HISTORY: Egyptian Funerary Architecture

Funerary Architecture
EGYPT
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HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
3000 BC
-Early summer at Ethiopian highlands,
Stormclouds begin to form
-Down to this streams began to form the
“Bllue nile”
-By late july the Nile fills out over it’s
banks and consumes the entire valley
leveling everything in it’s path.
-from Nile River-Mediterranean sea,
villagers were being washed out and
thousands of locals are homeless

MENES (3000-2938 BC)
• The first pharoah of Egypt’s first Dynasty.
• He is a warrior with passion in building.
• His army united from upper and lower egypt into one great kingdom
• While flooding consumes every corner of egypt, it’s capitol city “MEMPHIS” became
dry because of it’s massive 49 ft. Dam sorrounds it. It is the first ever recorded dam
in history.
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MEMPHIS DAM

EGYPTIAN FUNERARY
ARCHITECTURE
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EGYPTIAN’S FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE
• Since the Ancient Egyptians believed so strongly in an after-life, they
did their outmost, each according to it’s means, to build lasting tombs,
to preserve the body, and to bury with it the finest commodities along
with the deceased.

MUMMYFICATION SYSTEM

• Egyptians created tombs for the corpses along with it’s finest commodities.

TOMB ARCHITECTURE
The tombs were of three main types:
MASTABAS
ROYAL PYRAMIDS
ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
EGYPTIAN FUNERARYARCHITECTURE
HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
LOOK FOR EGYPTIAN TEMPLES

MASTABAS
• (meaning "house for eternity" or "eternal house" in Ancient Egyptian), is a type of ancient
Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides,
constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone.
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ROYAL PYRAMIDS
• Early Royal tombs were of the mastaba type, from
which the true pyramid evolved.

• STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, SAQQARA
• PYRAMID AT MEYDUM
• BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR
• NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR
• GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU)
• PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)
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STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, SAQQARA
• (2778 BC)
• Is remarkable as being the world’s first large-scale monument in
stone.
• Is a stacked mastabas
• Originally a four-step pyramid but later enlarge the size at the west
and added two more steps above making it stood 20 storeys tall.

• Djoser’s tombs would not be built in mud bricks
(previous ones) but from stones.
• This pyramid is built for Djoser’s immortal praise

ORDER OF BUSINESS:
• FIRST: Select a burial site for the pharoahs.
• SECOND: Assemble a labor force. To build his portal to
the afterlife the pharaohs must rely to the sweat of his
subjects.
WHO’S DJOSER?

DJOSER(2667-2648)
• the second ruler of Egypt's old kingdom period
• During his reign he is so popular that he seized being
mere immortal in the minds of his subjects and became
the first Egypt's pharaoh to be defined as a god
STEP PYRAMID’S PICTURE?

STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER,
SAQQARA
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PYRAMID AT MEYDUM
• Is attributed to Huni, last king of Third
Dynasty and father of the recent pharoahs
at that time, SNEFRU.
• 8 stone step
• And filled each steps with packing stones

And enclosed the core with white
limestones giving the structure a
smooth side
It is a success but there was a
problem; there's no much to hold
each step in place.
MEYDUM PYRAMID’S IMAGE?

PYRAMID AT MEYDUM
WHO’S SNEFERU BTW?

SNEFERU (2613-2589 BC)
• Founder of egypt’s 4th dynasty
• Child of the former pharaoh, Huni and being
married to his Half-sister to proclaim the throne.
SNEFERU?

SNEFERU (2613-2589 BC)
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BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU,
DAH-SHUR
• Senefru’s second pyramid.
• Has the peculiarities, first, that the angle of inclination of the
sides changes about halfway up from 54 degree 15 minutes in
the lower part to 43 degrees in the upper, where it shows hasty
completion.

BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU,
DAH-SHUR

NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR
• Made after the abandonment of the Bent pyramid, was
the actual place of Burial Sneferu, for nearby are tombs
of the royal family and officiating priest; it was designed
and completed as a true pyramid, the earliest know.

NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU)
• Largest Pyramid which is about 146.5 km
• Also known as the tallest man-made structure
• Oldest of the Ancient wonders of the world.
• Is guraded by the Great Spynx, largest modelling statue in the
world.

CHEOPS (KHUFU)
• Was the son of sneferu, and the second king of the
Fourth Dynasty. His pyramid, largest of the famous
three on his site was originally 146.4 m (480ft) high and
230.6m (756ft) square on the plan.

GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KUFU)
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PYRAMID OF CHEPREN (KHAFRA)
• The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren[1] is the second-
tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids
of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre
(Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC
• The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and
rises up to a height of 136.4 metres (448 ft)[1] The pyramid
is made of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons
each.

• Khafra (also read as Khafre, Khefren and Chephren)
was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of 4th
dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the son
of Khufu

GREAT SPYNX OF CHEPHREN
The Great Sphinx of Giza ( English:
The Terrifying One; literally: Father of
Dread), commonly referred to as the
Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a
limestone statue of a reclining or
couchant sphinx (a mythical creature
with a lion's body and a human head)
that stands on the Giza Plateau on
the west bank of the Nile in Giza,
Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is
generally believed to represent the
face of the Pharaoh Khafra. It faces
directly West to East.[1]
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PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)
• The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza Plateau in the
southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, is the smallest of the
three main Pyramids of Giza. It is thought to have been built to
serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh
Menkaure.

PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)
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ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
• A rock-cut tomb is a burial chamber that is cut into an
existing, naturally-occurring rock formation, usually
along the side of a hill. It was a common form of burial
for the wealthy in ancient times in several parts of the
world.
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• Tombs, Beni hasan
• Tombs of the kings, Thebes
ROCK-HEWN

TOMBS, BENI HASAN
• is an Ancient Egyptian cemetery site. It is located
approximately 20 kilometers to the south of modern-day
Minya in the region known as Middle Egypt, the area
between Asyut and Memphis.[

TOMBS OF THE KINGS, THEBES
• The Valley of the Kings is a valley in Egypt where for a period of
nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were
constructed for the kings and powerful nobles of the New
Kingdom (the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of
Ancient Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile,
across from Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the
Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East
Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs situated) and West
Valley.

• The area has been a focus of concentrated archaeological and
egyptological exploration since the end of the eighteenth
century, and its tombs and burials continue to stimulate research
and interest. In modern times the valley has become famous for
the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun (with its rumours of
the Curse of the Pharaohs), and is one of the most famous
archaeological sites in the world. In 1979, it became a World
Heritage Site, along with the rest of the Theban Necropolis.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TEMPLES
• Ancient Egyptian temples were meant as places for
the gods to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the
Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple
building, ḥwt-nṯr, means "mansion (or enclosure) of a
god".

EGYPTIAN TEMPLES
• ABYDOS TEMPLE
• TEMPLE OF RAMSES II
• TEMPLE OF RAMSES III
• PHILAE TEMPLE
• TEMPLE OF HORUS
• LUXOR TEMPLE
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ABYDOS TEMPLE
• Abydos /əˈbaɪdɒs/ is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt,
and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt, of which it was the
capital city. It is located about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) west of
the Nile at latitude 26° 10' N, near the modern Egyptian towns
ofel-'Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana. In the ancient Egyptian
language, the city was called Abdju (ꜣbdw or AbDw). The
English name Abydos comes from the Greek Ἄβυδος, a name
borrowed by Greek geographers from the unrelated city
of Abydos on the Hellespont.
• is believed that Osiris is buried

TEMPLE OF RAMSES II
• These rock-cut temples are located in the ancient
Wawat (or the legendary Ybsambul) in Nubia, near the
borders of Sudan, about 300 kilometers from Aswan.
Earlier temples in Nubia had been located within forts,
but here the confidence of Ramses II, whose reign may
have lasted as many as 67 years, is illustrated; these
temples, probably once brightly colored, were cut into
the natural rock and lapped by the Nile.

• The temple is dedicated to the most important gods of
the New Kingdom, Ptah (the creator god of Memphis),
Amun-Re (the great god of Thebes) and Re-Harakhte
(sun god of Heliopolis), as well as to the Pharaoh
Ramses II himself. The four colossi, statues of Ramses
II (c. 1290-1224 BCE), are more than 20 meters high
and about 4 meters from ear to ear.
Link:
http://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/egypt/abusimbel/ramses/ramses.html

TEMPLE OF RAMSES III
• In ancient times Madinat Habu was known as Djanet
and according to ancient belief was the place were
Amun, first appeared. Both Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis
III built a temple dedicated to Amun here and Later
Rameses III constructed his larger memorial temple on
the site.

During his time Djanet became the administrative centre
of Western Thebes. The whole temple complex was
surrounded by a massive fortified enclosure wall, with an
unusual gateway at the eastern entrance, known as the
pavilion gate.
Link:
https://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/egypt/thebes/medhabu/medhabu.html

PHILAE TEMPLE
• Philae in Greek or Pilak in ancient Egyptian, meaning ‘the end,’
defined the southern most limit of Egypt. It was begun by
Ptolemy II and completed by the Roman Emperors.
Link:
http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/philae-temple/

The Temple was dedicated to the goddess Isis, the wife of
Osiris and mother of Horus. These three characters
dominate ancient Egyptian culture and their story
possesses all the drama of a Shakespearian tragedy. The
god Osiris is murdered and dismembered by his brother
Seth. Isis searches for the fragments, collects them
together and with her magic powers brings Osiris back to
life.

TEMPLE OF HORUS
• The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple
located on the west bank of the Nile in the city of Edfu
which was known in Greco-Roman times as
Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo.
It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt. The
temple, dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in
the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE.
Link:
http://www.crystalinks.com/TempleEdfu.html

LUXOR TEMPLE
• a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the
east bank of the Nile River in the city today known
asLuxor (ancient Thebes) and was constructed
approximately 1400 BCE. In the Egyptian language it is
known as ipet resyt, "the southern sanctuary".

1. Avenue of sphinx
2. First pylon
3. Roman camp
4. Mosque
5. Court of Ramessess II
6. Court of Amenhotep III
7. Chapel of Mut
8. Chapel of Khonsu
9. Chapel of Amun
10. Birth chamber
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HISTORY: Egyptian Funerary Architecture

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HISTORY: Egyptian Funerary Architecture