How open data and service innovation can transform cities into smart communities
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1. The document discusses service innovation in smart cities using open data. It compares a digital city from 2018 to a smart city envisioned for 2048. The research gap is how to overcome barriers to using open data to create new integrated services. 2. A 2016 law in France mandated publishing public and non-confidential data to allow citizens to collaborate with public services to design services. However, resistance from administrators, lack of skills and understanding created challenges. 3. The document proposes a user-centric open data platform and data governance system to address these barriers and facilitate building and sharing new services using open data. It discusses testing prototypes and conducting interviews and analysis to evaluate if the platforms enable creation of new integrated services.
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How open data and service innovation can transform cities into smart communities
- 1. Service innovation in Smart-cities using Open-Data Arthur Sarazin - PhD Student Carine Dominguez-Péry - Co-Supervisor Khaled Bouabdallah - Co-Supervisor A Tale of Two Cities 1
- 2. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities City - 2018 City - 2048 1. Context 2 Digital City (Ischida and Isbister, 2000) A city where services are provided through Information and Communication Technologies in an unconnected way Smart city (Bifulco and Tregua, 2017) A service ecosystem built around one service platform so to improve the quality of life of its citizens RESEARCH GAP
- 3. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 2. Call to transformation : Law for a digital Republic (2016) “ Publish all sets of public & non-confidential data which are produced with public money and have to make them available without any limitation of use & distribution ” Citizens can design, in collaboration with public service provider, services that will serve them in the best possible way 3 Open-data (Lusch, 2013) Outcome of Open-data
- 4. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 3. Refusal of the call Resistance from the administration (Janssen, Charalabidis & Zuiderwijk, 2012) Lack of information and skills (Goëta & Mabi, 2014) Lack of understanding (Goëta & Mabi, 2013) Research question : how to overcome these barriers ? 4
- 5. Arthur Sarazin - The Tale of Two Cities 4. Meeting with the academic world A user- centric open- data platform (Baldwin, 2009) A data governance system (Data Governance Institute, 2011) 5 Release & Access data Build & Share Services Decision Rights Agreed upon models What method ? What action ?
- 6. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 5. Crossing the threshold 6
- 7. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 6. Test 7 Observe Interview Code Build prototypes Test the prototypes Functions Interactions Design Structure Matrices Network graphs Integrated protoypes Creation of new integrated services ? Platform architecture Governance system 1- 2- 3- 4-
- 8. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 7. Approaching the cave & Ordeal Data Literacy Challenge (Janssen, Charalabidis & Zuiderwijk, 2012) 8
- 9. Arthur Sarazin - A Tale of Two Cities 8. End of the journey : the 2nd City 9
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Hello, my name is Arthur and I’m here today to tell you the story of my PhD, a story that, in the academic world, goes by the name of : “Service innovation in Smart-cities using Open-Data”. Quite an unsexy title right ? That’s why I renamed it for you today and I chose a very original title that I am sure the greatest english novellist never thought of : a tale of two cities.
- The first City in the story is the one as we experience it today : it is messy and getting what you need to hang around can be quite a challenge. Let’s take Grenoble as an example : if you wanna get water and gas in your appartment, you have to reach Gaz & Electricité de Grenoble web site, create a password so to fill in forms. You want to get a tram subscription, you also have to reach a website, create a password, etc. It is the same story if you want to pay your local tax. And again and again until you have 300 passwords that, you will never remember of and that you will spend hours looking for. You know what I am talking about right ? This city, the one making you create 300 passwords, where services are provided through Information and Communication Technologies in an unconnected way, is what Information System researcher call a digital city (Ishida et Isbister, 2000) And the Second City is the one that we all hope to experience in 30 years : it is nicely organized and getting what you need is a child’s play because All the public services are located in one single platform and thanks to this platform, everything becomes easier : paying your taxes, getting water and electricity, getting and refilling your tram subscription comes down to logging in one plateform and clicking until you get the services adapted to your needs. This city, a dream-city, is the very smart-city my PhD title talks about : a service ecosystem built around one services platform so to improve the quality of life of its citizens. The question is : how do we get there ? and that’s what the story is about : how do we get from the first to the second city. In academic terms, how do we fill this research gap ? Because, indeed, it is a gap that was not filled yet : research have defined what a smart-city is, but not the path cities have to follow to become one. My answer is both very simple and complex : by using and exploiting the data the public service providers already collect from the users : your earnings, your gas and electricity consumption, your mobility pattern, where you live, etc. Indeed, those data are the oil that will trigger the transformation of the First City into to the Second, and I built my Phd as an engine that will transform this oil into energy so this transformation can happen as fast as possible. I invite you to follow me in this adventure toward this 2nd city.
- French Cities started transforming in 2016 when a law (la loi pour la République Numérique) stated that every city with a population of more than 3,500 inhabitants was constrained to “publish all sets of public & non-confidential data which are produced with public money and have to make them available without any limitation of use & distribution” (Lusch, 2013). And this cities had to so by October 2018. And the intention behind this law was (and I realize it is a long shot) to give the key of the city to its citizen so they can design, in relation with public service provider, services that will serve them in the best possible way. That’s the forecasted outcome of open-data. Exciting don’t you think ? Context
- As far as we know, smart-city didn’t get involved much and did not make O-D their top priority because of : High resistance from the administration who is afraid of releasing bad-quality data or data highlighting mistakes they made in the past (Janssen, Charalabidis, Zuiderwijk, 2012) Cities don’t even know they have data or where the sets are located (Goëta & Mabi, 2014) Cities do not have the skills to exctract the sets of data (Goëta & Mabi, 2014) Most important : smart-cities officials do not understand why they should release data, what value it will create and why would citizen care.
- That’s where the academic world and, in this case, my Phd comes into play in this story. During the next 3 years, I will be standing by open-data officer side in smart cities to help them build : A user-centric open-data platform (Baldwin, 2009) that will permit : All smart-city department to release sets of data by themselves without needing an IT professionnal to do so Citizens to easily acess the sets of data and to share the services they have built using the data A data governance system. That’s to say: “ a system of decision-rights executed according to agreed-upon models which describe who can take what action using what Method”
- And I will be doing so thanks to 2 open-data addicts that happened to work in 2 smart-cities (Lyon and Grenoble) and that invited me to work in their Open-Data working group and that recommended me to open-data managers in Nantes, Paris and Nice. NEW ORDER : GRENOBLE & LYON (BECAUSE OF ACCESS) THEN IN TERMS OF INTERESTS → NANTES, PARIS, NICE Let me say that I love my PhD especially because I will work hand-in-hand with those digital innovators that work for transformating cities in highly innovative places.
- DRAW LINES IN THE ANIMATION + DOUBLE THE SIZE OF BUBLES So as to help them in the most efficient way, I use a four-stages methodology : Platform architecture Observing : The different function of the existing open-data platform and how they interact between each other → like observing a house and how each room communicate with each other Code Transform my observation into a graph, called a Design Structure Matrices that will permit to identify improvments in the architecture of the platform → building an architect plan to identify what could be improved in the house Data governance Observe - The way O-D actors work together in these cities : Who can take what actions How do actors interact with each other (exhange info, collaborate, order, obey) How do they take decisions Code Transform these observation into a network graphs that will highlight the structure of the interaction Once I will have both graph, I will make them dance together and build platform prototypes with an adapted governance system Testing the model in innovation labs where O-D project manager ; start-ups and citizens work together and they will tell me which prototype meets their needs to create integrated services based on open-data
- The main difficulty I will face is to translate the model into a simple game that everybody can use so to be able to improve the governance system and the paltform architecture → data literacy challenge (Janssen, Charalabidis & Zuiderwijk, 2012)
- But I now I will meet great people that will help me building these user-friendly prototypes because they know what’s at stake : getting to the Second city you would only need to go to one platform to envoy public services : pay your gas and electricity bills, get a tram subscription, rent a bike, you name it. Any citizen could participate in the public service design : any citizen could log into the city digital platform and launch a project to create : a new local tax system, a way to save energy, anything ! And I know every citizen has grat ideas that are waiting to come true.