi’ s Hope video before ART and after starting her on ART.
- Trainer’s Notes : There are many benefits to ART : It helps to stabilize the immune system, reversing the progressive destruction of immune function and increasing the CD4 cell count. Preventing OIs which crop up when there is a severe damage to the immune system and very low CD4 cell count, because the immune system is stronger, OIs are not able to attack. If the infections are already present, their course may be shortened or made less severe with antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral therapy has been associated with major reductions in mother-to-child transmission in the developed world and by lowering the amount of virus in the blood, it is expected that other forms of HIV transmission may be reduced as well. Antiretroviral therapy has been shown to benefit both adults and children. The availability of therapy may be an incentive for voluntary HIV counselling and testing, which increases identification of HIV-infected individuals, allowing them to access healthcare and prevent further transmission. The free ART Program of Government of India was launched on 1st April, 2004.
- Trainer’s Notes : Palliative care is most successful when initiated early in the disease progression, since it takes time to develop the necessary supportive relationships between the patient and the interdisciplinary team. It can be initiated any time during the continuum of care. The focus is to reduce symptoms, pain, as well as emotional and spiritual distress so that ultimately the patient could have a comfortable and peaceful death.
- Trainer’s Notes: These are just a few examples of a nurse’s role in care of a person with HIV - participants will have different and/or more responsibilities according to their particular practice sites.