This presentation helps us get to know about the harm we are causing to earth and also about the harm we are causing to our selves. All pollutants are explained in detail.This is helpful for students in class 9

1. Air Pollutants

2. List Of Major
Air Pollutants

3. • A Substance In The Air That Can Cause Harm
To Humans And The Environment Is Known As
An Air Pollutant. Pollutants Can Be In The
Form Of Solid Particles, Liquid Droplets, Or
Gases. In Addition, They May Be Natural Or
Man-made.

5. Major sources of pollutants

8. SMOG

9. FORMATION OF SMOG

10. EFFECTS OF SMOG

12. Causes Of Air
Pollution

13. Human activities that result in air pollution include:
1. Emissions from industries and
manufacturing activities
Have you seen a manufacturing company before? You will notice that there
are long tubes (called chimneys) erected high into the air, with lots of
smoke and fumes coming out of it. Waste incinerators, manufacturing
industries and power plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide, organic
compounds, and chemicals into the air. This happens almost everywhere
that people live. Petroleum refineries also release lots of hydrocarbons into
the air.

15. 6. Depletion of Ozone
layer:
Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is
responsible for protecting humans from harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting
due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer
will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth
and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays
also have the capability to affect crops.

16. CFCs CAUSE OZONE DEPLETION

18. AIR POLLUTION AFFECTING HUMAN

19. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT CAUSE
GLOBAL WARMING

20. WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING
The gases from the greenhouses escape to the atmosphere
to form a blanket' that prevents the suns radiations from
going to the stratosphere thus keeping the earth an
average of 33 degrees centigrade warmer than it would be
if this greenhouse effect did not occur. Some green house
gases are like carbon dioxide, methane, Nitrous oxide and
Chlorofluorocarbons

22. Ground-level ozone:
Chemical reactions involving air
pollutants create a poisonous gas ozone
(O3). Gas Ozone can affect people’s health
and can damage vegetation types and some
animal life too.

23. EFFECTS OF GROUND LEVEL OZONE

24. EFFECT OF PARTICULATE MATTER ON HUMAN HEALTH

25. Air
Problems Caused By
Incineration Of Waste
Materials.

26. Incinerator plants are the source of serious toxic pollutants:
dioxins; furans; acid gases; particulates; heavy metals; and they
all need to be treated very seriously. There must be absolute
prioritization given to human health requirements and
protection of the environment. The emissions from incinerator
processes are extremely toxic.

27. WILD LIFE AFFECTED BY POLLUTION

28. COMPOSITION OF AIR
Item { %} Contents
O2 - Oxygen 20.946
N2 - Nitrogen 78.084
Ar - Argon 0.09340
CO2 - Carbondioxide 0.035
Ne - Neon 0.001818
He - Helium 0.000524
CH4 - Methane,
Natural Gas
0.0001745
H2 - Hydrogen 0.000005
Ozone (O3) Approx 6

29. Causes Of Air Pollution
The main causes of
air pollution are
Natural Sources –
Natural disasters
Volcanoes
Wildfires
Tornados
Man made Sources-
Factories
Automobiles
Energy sources

30. FACTORIES

31. AUTOMOBILES

32. ENERGY SOURCES

33. WILD FIRE

34. VOLCANOES

35. TORNADOES

36. THERE TYPES OF POLLUTANTS :
1. PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
2.SECONDARY POLLUTANTS

37. -Major Primary Pollutants
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Ammonia (NH3)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Heavy metals (As,Cd,Pb,Hg)
Volatile Organic Compounds

38. NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)
• Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from
high temperature combustion, and are also produced during
thunderstorms by electric discharge.
• NO2 that is associated with adverse affects on health, as high
concentrations cause inflammation of the airways (wind
pipe,layrnx).

39. CARBON MONOXIDE CO
• Colourless and odourless,toxic gas
• Comes from the incomplete combustion of fuel in vehicles.
• Can be absorbed by haemoglobin in the blood, thus blood
can no longer absorb o2
• Extra amounts of CO result in tiredness, headaches, heart
damage and small amounts can be lethal

40. SULPHUR DIOXIDE SO2
• Fuels (coal and petroleum) contain sulphur as an impurity;
when fuels are burnt, sulphur is oxidised or burnt to SO2
• Also emitted from volcanoes eruptions
• Irritates the eyes and causes breathing difficulties causes
asthmetic problems.
• In the presence of a catalyst such as no2, forms h2so4, and
results of acid rain.

41. AMMONIA NH3
• A gas with a characteristic pungent odor.
• Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial
processes
• Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions,
nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as
the radioactive decay of radon.
• Come from the agricultural sector, from activities such as
manure storage, slurry spreading and the use of synthetic
amonia fertilizers.

42. HEAVY METALS (CD,PB,HG,PB)
The heavy metals arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),
mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) are emitted mainly as a result of
various combustion processes and industrial activities.
• These chemicals are known as toxins and are linked to
thyroid disorders, cancer, women’s hormonal conditions,
chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and other several
illnesses & symptoms includes.
• Fatigue
• Lung Cancer
• Cardiopulmonary diseases

43. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC)
VOC is emitted from a large number of sources including
paint application, road transport, dry-cleaning and other
solvent uses.
• Methane VOC
• Non methane VOC
• Benzene
• Methyl Chloride
• CFCs

44. -Major Secondary Air Pollutant
Particulate matter (PM)
Particulates created from gaseous primary pollutants and
compounds in photochemical smog.
• Particulate matter includes both primary and secondary PM;
primary PM is the fraction of PM that is emitted directly into
the atmosphere, whereas secondary PM forms in the
atmosphere following the oxidation and transformation of
toxic gases (mainly SO2, NOX, NH3 and some volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).

45. Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs.
• Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant and a key constituent formed in the
troposphere.
• Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night.
• At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities
(largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of
smog.
• Ozone is a powerful and aggressive oxidising agent, elevated levels of which
cause respiratory and cardiovascular health problems and lead to
premature mortalit.
• High levels of O3 can also damage plants, leading to reduced agricultural
crop yields and decreased forest growth.

46. GOBAL WARMING
• Global warming is largely caused by increasing CO2
and other heat trapping gases (e.G. Methane) in the
atmosphere.
• Large amount of heat trapped on earth; earth
becomes hotter.

47. ACID RAIN
• When emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide from
stationary sources are transported long distances by
winds, they form secondary pollutants such as nitrogen
dioxide, nitric acid vapor, and droplets containing
solutions of sulphuric acid, sulphate, and nitrate salts.
• These chemicals descend to the earth's surface in wet
form as rain or snow and in dry form as a gases fog, dew,
or solid particles, it is known as acid rain or acid
deposition

48. ACID RAIN’S ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS: ACIDIC WATERS

49. DAMAGED FORESTS
Oxygen Depletion in
Water

50. SOLUTIONS TO STOP AIR
POLLUTION
• Self awareness to the person that pollution is a
disaster.
• Greening operations.
• Car checks (supply excess air to ensure complete
combustion; fit vehicles with catalytic converters.
• fit vehicles with catalytic converters to avoid
spreading nitrogen oxides in atmosphere.
• Renewable energy

51. • Planting trees
• Avoid purchasing excess amount of products
that contain CFCs.
• The suspension of licenses of industrial activity
which destroys the environment
• Relocation of polluting industries away from
places where people live
• Development of waste and garbage disposal
recycling
• Renewable energy law

52. HEALTH EFFECTS
OF POLLUTION

53. RESPIRATORY EFFECTS
• Large number of deaths occurred due to influenza
• Exacerbation in Asthma, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis
• Short term decrease in breathing ability
• Increase in chest pains
• Inflammation of the lungs and damage to respiratory cells
• Permanent lung damage & reduced life quality due to
ozone.
• Increased number of asthma attacks due to nitrogen dioxide.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
• Heart failure
• A lack of oxygen in the bloodstream in those with heart
disease due to carbon monoxide.

54. ANNUAL DEATHS
Air Pollution 23,000
Drunk Driving 17,000
Murder 20,000

55. WHO IS AT RISK?
 Children
 Elderly
 Prior heart or lung disease patients
 Diabetics
 Persons who work/exercise outdoors
 Otherwise healthy adults and children

57. Blood
• Altered rheology
• Increased
coagulability
• Translocated
particles
• Peripheral
thrombosis
• Reduced oxygen
saturation
Brain
• Increased
cerebrovascular
ischemia
Heart
• Altered cardiac
autonomic function
• Increased
dysrhythmic
susceptibility
• Altered cardiac
repolarization
Vasculature
• Atherosclerosis,
accelerated progression of and
destabilization of plaques
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Vasoconstriction and Hypertension
Lungs
• Inflammation
• Oxidative stress
• Accelerated progression
and exacerbation of COPD
• Increased respiratory
symptoms
• Effected pulmonary reflexes
• Reduced lung function

58. TYPE SOURCES HEALTH EFFECTS
NO2 Vehicles
Domestic
airway irritation; respiratory infection &
impaired lung function
PM Traffic, industry
Biomass
Respiratory, Cardiovascular
Long-term effects? IMR, LBW?
CO Traffic, fuel,
industry
COHB, Headaches, nausea, dizziness
SO2 Coal & heavy oil
combustion
Breathing difficulties, irritation of eyes,
nose, throat and lungs. Asthmatics
Lead Petrol, paints
industry
Intellectual development, poisoning
Benzene/
Butadiene
Petrol, deisel
Rubber tyre
Cancer (long term effect)
Ozone Photochemical
pollutant
Short term respiratory symptoms; irritant
effect on lungs & airway inflammation
Table 1
TYPES OF POLLUTANTS AND HEALTH EFFECTS

59. “Pyramid of Effects”
lung function changes, immunecell responses,
heart rateor heart ratevariability responses
Asthmaattacks, medication use,
symptoms
Doctor visits
Hospital
Admissions
Death

61. DIESEL EXHAUST
PERMANENTLY CHANGES
IMMUNE RESPONSE
 More Asthmatic and Allergic responses
 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are
the culprits
 Diesel and vehicle exhaust and coal smoke

62. AIR POLLUTION AND
NEXT-DAY HEART ATTACKS
 Short term exposure to particulates (PM2.5)
increases the incidence of heart attacks for one day
following exposure
 As air pollution goes up the risk of heart attack goes
up

63. Human Chain Can
Combat Pollution