This ppt includes history of retina, layers, rods and cons, retinal embryogenesis etc. In Congenital anomalies, including Coloboma, Congenital pigmentation of retina, Medullated nerve fibres, Albinism and Retinal Detechment.

1. Retina –
congenital
anomalies and
RD
Guided by – Gaurav sir ( Faculty at UPUMS, Saifai,
Etawah)
Represented by – Ashith Tripathi ( B. Optometry 3rd
year student)

2. Retina
– The retina is light sensitive tissue, that lines the inside of eye. The neurosensory
retina is transparent, the background colour being provided by retinal
pigmented epithelium and vascular choroid.
History –
– first describe by HEROPHILUS
– Named by – RUFUS
– Kepler introduced the concept of the retina as the primary photoreceptor tissue
of the eye.

3. Retinal layers

6. Retinal embryogenesis
– The eyeball starts to develop from neuroectoderm around the third week of fetal
life.
– Formation of optic pits and then optic vesicles to optic cup.
– The optic cup forms a fold inferiorly and ventrally to form the ‘embryonic fissure’
through which the mesenchymal and vascular tissues enter the globe.
– The inner layer of optic cup develops into the retina, and the outer layer develops
into the retinal pigmented epithelium.
– Cones – 5 months
– Rods – 7 months

8. Congenital abnormalities of the
retina
Coloboma –
– white defect, the sclera is directly visible due to the absence of normal retina
and retinal pigment epithelium.
– Not progressive
– Difficult to treat

10. Congenital pigmentation of the
retina
– Small, oval, grey spots or groups of polygonal greyish – black spots are
occasionally seen in the retina in routine examination of the fundus.
– They are flat, lie below the vessels, and remains unchanged indefinitely.
– They are congenital and due to heaps of retinal pigment.

11. Medullated nerve fibres
– The medullary sheaths of the fibres of the optic nerve normally appear behind the
lamina cribrosa. Occasionally, patches of fibres becomes myelinated before they
have passed through the lamina cribrosa.
– They appear opthalmoscopically as white patches.
– Usually the patches are contiguous with the disc; occasionally they are isolated, but
rarely far from the disc.
– The retinal vessels are covered in places by the opaque fibres.
– When present, blind spot is enlarged, or a scotoma is present corresponding with
the position of the patch.
– Very rarely, the patch is large and involves the macula, so central vision is abolished.

13. Albinism
– Originated from latin word “albus” meaning white
– It represents a set of inherited conditions characterized by absent or decreased tissue melanin
in conjunction with characteristic ocular and visual pathway anomalies.
– Decreased skin and hair pigment
Clinical features –
– Iris transillumination
– Pendular nystagmus
– Foveal hypoplasia
– Strabismus
– Photophobia
– Refractive error
– Poor vision

15. Retinal detachment
– Retinal detachment is the separation of neurosensory retina proper from the
pigment epithelium.
Classification –
– Clinico – etiologically retinal detachment can be classified into three types :
1. Rhegmatogeneous or primary retinal detachment
2. Tractional retinal detachment
3. Exudative retinal detechment

17. Rhegmatogenous or primary
retinal Detachment
– It usually associated with a retinal break ( hole or tear ) through which subretinal fluid
(SRF) seeps and separates the sensory retina from the pigmentary epithelium.
– It is commonest type of retinal detachment
Etiology –
– Predisposing factors includes –
– Age
– Sex
– Myopia
– Aphakia and pseudophakia
– Retinal degenerations
– Trauma
– Senile posterior vitreous detachment ( PVD )

18. Pathogenesis –
Senile acute
posterioir
vitreous
detachment
(acute PVD)
Predisposing retinal
degenerations Aphakia
(endodenesis )
Retinal break
The degenerated fluid vitreous seeps through the retinal break and collects as
subretinal fluid (SRF) between the sensory retina and pigmentary epithelium.
Retinal detachment
Trauma

19. Clinical features
Prodromal symptoms include :
– Dark spots ( floaters ) in front of the eye
– Photopsia (sensation of flashes of light )
Symptoms of detached retina are as follows:
– Localised relative loss in the field of vision – in early stage
– Sudden appearance of a dark cloud or veil in front of eye
– Sudden painless loss of vision

20. signs
– Marcus Gunn pupil is present in eyes with extensive RD
– Plane mirror examination or DDO reveals an altered red reflex in pupillary area
– Freshly detached retina gives grey reflex instead of normal or pink reflex and is
raised anteriorly
– Visual field charting reveals scotomas
– Ultrasonography confirms the diagnosis.
Complications –
Include proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), complicated cataract, uveitis and
phthisis bulbi.

21. Treatment
– Basic principle and step of RD surgery are sealing of retinal breaks, reducing the
vitreous traction on the retina, and flattering of retina by draining of subretinal
fluid.
– Sealing of retinal breaks
– Drainage of SRF
– Maintenance of chorioretinal apposition is required for at least a couple of weeks.

22. Exudative or solid retinal
detachment
– It occurs due to retina being pushed away by a neoplasm or accumulation of
fluid beneath the retina following inflammatory or vascular lesions.
Etiology – common causes of exudative retinal detachment can be grouped as
under:
– Systemic disease – include: toxaemia of pregnancy, renal hypertension,
blood dyscrasias and polyarteritis nodosa.
– Ocular disease – include
1. Congenital abnormalities such as nanopthalmos, optic pit, choroidal coloboma
and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

23. 2. Inflammations such as Harada’s disease, sympathetic opthalmia, posterior scleritis,
and orbital cellulitis.
3. Vascular disease – such as central serous retinopathy and exudative retinopathy of
coats.
4. Neoplasm – retinoblastoma , metastatic tumours of choroid
5. Choroidal neovascularization may also cause exudative retinal detachment.

24. Clinical features
Exudative retinal detachment can be differentiated from a simple primary
detachment by:
– Absence of photopsia, holes/tears, folds and undulations.
– The exudative retinal detachment is smooth and convex
– Pattern of retinal vessels may be disturbed occasionally, due to presence of
neovascularization on the tumour summit.
– Shifting fluid characterised by changing position of the detached area with
gravity is the hallmark of exudative retinal detachment.
– On transillumination test a simple detachment is opaque.

25. Investigations
– Ocular and systemic examination should be carried out thoroughly.
– B- scan ultrasonography may help delineate the underlying cause.
– FFA may show source of fluid
– CT scan and/ or MRI useful, specially in case of intraocular tumours.
Treatment –
– Treatment should be for the causative disease.
– Enucleation is usually required in the presence of intraocular tumours.

26. Tractional retinal detachment
– It occurs due to retina being mechanically pulled away from its bed by the
contraction of fibrous tissue in the vitreous ( vitreoretinal tractional bands )
Etiology –
– TRD is associated with the following conditions;
– Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
– Retinopathy of prematurity
– Plastic cyclitis
– Sickel cell retinopathy
– Vitreomacular traction syndrome
– Retinal dysplasia

28. Clinical features
– Presence of vitreoretinal bands with lesions of the causative disease.
– Retinal breaks are usually absent and configuration of the detached area is
concave.
– Highest elevation of the retina occurs at sites of vitreoretinal traction.
– Retinal mobility is severely reduced and shifting fluid is absent.
Treatment –
– Surgery is difficult and require pars plana vitrectomy to cut the vitreoretinal
traction bands and internal tamponade with either a long – acting gas or silicon
oil.
– Prognosis in such cases is usually not so good.

30. References
– Person's Disease of the Eye - by Ramanjit sihota
– Comprehensive Opthalmology - by A. K. Khurana
– Wikipedia
– Google for pics