The document discusses different types of grammatical structures in English sentences, including subjects and verbs, objects of prepositions, appositives, present and past participles. It provides examples of each structure and exercises to identify subjects and verbs in sentences containing these different structures. Key points covered include distinguishing subjects from other elements like objects of prepositions and appositives, and identifying verbs despite participial phrases. Exercises require analyzing sentences to find subjects and verbs.

2. Subject + Verb
Each normal English sentence always has a
subject that is followed by a verb.
Subject Verb
Sentences with One Clause

3. Sentences with One Clause
 The sentence has one subject and
one verb.
Examples:
Traffic was backed up for miles on the freeway.
Engineers are needed for work on the new
space program.
The boy will be going to the movies with a friend.

4. 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby
mountain lake.
2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained
at the front desk.
3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the
plant available.
4. The new computer program has provides a
variety of helpful applications.
5. The box can be opened only with a special
screwdriver.
Exercise 1
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5. 6. The assigned text for history class it contains
more than twenty chapters.
7. The papers in the wastebasket
should be emptied into the trash can outside.
8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of
the harbor.
9. Yesterday found an interesting article on
pollution.
10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more
than the previous machine.
Exercise 1
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6.  Be careful of Objects of Prepositions.
Examples:
After his exams Tom will take a trip by boat.
With his friend he found the movie theater.
An object of preposition is a preposition that is
followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun
clause.
An object of preposition is not a subject.
Object of Prepositions

7. 1. The interviews by radio broadcasters
were carried live by the station.
2. In the last possible moment before takeoff took
his seat in the airplane.
3. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers
in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen
can be delivered for free.
4. The progressive reading methods at this school
are given credit for the improved test scores.
Exercise 2
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8. 5. For the last three years at various hospitals
in the county has been practicing medicine.
6. In the past a career in politics was not considered
acceptable in some circles.
7. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it
has improved a lot in recent years.
8. At the building site the carpenters with the most
experience were given the most intricate work.
Exercise 2
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9. Exercise 2
9. For the fever and headache took two aspirin
tablets.
10. The report with complete documentation
was delivered at the conference.
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10. Appositives
 Be careful of Appositives.
Examples:
Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on
the exam.
My friend, George, is attending the lecture.
An excellent basketball player, Sarah rarely
misses her basketball shots.

11. Appositives
 An appositive is a noun that comes before or
after another noun and is generally set off from
the noun with coma.
An appositive is not a subject.
2 possible structures:
1. Subject, appositive, verb.
2. Appositive, subject verb.

12. Appositives
 Examples:
1. Subject, appositive, verb.
Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.
2. Appositive, subject verb.
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.

13. 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner
is undertaking some fairly broad changes in
management policy.
2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude
from the university.
3. Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special
holiday for sweethearts.
4. At long last, the chief executive officer,
has decided to step down.
Exercise 3
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14. 5. Tonight’s supper, leftovers from the last night,
did not taste any better tonight than last night.
6. The only entrance to the closet, the door
was kept locked at all times.
7. In the cold winter, a wall heating unit,
would not turn on.
8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white
background, really brightens up the room.
Exercise 3
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15. 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful
machine of its type, was finally readied for use.
10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist
was often invited over for Sunday dinner.
Exercise 3
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16. Present Participles
 Be careful of Present Participles.
A present participle is VERB-ing.
Examples:
Watching
Playing
Moving
Conducting
Bringing
Buying

17. Present Participles
 A present participle is the part of a verb
that appears after be.
Examples:
They are playing football.
He is tackling other player.

18. Present Participles
A present participle can be either a part of VERB or
an ADJECTIVE
How to differ:
1. A part of VERB
when it comes after BE form (was, were, is, am, are,
been, be)
2. An ADJECTIVE
when comes by itself without BE form

19. Present Participles
Examples:
1. The man is talking to his friend.
2. The man talking to his friend has a beard.
as a part of a verb
as an adjective

20. Present Participles
Examples:
1. The boy is standing in the corner.
2. The boy standing in the corner was naughty.
as a part of a verb
as an adjective

21. 1. The companies offering the lowest prices
will have the most customers.
2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta
should report to Gate Three.
3. The artisans were demonstrating various
handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.
4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties
attract the most new pledges.
Exercise 4
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22. 5. The first team winning four games is awarded
the championship.
6. The speaker was trying to make his point
was often interrupted vociferously.
7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in
the crates carrying them to market.
8. Any students desiring official transcripts
should complete the appropriate form.
Exercise 4
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23. 9. The advertisements were announcing the half-
day sale received a lot of attention.
10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite
distinctive.
Exercise 4
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24. Past Participles
 Be careful of Past Participles.
A past participle is VERB-III.
Examples:
Watched
Played
Moved
Conducted
Brought
Bought

25. Past Participles
 The past participle is the form of a verb
that appears with have or be.
Examples:
They have achieved many trophies.
He is injured by the other player.

26. Past Participles
 Regular past participles always end in –ed.
Sometimes, they have same form with Verb II.
Examples:
He scores some goals.
He scored some goals.
He has scored some goals.
The goals scored by Van Persie is amazing.
score scored scored
Verb I Verb II Verb III

27. Past Participles
 Irregular past participles transform differently
from verb 1.
Examples:
I see a beautiful sunset.
I saw a beautiful sunset yesterday.
I have never seen such a beautiful sunset!
The sunset seen yesterday was beautiful.
Verb I Verb II Verb III
see saw seen

28. Past Participles
 A past participle can be either a part of a
VERB or an ADJECTIVE.
How to differ:
1. A part of VERB
when it comes after HAS, HAVE, HAD or BE form
(was, were, is, am, are, been, be)
2. An ADJECTIVE
when it comes by itself without HAS, HAVE, HAD
or BE.

29. Past Participles
Examples:
The family has purchased a paint.
The paint purchased yesterday was expensive.
as a part of a verb
as an adjective

30. 1. The money was offered by the client
was not accepted.
2. The car listed in the advertisement
had already stalled.
3. The chapters were taught by the professor this
morning will be on next week’s exam.
4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven
at a low temperature for many hours.
Exercise 5
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31. 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were
under the control of a foreign nation.
6. Those suspected in the string of robberies
were arrested by the police.
7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the
tastiest in the country.
8. The courses are listed on the second page of
the brochure have several prerequisites.
Exercise 5
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32. 9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence
Day barbecue at the apartment complex.
10. Any bills paid by the first of the month
will be credited to your account by the next day.
Exercise 5
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33. Sentences with One Clause
 Differ the objects of preposition and
appositives when looking for subject.
Examples:
With his friend, he found the movie theater.
An excellent basketball player, Sarah rarely
misses her basketball shots.

34. Sentences with One Clause
 Differ the present participles and past
participles when looking for verb.
Examples:
The child now playing in the yard is my son.
The poem written by Paul appeared in the
magazine.

35. 1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester
students with fewer than the maximum number of
units can add additional courses.
2. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department
store to purchase a wedding gift.
3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season
were harvested in November.
4. In the grove of the overripe oranges were falling
on the ground.
Exercise Skill 1-5
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36. 5. The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain
the announcement of the president’s resignation.
6. A specialty shop with various blends from around
the world in the shopping mall.
7. The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum
last month are now on display in Dallas.
8. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball
across the field to one of the other players.
Exercise Skill 1-5
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37. 9. Construction of the housing development it
will be underway by the first of the month.
10. Those applicants returning their completed forms
at the earliest date have the highest priority.
Exercise Skill 1-5
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38. 1. The North Platte River ____ from Wyoming into
Nebraska.
2. ___ Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word
meaning “first people.”
TOEFL Exercise Skill 1-5
a) it flowed
b) flows
c) flowing
d) with flowing water
a) The city of
b) Located in
c) It is in
d) The tour included

39. 3. A pride of lions ___ up to forty lions, including one
to three males, several females and cubs.
4. ___ tea plant are small and white.
TOEFL Exercise Skill 1-5
a) can contain
b) it contains
c) contain
d) containing
a) The
b) On the
c) Having flowers the
d) The flowers of the

40. 5. The tetracyclines, ___ antibiotics, are used to
treat infections.
6. Any possible academic assistance from taking
stimulants ____ marginal at best.
TOEFL Exercise Skill 1-5
a) are a family of
b) being a family
c) a family of
d) their family is
a) it is
b) there is
c) is
d) as

41. 7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, ____ famous as
a historian and novelist.
8. The major cause ____ the pull of the Moon on the
Earth.
TOEFL Exercise Skill 1-5
a) became
b) and became
c) he was
d) and he became
a) the ocean tides are
b) of ocean tides is
c) of the tides in the ocean
d) the ocean’s tides

42. 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth century, ___
limited to the rich.
10. A computerized map of the freeways using
information gathered by sensors embedded in the
pavement ___ on a local cable channel during
rush hour..
TOEFL Exercise Skill 1-5
a) was
b) was photography
c) it was photography
d) photography was
a) airs
b) airing
c) air
d) to air