mmr

1. Mumps?
BY.........KHUSH
BS CARDIOLOGY
KHYBERMEDICALUNIVERSITY

2. Mumps?
• Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus that passes
from one person to another through saliva, nasal secretions,
and close personal contact.
• The condition primarily affects the salivary glands, also called
the parotid glands. These glands are responsible for producing
saliva. There are three sets of salivary glands on each side of
your face, located behind and below your ears. The hallmark
symptom of mumps is swelling of the salivary glands.

3. Transmission
• Mumps is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among
people living in close quarters. The virus is transmitted by
respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person.
Only humans get and spread the disease. People are infectious
to each other from about seven days before the start of
symptoms to about eight days after. Once an infection has run
its course, a person is typically immune for life. Reinfection is
possible but the ensuing infection tends to be mild.

4. Symptoms• Symptoms of mumps usually appear within two weeks of exposure to the virus. Flu-like symptoms may
be the first to appear, including:
I. body aches
II. headache
III. loss of appetite
IV. low-grade fever
. A high fever of 103°F (39°C) and swelling of the salivary glands follow over the next few days.
The glands may not all swell at once. More commonly, they swell and become painful periodically. You
are most likely to pass the mumps virus to another person from the time you come into contact with the
virus to when your parotid glands swell.
. Most people who contract mumps show symptoms of the virus. However, some people have no or
very few symptoms.

5. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid
swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the
virus on a swab of the parotid duct. Testing for
IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may
be useful; however, it can be falsely negative in
those who have been immunized.

6. Treatment?
• Because mumps is a virus, it doesn’t respond to antibiotics or other medications. However,
you can treat the symptoms to make yourself more comfortable while you’re sick. These
include:
I. Rest when you feel weak or tired.
II. Take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, to bring
down your fever.
III. Soothe swollen glands by applying ice packs.
IV. Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration due to fever.
V. Eat a soft diet of soup, yogurt, and other foods that aren’t hard to chew (chewing may be
painful when your glands are swollen).
VI. Avoid acidic foods and beverages that may cause more pain in your salivary glands.

7. Complicationsassociatedwithmumps?
• Complications from mumps are rare, but can be serious if left untreated.
Mumps mostly affects the parotid glands. However, it can also cause
inflammation in other areas of the body, including the brain and
reproductive organs.
• Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles that may be due to mumps. You
can manage orchitis pain by placing cold packs on the testicles several
times per day. Your doctor may recommend prescription-strength
painkillers if necessary. In rare cases, orchitis can cause sterility.

8. CONTI.....
• Females infected with mumps may experience swelling of the ovaries. The
inflammation can be painful but doesn’t harm a woman’s eggs. However, if a
woman contracts mumps during pregnancy, she has a higher-than-normal risk of
experiencing a miscarriage.
• Mumps may lead to meningitis or encephalitis, two potentially fatal conditions if
left untreated. Meningitis is swelling of the membranes around your spinal cord
and brain. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. Contact your doctor if you
experience seizures, loss of consciousness, or severe headaches while you have
mumps.

9. CONTI........
• Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ in the
abdominal cavity. Mumps-induced pancreatitis is a temporary
condition. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting.
• The mumps virus also leads to permanent hearing loss in about 5
out of every 10,000 cases. The virus damages the cochlea, one of the
structures in your inner ear that facilitates hearing.

10. Prevention
• Vaccination can prevent mumps. Most infants and children
receive a vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) at
the same time. The first MMR shot is generally given between
the ages of 12 and 15 months at a routine well-child visit. A
second vaccination is necessary for school-aged children
between 4 and 6 years old. With two doses, the mumps
vaccine is approximately 88 percent effective. The rate of
effectiveness of only one dose is about 78 percent.

11. CONTI....
• Adults who were born before 1957 and haven’t yet contracted mumps
may wish to be vaccinated. Those who work in a high-risk environment,
such as a hospital or school, should always be vaccinated against mumps.
• However, people who have compromised immune systems, are allergic to
gelatin or neomycin, or are pregnant, shouldn’t receive the MMR vaccine.
Consult your family doctor about an immunization schedule for you and
your children.

13. Measles?
• Measles, or rubeola, is a viral infection of the respiratory system. Measles
is a very contagious disease that can spread through contact with infected
mucus and saliva. An infected person can release the infection into the air
when they cough or sneeze.
• The measles virus can live on surfaces for several hours. As the infected
particles enter the air and settle on surfaces, anyone within close
proximity can become infected.
• Drinking from an infected person’s glass, or sharing eating utensils with
an infected person, increases your risk of infection.

14. CONTI...
• Measles is a leading cause of death in children. Of the 114,900 global
deaths related to measles in 2014, the World Health Organization
(WHO) reported that most of the victims were under the age of 5.
• Contact a doctor immediately if you suspect you have measles. If you
have not received a measles vaccine and you come into contact with
an infected person, visit your doctor to receive a measles vaccine
within 72 hours of contact to prevent infection. You can also prevent
an infection with a dose of immunoglobulin taken within six days of
contact with an infected person.

15. Transmission
• Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily
through the coughs and sneezes of those infected. It may
also be spread through contact with saliva or nasal
secretions. Nine out of ten people who are not immune
and share living space with an infected person will catch
it. People are infectious to others from four days before
to four days after the start of the rash.

16. Symptom• Symptoms of measles generally appear within 14 days of exposure to the virus. Symptoms include:
I. cough
II. fever
III. red eyes
IV. light sensitivity
V. muscle aches
VI. runny nose
VII. sore throat
VIII. white spots inside the mouth known as Koplik's spots
• A widespread skin rash is a classic sign of measles. This rash can last up to seven days and generally
appears within the first three to five days of exposure to the virus.
• A measles rash, which appears as red, itchy bumps, commonly develops on the head and slowly spreads to
other parts of the body.

17. Diagnosis
• Your doctor can confirm measles by examining your skin
rash and checking for symptoms that are characteristic of the
disease, such as white spots in the mouth, fever, cough, and
sore throat.
• If they are unable to confirm a diagnosis based on
observation, your doctor may order a blood test to check for
the measles virus.

18. Treatment
• There is no prescription medication to treat measles. The virus and symptoms
typically disappear within two to three weeks. However, your doctor may
recommend:
I. acetaminophen to relieve fever and muscle aches.
II. rest to help boost your immune system.
III. plenty of fluids (six to eight glasses of water a day).
IV. humidifier to ease a cough and sore throat.
V. vitamin A supplements.

19. Complicationsassociatedwithmeasles
• It is important to receive a measles vaccine because measles can lead to life-threatening
complications, such as pneumonia and inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
• Other complications associated with measles may include:
I. ear infection.
II. bronchitis.
III. miscarriage or preterm labor.
IV. decrease in blood platelets.
V. blindness.
VI. severe diarrhea.

20. Prevention
• Immunizations can help prevent a measles outbreak. The MMR vaccine is a three-in-
one vaccination that can protect you and your children from the measles, mumps,
and rubella (German measles).
• Children can receive their first MMR vaccination at 12 months, or sooner if traveling
internationally, and their second dose between the ages of 4 and 6. Adults who have
never received an immunization can request the vaccine from their doctor.
• If you or a family member contracts the measles virus, limit interaction with others.
This includes staying home from school or work and avoiding social activities.

21. Rubella
OR
German Measles?

22. Rubella
• German measles, also known as rubella, is a viral infection that
causes a red rash on the body. Aside from the rash, people with
German measles usually have a fever and swollen lymph nodes. The
infection can spread from person to person through contact with
droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough. This means
that you can get German measles if you touch your mouth, nose, or
eyes after touching something that has droplets from an infected
person on it. You may also get German measles by sharing food or
drinks with someone who’s infected.

23. CONTI..........
• German measles is rare in the United States. With the
introduction of the rubella vaccine in the late 1960s,
the incidence of German measles significantly
declined. However, the condition is still common in
many other parts of the world. It mainly affects
children, more commonly those between 5 and 9 years
old, but it can also occur in adults.

24. CONTI.......
• German measles is typically a mild infection that goes away
within one week, even without treatment. However, it can be a
serious condition in pregnant women, as it may cause
congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. Congenital rubella
syndrome can disrupt the development of the baby and cause
serious birth defects, such as heart abnormalities, deafness,
and brain damage. It’s important to get treatment right away
if you’re pregnant and suspect you have German measles.

25. Transmission
• Rubella is usually spread through the air via coughs of
people who are infected. People are infectious during the
week before and after the appearance of the rash. Babies
with CRS(congenital rubella syndrome) may spread the
virus for more than a year. Only humans are infected.
Insects do not spread the disease. Once recovered, people
are immune to future infections.

26. Symptoms
I. pink or red rash that begins on the face and then spreads downward to the rest
of the body
II. mild fever, usually under 102°F
III. swollen and tender lymph nodes
IV. runny or stuffy nose
V. headache
VI. muscle pain
VII. inflamed or red eyes

27. GermanMeaslesAffect PregnantWomen
• When a woman contracts German measles during pregnancy, the virus can be passed on to
her developing baby through her bloodstream. This is called congenital rubella syndrome.
Congenital rubella syndrome is a serious health concern, as it can cause miscarriages and
stillbirths. It can also cause birth defects in babies who are carried to term, including:
I. delayed growth
II. intellectual disabilities
III. heart defects
IV. deafness
V. poorly functioning organs
• Women of childbearing age should have their immunity to rubella tested before becoming
pregnant. If a vaccine is needed, it’s important to get it at least 28 days before trying to
conceive.

28. Diagnosis
• Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies are present in
people recently infected by rubella virus, but these
antibodies can persist for over a year, and a positive
test result needs to be interpreted with caution. The
presence of these antibodies along with, or a short
time after, the characteristic rash confirms the
diagnosis.

29. Prevention
• Rubella is preventable with the rubella vaccine with a
single dose being more than 95% effective. Often it is
given in combination with the measles vaccine and
mumps vaccine, known as the MMR vaccine. With a
population vaccination rate of less than 80%, however,
more women might make it to childbearing age without
developing immunity and issues could increase. Once
infected there is no specific treatment.

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