Pre Independent Era (Sriniketan, Marthandam, Gurgaon Experiment, Gandhian Constructive programme)

1. Dr. Arpita Sharma
Assistant Professor,
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
Course: Dimensions of Agricultural
Extension

2.  Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was
established at Pusa (Bihar) which was the
beginning of the organized Agricultural research
in India.
 An Agricultural College with well equipped
experimental farm was also started at Pusa.
 Scientific and expert staff in the capacity of
Horticulturists and Agronomists were appointed.
 The Indian Agriculture Service was instituted at
the centre.
 The Agricultural Research Institutes were
started from 1920.

3.  In 1903 Sir Daniel Hemilton made a scheme
of creating model villages in Bengal on
cooperative principles.
 He organized a cooperative credit society
and a central cooperative bank in 1915 and
started the work of rural upliftment in
Madras.
 Mr. Daniel also established a Rural
Reconstruction Institute in 1934, which
provided training facilities in Cottage and
subsidiary industries.

4.  Founded by Ravindra Nath Tagore for village
development.
 Main aim: All round development of rural people.
 Objectives:
1. To help the rural people for the development
of cottage industry.
2. To develop their resources so that they may
know new scientific methods of farming.
3. Development of cattle.
4. Development of multi purpose primary level
education.
5. To help self help initiative and rural
leadership.

5.  Sanitation in villages.
 Adult Education.
 To arrange campaign for the eradication of
Malaria, TB and other infectious disease.
 To manage the pure drinking water.
 To manage saving for famine and flood.
 Development of Cottage industries.

6. Sri Tagore started work in his Zamindari
villages of Kaligram Perganna for example
Atari, Raghupur, Rani nagar, Tilakpur, Latara
etc.

7.  Survey of selected villages.
 Foundation of social welfare centre in each
village. Worker used to bring the rural
problems upto this centre and solutions were
provided to farmers. It was two way process.
 To manage the medicines which may be
available to rural people at proper time.
 Demonstration of improved practices.
 Community centers.

8.  The rural upliftment programme on a mass
scale was firstly started by Mr. F. L. Brayne in
Gurgaon district of Punjab in 1920.
 Objectives:
1. To deal with whole life of the village.
2. The work should be started in whole
district at a time.
3. Development work should be taken at
campaign level.

9.  Agriculture development and increasing food
production.
 Health improvement.
 Village sanitation.
 Social improvement.
 Emphasis on women education.
 Organization of cooperative societies.

10.  Propaganda was done by drama and music, to
mould the human thoughts.
 Guides were appointed to express the
programme at village level and to help the
rural people.
 The teacher of village schools used to teach
the village people the importance of
programme and dignity of labor.

11.  Mahatma Gandhi started this programme in
1920 at Sewagram.
 Later it was extended to Wardha in 1938.
 Principle: “Helping the people to help
themselves.
 Objectives:
1. To serve the under privileged villagers.
2. To make the villagers self sufficient and
self reliant.
3. To develop the power and courage in rural
people, so that they stand up in opposite of
oppression and injustice.

12. Economic Equality:
 Decentralize production and equal
distribution of wealth.
 Self sufficiency in village.
Education:
 Basic education based on the learning by
doing.
 Education should be based on everyday
experiences of life.

13. Social equality:
 Removal of Untouchability.
 Equal opportunity for women.
 Community Unity.
Method of work:
1. Self Help.
2. Dignity of labour. Eg: Shramdan
3. Self respect.
4. Truth and non violence.

14.  Started in 1928 by Spencer Hetch under the
sponsorship of YMCA and Christian Church.
 Five fold programme: Mental, Physic, Spirit,
mind, economic and social aspect of life.
 Area covered was 100 villages.
 Objectives:
1. Self Help and cooperation.
2. Opening the demonstration centers.
3. There should be an voluntary association.
4. Helping people to help in their own work.

15.  Poultry
 Cultivation by improved methods.
 Bee keeping.
 Cattle industry.

16.  To bring out the serving habit in people.
 The members of voluntary association were
staying in villages for few days to work with
them in same condition.
 Rural dramas for recreation.
 Poultry and Bee keeping programmes were
launched.
 Tour, Camps, Exhibitions and melas were
organized.

17.  Interchange of ideas should be freely
permitted between the administrative,
research and teaching branches in the earlier
years of services.
 There should be a body for Agricultural
research at National level for promotion,
cooperation and guidance of agricultural
research in India.
 The director of Agriculture should have in
him this combination of administrative
capacity and high scientific qualification.

18.  This movement was started by VT
Krishnachari in 1932 in the Baroda state.
 The aim of the movement as follows:
1. The centre should aim at effecting an
improvement in all aspects of rural life
changing in fact the outlook of the
Agriculturists, the target being creating
desire for a higher standard of living.
2. Village leadership of the best type should
be developed.

19.  Selection of Firka: On the basis of their
backwardness.
 Possibilities for creating the production of
handloom clothes and other cottage industries.
 Objectives:
1. To tackle the rural problem as a whole.
2. Formation of Panchayats and organization of
cooperatives.
3. Long term plan to make the area self
sufficient through Agricultural, irrigational and
livestock improvement.
4. Development of Khadi and cottage industry.

20.  It was started to settle the 7000 displaced
persons and later integrated with 100 villages
surrounding Nilokheri.
 This scheme was called “Mazdoor Manzil”.
Objectives:
 Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township in
all essential requirements of life.
 Making provision of work and training for the
people according to their native background.
 To check middle men.
 To enable transactions between the consumer
and the producer, to approach a vertical order.

21.  Polytechnic training for BDO and SEO and
VLW.
 Housing and marketing facilities.
 Management of schools, hospitals and
recreation centre.
 To make the cultivable land of all 700 acres
of Swampy land.
 Cooperative credit facility.
 Small scale industries were run on
cooperative basis.

22.  The second name of this project is “ Average
district project”.
 Started in 1947.
 Objectives:
 To develop the mental power of people.
 Arousing their interest and initiative.
 Improving crops and livestock.
 To encourage panchayats.
 To build up the sense of self help in villagers.

23. Thanks