Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its durability and strength. The document discusses the key ingredients in concrete - cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains how concrete is made, its different types and properties in both fresh and hardened states. Concrete can be classified based on its binding material or purpose. Proper curing is also important for concrete to gain strength over time.

1. PRESENTED BY- PRIYANKA KUSHWAHA
ARVIND KUMAR
SHIVANI GUPTA
RAMASHANKER YADAV

2. Introduction:
 Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It provides
superior fire resistance compared with wooden construction and gains
strength over time. Structure made of concrete can have a long service
life. Concrete is used more than any other manmade material in the world.
As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year,
more than one cubic meter for every person on Earth.
 A mixture of Cement, Water and Aggregates that will meet the
requirements under which it is expected to serve when hardened, is termed
as concrete.
 Ordinary concrete is made by mixing an inorganic material known as
cement with water together with natural sand or sand dusts and natural
stones which may be uncrushed or crushed.

3. INGREDIENTS
Concrete- is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland cement),
Aggregate(coarse + fine), water and chemical admixtures
Portland cement Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate Chemical admixtures

4. CEMENT (Binder)
Most commonly used cement is Portland Cement patented in 1824 in England, when
mixed with water, hardens, hence hydraulic cement.
Basic raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are calcium carbonate found
in lime stone or chalk, and silica, alumina and iron oxide found in clay or shale.
What is Portland cement ?
 Raw limestone, clay & gypsum minerals are ground into powder & heated
in kiln(1600 C).
 Minerals interact at that temperature to form calcium silicates(clinker).
 Available in five types, each with varying performance characteristics
and uses.
 Portland cement becomes cementitious when mixed with water through
Hydration.

5. AGGREGATES
Aggregate is the second most influential ingredient in concrete.
 Aggregate
 Occupies 60-75% of volume
 Fine aggregate is typically 35-45% of total aggregate
 Mortar (Air, water, cement, fly ash, sand) is typically 50-65% of total
volume of a mixture.
 Fine : Sand or crushed stone(<5mm)
 Coarse: Gravel or crushed stone (5-50mm)
 Aggregate must be washed in many areas
 All must satisfy ASTM C33
Purpose of the Aggregates
 Large aggregates:
 Provides density(fill space)
 Provide strength
 Fine aggregates:
 Fill small voids between large aggregates
 Increases strength of the cement binder

6. ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are any ingredients in concrete other than
 Water
 Aggregates
 Cementitious Materials
 Fiber reinforcement
They are used for modifying fresh and hardened concrete properties in
many ways.
Currently used admixtures are-
 Air Entraining ASTM C260 (M154)
 Chemical ASTM C494 (M194)
 Calcium Chloride ASTM D 98 (M 144)
 Foaming Agents ASTM C 869
 Admixtures for shotcrete ASTM C 1141
 Flowing Concrete ASTM C937
 Grout Fluidifier ASTM C937
 Pigments ASTM C979

7. Concrete:
Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily
of aggregate, cement, and water admixture.
Concrete has two main stages:
1. Fresh concrete
2. Hardened concrete

8. Concrete uses:
 Making architectural structure, foundation.
 Brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses.
 Highways, runways, parking structures, dams.
 Pools/reservoirs, pipes, footing for gates.
 Fences and poles and even boats.
Concrete is used in large quantities almost everywhere mankind
has a need for infrastructure.

9. Advantages:
1. Economical.
2. Ambient temperature hardened material.
3. Ability to be cast.
4. Energy efficiency.
5. Excellent resistance to water.
6. High temperature resistance.
7. Ability to consume water.
8. Ability to work with reinforcing steel.
9. Less maintenance required.

10. Disadvantages:
1. Quasi-brittle failure mode.
2. Low tensile strength.
3. Low toughness.
4. Low strength.
5. Formwork is needed.
6. Working with cracks.
7. Long curing time.

11. Durability
Workability Strength Cohesiveness
Concrete has three different states:
Plastic Setting Hardening
CONCRETE PROPERTIES:

12. Concrete - Fresh Properties
 Pump ability: Ease with which a given mix can be pumped without
segregation or loss of properties
 aggregate: rounded particles pump more easily
 water: too much - segregation, too little - friction
 cement: too little - blow through,
 fly ash: helps prevent segregation, better flow
 Compact ability: Ease with which a given mix can be fully
compacted to eliminate the trapped air.
 harshness
 gradation
 Finish ability: Ease with which a given mix can be fully finished with
the desired texture
 stickiness
 harshness

13. Concrete - Fresh Properties
 Setting Time
 Cement: different cements have different setting times
 alkalis, sugars, salts, organics
 Water: Impurities
 -sodium carbonate (Na+) rapid set
 -bicarbonate can accelerate or retard set
 Aggregate: None
 Bleeding: rate of surface water exceeds the evaporation rate.
 Water: too much water (severe bleeding), too little water
(surface drying)
 Air Content
 Water: -too much increases entrapped air voids
 -too little doesn't disperse Air Entraining Agent properly
 Unit Weight

14. Types of concrete:
Concrete are classified into two different types:
 According to binding material used in concrete.
 According to design of concrete.
 Cement concrete
 Lime concrete
 According to purpose of concrete.

15. •Cement concrete: In cement concrete useful proportion of its ingredients
are : 1 part cement : 1-8 part sand : 2-16 parts coarse aggregate
 Uses: Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings and other
important engineering works where strength and durability is of prime
importance.
Image source- actual site image

16. •Lime concrete: The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates, and
coarse aggregates mixed in a suitable proportion with water is called lime
concrete.
 Uses: Lime concrete is generally used for the sake of economy in
foundation works, under floors, over roof and where cement is not
cheaply and easily available in required quantity.
Image source- internet

17. DESCRIPTION OF WORK GRADE OF
CONCRETE
 Concrete in column, beams - 1:1:2
 Water retaining structures, Piles,
Pre-caste work or dense concrete. -
1:1.5:3
 RCC beams, slabs, columns. - 1:2:4
 Foundations for buildings
Mass reinforced works. - 1:3:6
 For mass concrete work. -
1:4:8

18. WATER CEMENT RATIO
 In the preparation of concrete the water cement ratio is very important.
 For normal construction the water cement ratio is usually 0.5
 Adding to much water will reduce the strength of concrete
and can cause segregation.
 For different ratio of concrete the amount of water for 50kg of cement is:
Concrete ratio Water quantity
1:3:6 34 litres
1:2:4 30 litres
1:1.5:3 27 litres
1:1:2 25 litres
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0.2
5
0.3
5
0.4
5
0.5
5
0.6
5
w/cm ratio
Fc',
MPa
350
kg
300
kg
250
kg
W
CM
W
W
Water
CementitiousMaterial


19. According to design of concrete:
 Plain cement concrete.
 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC).
 Pre-stressed cement concrete(PCC).
Plain cement concrete Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) Pre-stressed cement concrete (PCC)
Image source- actual site images

20. Curing of concrete:-
Image source- Actual Site image

21. Image source- Actual site image

22. Image source- Internet image
Buildings made of cement concrete

23. MARKET SURVEY
Sl.No. Items Qty Unit Rate
1. Cement (ACC) 1 Bag 390
2. Coarse sand 1 cum 400
3. Coarse aggregate 1 cum 600
4. Fine aggregate 1 cum 550
5. Chemical 1 Bag 450