SPATIAL LAYOUTS ON HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS

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A DISSERTATION ON EFFECT OF
SPATIAL LAYOUTS ON HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
“Human health shouldbe the governingcriteria for spatial
planningin residential areas.Makinghealth an explicitcomponent
of planningis essential.”
By
College of architecture,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….7
1. CHAPTER-1 HEALTH AND SPACE ……………………………………....6
2. CHAPTER-2: FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
2.1 INDOOR AIR QUALITY……………………………………………………..8
2.1.1 INDICATORS OF SBS……………………………………………………8
2.1.2 INDICATORS OF BRI………………………………………………………...9
2.2 VENTILATION AND AIR FLOW…………………………………………....9
2.3 LIGHTING …………………………………………………………………..13
2.4 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ……………………………………………….16
2.4.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD DESIGN AFFECTS …………………………………...18
WALKING IN UNEXPECTED WAYS
2.4.2 NATURE BUFFERS STRESS IN CHILDREN ………………………………...18
2.5 DENSITY …………………………………………………………………....20
2.6 MATERIALS ………………………………………………………………....23
3. CHAPTER-3 SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT AREAS……………………....31
4. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………….49

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5. REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………50

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INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHESIS
“Human health should be the governing criteria for spatial planning in
residential areas. Making health an explicit component of planning is
essential.”
AIM
This paper provides a formal relationship between Health and Spatial planning
and is limited to residential areas in particular.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper is to study various factors leading to unhealthy
living conditions in residential areas with context to Spatial Planning and
encourage to set some guidelines to overcome the issues being faced.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study is limited Delhi NCR region due to limitation of resources and time.
Also due to lack of equipment’s and resources the examples and studies
shown in this study are mere statistical analysis done by governing authorities
and then compared.
METHODOLOGY
The first chapter will focus on the relationship between health and spatial
layouts and the factors governing it.
In second chapter we will study each factor in detail and its respective effect
on health.
In third chapter we will study various standards set by WHO and other
governing authorities.
In next chapter we will analyse and compare different studies with the
standards mentioned above. In this chapter we will also have interviews and
statements from papers of different doctors who specialise in such field.
At last I will conclude this paper according to the studies and the analysis.

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CHAPTER 1 – HEALTH AND SPACES
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Housing is the conjunction of the dwelling, the home, the immediate
environment, and the community
Housing and built environments have a profound impact on human health. In
developed countries, 80‐90% of the day is spent in built environments and most of
this is in the home. Therefore, exposures and health risks in this private setting are of
crucial relevance. The role of the home for health is enhanced by the fact that the
most vulnerable population groups (poor, sick, children and elderly, disabled…)
spend even more of their time in this setting, and are therefore most vulnerable and
most in need of healthy living environments.
Although the health relevance of the private home is well accepted, health
considerations do not represent a major objective in construction and rehabilitation
of housing and built environments. There is a wealth of evidence indicating that
housing and construction standards are almost exclusively based on technical norms,
engineering knowledge and architectural design aesthetics. Consequently, standards
of “adequate housing” or “sustainable housing” in the modern era tend to be
informed by technological rather than health rationales, despite the fact that many
housing laws have their origins in public health concerns. Similarly, building codes
and national regulations governing the production and approval of buildings often
tend to be vague, requiring buildings to be “safe”, to be equipped with “adequate
ventilation options” or “functional heating systems”.
These requirements provide little information on what the minimum standards of
healthy housing are, and what characteristics need to be fulfilled to provide adequate
shelter from the perspective of human health.
For many years, the housing environment has been acknowledged as one of the
main settings that affect human health. Living and housing conditions are the basis
of many factors influencing residential health.
Physical and mental health is affected by the living conditions, but no straightforward
mechanisms have yet been established. Furthermore, the immediate housing
environment and the neighbourhood represent an everyday-landscape, which can
either support or limit the physical and mental well-being of the residents.

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The quality of housing conditions plays a decisive role in the health status of the
residents. Many health problems are either directly or indirectly related to the
building itself, because of the construction materials that were used and the
equipment installed, or the size or design of the individual dwellings. Representing
the spatial point of reference for each individual, the home also has a broad influence
on the psychosocial and mental well-being by providing the basis for place
attachment and identity as well as a last refuge from daily life.
Housing is a complex construct that cannot be represented merely by the physical
structure of the home. A home perceived as safe and intimate provides major
psychosocial benefits.
It represents a protected refuge from the outside world, enables the development of
a sense of identity and attachment – as an individual or as a part of a family, and
provides a space to be oneself. Any intrusion of external factors or stressors strongly
limits this feeling of safety, intimacy, and control, thereby reducing the mental and
social function of the home.
The immediate housing environment has an impact on health through the quality of
urban design. Poorly planned or deteriorated residential areas often lacking public
services, greenery, parks, playgrounds, and walking areas, have been associated with
lack of physical exercise, increased prevalence of obesity.
Housing and health is always affected by a variety of factors, disentangling and
assessing the impact of housing conditions on health is not an easy subject.
“Housing and health is not and never will be an exact science.” (Ranson, 1991
preface)

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CHAPTER- 2: FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
2.1 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
It has been identified as a key concern of environmental health in many countries
and is dependent on the quality of the building, the materials, cooking and heating
technologies and user behaviour. Indoor air quality is therefore determined by
biological (e.g. mould and moisture), chemical and physical factors. Hazards in the
house include cleaning products, asbestos and other construction materials and
deteriorating lead based paint.
As people spend a majority of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a major
determinant of health. For a number of air pollutants originating from various indoor
sources, it is not only the duration of exposure, but also the concentration levels that
might strongly exceed the ones encountered outdoors which is health relevant.
Depending on the specific situation, a number of harmful substances can be found in
indoor air.
One of the most common and widespread effect of indoor air quality on health is
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI).
The term "sick building syndrome" (SBS) is used to describe situations in which
building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be
linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified.
The complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may be widespread
throughout the building. In contrast, the term "building related illness" (BRI) is used
when symptoms of diagnosable illness are identified and can be attributed directly to
airborne building contaminants.
A 1984 World Health Organization Committee report suggested that up to 30
percent of new and remodelled buildings worldwide may be the subject of excessive
complaints related to indoor air quality (IAQ). Often this condition is temporary, but
some buildings have long-term problems.
Frequently, problems result when a building is operated or maintained in a manner
that is inconsistent with its original design or prescribed operating procedures.
Sometimes indoor air problems are a result of poor building design or occupant
activities.
2.1.1 Indicators of SBS include:

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• Building occupants complain of symptoms associated with acute discomfort, e.g.,
headache; eye, nose, or throat irritation; dry cough; dry or itchy skin; dizziness and
nausea; difficulty in concentrating; fatigue; and sensitivity to odours.
• The cause of the symptoms is not known.
• Most of the complainants report relief soon after leaving the building.
2.1.2 Indicators of BRI include:
• Building occupants complain of symptoms such as cough; chest tightness; fever,
chills; and muscle aches.
• The symptoms can be clinically defined and have clearly identifiable causes.
• Complainants may require prolonged recovery times after leaving the building.
2.2 VENTILATION AND AIR FLOW
Air flow over a building creates a positive pressure zone on the upstream side and
negative pressure zones (cavities or eddy zones) on the roof and all other sides.
The movement of air in a building can be a guiding factor in its designing as with the
help of this information we can properly orient our buildings, decide direction size
and magnitude of openings in a buildings, it also helps in deciding the location of
open areas/public spaces in a building.
Air flow and ventilation also helps in determining the thermal behaviour of a building
that is, its respond to heat of a building.

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We usually think that the side facing the direction of wind will have maximum air
flow but that is a misconception, the altitude also plays a major role. When a blow of
wind comes in contact with a building it splits and spread out over the surface
creating a negative pressure and thereby creating a positive pressure on the
opposite side. This phenomenon is called wake effect.
By knowing this simple phenomenon we can understand how important it is for us as
architects to design our buildings keeping in mind about air flow and ventilation as it
ultimately leads to creation of spaces and henceforth a complete building.
Ventilation and air flow are the determining factors in deciding the air changes in a
building, the total thermal capacity and finally the energy of a building. All these
things can majorly effect the health of beings residing or spending time in that
particular building in a negative way.
Let’s take a simple example if the kitchen of a house is located as such that the
air flow through it is inward then during cooking the gases from the kitchen,
smoke and other vapours will spread into the whole house creating a
suffocating atmosphere in it. This leads to uneasiness and create an atmosphere
unfit to live in. This is just one case there are many ways it can cause problems
and create circumstances that are unbearable.
Ventilation systems are normally designed to provide outdoor air and air circulation
and distribution to dilute contaminants and human bio effluents, and to provide and
sustain human comfort. Unfortunately, many of these systems are improperly
designed or maintained, and as a consequence contribute to poor indoor air quality
and occupant health problems. The HVAC systems are often themselves the source
of chemical and biological contaminants, especially when the indoor air intake is
located near a loading dock, or upwind from the boiler exhausts.

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Godish reports that in the field investigations of "NIOSH, Turner, Woods, Robertson,
and others, deficiencies in the design, operation, and maintenance of HVAC systems
were identified as being the major contributors to illness complaints in a large
percentage of buildings investigated" (1995,). See Table below for relationship
between building/work related symptoms and ventilation system type.
Not only HVAC systems but also the window sizes and placement contribute to the
indoor air quality. According to BSRIA (Building Services Research and Information
Association) adequate ventilation for home is 0.5 to 1 air changes per hour is
essential.
So if a building is damp we will require larger window sizes to meet the minimum air
changes, therefore more volume of air per unit time will be required to make such
spaces habitable.
Gobbell (1994) points out that ventilation systems also can carry contaminants from
one room to another. This could be a hazardous condition if one room were under
construction.
Godish reports that office materials, furnishings, and office equipment also have
been shown to contribute to problems of indoor air quality. Many of these materials
outgas VOCs such as formaldehyde, benzene and many others.
Carpeting not only contains a wide array of chemicals in its backing material and 67
bonding agents, but it also acts as a sink for other chemicals from other materials
and often becomes a reservoir for microbial growth such as bacteria and mold. A
large percentage of the data Godish presents shows that the VOCs from such
materials provoke a multiple array of symptoms in subjects.

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Anderson reported significant irritant, pulmonary, and neurotoxic effects of carpet
emissions using mouse bioassays. In a study of twelve different "complaint" carpet
samples, Anderson reported that half produced moderate to severe sensory effects in
multiple 1-hour exposures, with two samples producing sensory irritation. All 12
complaint samples appeared to cause pulmonary irritation. Clinical observations
included swollen faces, subcutaneous haemorrhages, altered posture, loss of balance,
hypo- or hyperactivity, tremors, paralysis of one or more limbs, convulsions, and/or
death. Apparently half of the animals died after the third or fourth 1-hour exposure.

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2.3 LIGHTING
The lighting of a workplace can positively influence the health of office personnel,
improve efficiency, reduce unnecessary sick leave and result in greater productivity.
In particular, natural light, with its variations and spectral composition, together with
the provision for external views, is of great importance for personal well-being and
mental health, reducing suppressed feelings of panic, anxiety, disorientation and
melancholy. The careful management of natural and artificial lighting, including the
use of shading devices, can also bring tangible energy savings, preserving the natural
colours of the outside environment, while preventing glare and minimizing heat
gains.
Selecting façade and lighting solutions for comfort and energy efficiency can be a
very complex problem. There are many design and context variables that interact
with each other, making selection and optimisation more difficult.
“As Guzowski explains, a good lighting strategy should maximise the potential of
architectural form while taking advantage of technologies to further refine solutions.
The goals of a lighting strategy can be defined from a wide variety of perspectives
such as ecological issues (energetic and natural resource depletion, environmental
impact), tasks and activities (lighting needs in both qualitative and quantitative
terms), systems integration (lighting, HVAC), human experience (visual and thermal
comfort, health, orientation in space and time, connection to the beat of outside life),
aesthetic considerations (form, dimension and articulation of spaces, materials), as
well as other concerns.”
Scientific research has recently proven that a close relationship exists between
lighting conditions, health, well-being, and our perception of the environment.
Daylight, for example, represents one of the most important means of maintaining
our biological rhythm and connection to rhythms of nature, and is a key way of

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marking important daily events (dawn, morning, noon, afternoon, sunset and
evening)
When light passes through the eye, the signals are carried not only to the visual
areas of the brain but also to areas responsible for emotion and hormonal regulation.
Ocular light stimuli from the retina result in signals being sent to various glands,
involving the whole of the physical (energetic exchanges), physiological
(transformation of energetic fluxes into nervous stimuli) and psychological (brain
interpretations of those stimuli). The combination of these activities create the
’process of perception' informing us about the characteristics of the surrounding
environment, also daylight is the most abundant source for vitamin-D requirements
of the human body.
“As Van den Beld suggests, the species Homo sapiens appeared on Earth around
250,000 years ago and evolved under the daily 24-hour light-dark cycle. To a large
extent life has been regulated by a natural wake/sleep rhythm: active, mostly outside
during the day, and resting at night. During the last couple of centuries, this natural
pattern has changed rapidly, initially due to the industrial revolution, and then to
some technological innovations (such as electric light) that are now moving us
towards a global 24-hour society. Most people nowadays spend more than 90% of
their time indoors, often in offices, and in all cases the lighting is based on the
requirement that, whatever the time of day or night and regardless of the
physiological needs of the human body, the task should be accomplished efficiently,
safely and with a degree of visual comfort.”
Medical research has recently discovered that almost all human physiological and
psychological processes are based on rhythms directly linked to the natural daily
(circadian) and seasonal (annual) cycles of light. In particular, the human brain has
been discovered to contain an internal ‘biological’ clock, daily synchronised to the
periodicity of nature through the medium of ocular light received by the eye.

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Day/night light patterns regulate many body processes such as body temperature,
heart rate, mood, fatigue, and thus alertness, performance, productivity, etc.
Sufficient light received during the natural light period (daytime) synchronises the
’biological clock’ contained in the human brain, stimulating circulation, increasing the
production of vitamin D, enhancing the uptake of calcium in the intestine, regulating
protein metabolism, controlling the levels of serotonin, dopamine (pleasure
hormones), melatonin (sleep hormone) and cortisol. In other words, light provides
the direct stimuli needed for the human body to function and feel well and healthy.
Research shows that lack of exposure to sufficient light during the day may foster
negative effects on various physiological aspects of the human body; this is more
evident in particular during the ‘dark’ winter season or in regions characterised by
cold and sombre climate, where there is less light and days are short. About three
per cent of the population in those regions suffer from winter depression (SAD,
Seasonal Affective Disorder), and the so-called ‘winter blues’ are common. Intensive
bright light through the eye can mitigate those feelings and is the first line of
treatment for SAD.
A range of 750-1000 lux is suitable for houses for efficient usage and healthy
living conditions.

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A sketch model for a particular building shape
Courtyard concept in modern homes.
2.4 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

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We all are familiar the process of “Photosynthesis”. The process in which plants take
in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Oxygen is essential for survival of human
beings and keeping them healthy.
Plants (vegetation) not only provides us with our life support that is oxygen but also
acts as air filters, reduces greenhouse gases, gives shade and numerous other
functions that helps us in our survival on this planet.
In this urban world they are not just some trees but have become a part of our
livelihood. Having a natural environment nearby is good for human health and well-
being.
Access to or views of the natural environment improve cognitive functioning and
improve recovery from illness. People who live near parks and open space are more
physically active. In fact, older, urban residents who have places to walk and access to
parks and tree-lined streets live longer.
Having a natural environment nearby effect humans both physically and mentally. It
gives a sense of belongingness when we are in such places.
Tainjin
IBI group concepts
A 2007 study of 1318 residents of predominantly low-income Los Angeles
neighbourhoods found people who live closer to a park are more likely to visit parks
and exercise more often.

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Survey data from 87 parents of children and 124 matched pairs of parents and
adolescents in three US cities found playgrounds are among the places where
children are the most physically active.
A research regarding the impact of natural environment on built environment was
conducted by Dr Nancy Wells an environmental psychologist in the Department of
Environmental Analysis at Cornell University. This will help us get a clear picture at
the above mentioned issue.
49%
35%
65%
13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1/2 mile or less 1 mile or more
%visitingparkorexercising
weekly
Distance lived from park
Adults living within a half mile of a park
visit parks and exercise more often
% exercising 5+ times
weekly
% visiting a park

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Her research highlights the profound effects that built environments have on public-
health. Planning decisions influence neighbourhood configuration, housing design,
parks, location of stores and schools, as well as factors such as traffic density and air
and water quality. These characteristics, in turn, affect physical and psychological
health for people of all ages.
“Making health an explicit component of planning is critical,” Wells explains.
In the following two studies conducted by Wells, she explored how the environment
promoted or hindered physical exercise, psychological well-being, and cognitive
functioning.
2.4.1 Neighbourhood Design Affects Walking in Unexpected Ways
Rates of inactivity have reached epidemic levels in the United States, putting
individuals at risk for obesity and associated health problems. The general
expectation is, and previous research has shown, that people who live in mixed-use
neighbourhoods with sidewalks and shared recreation spaces walk more and, thus,
get more daily exercise.
But in a study of how the design of neighbourhoods influenced residents’ walking,
Wells and Yang (2008) found that, to the contrary, women living in so-called “neo-
traditional” mixed-use neighbourhoods did not walk significantly more than women
residing in suburban neighbourhoods with large lots, no sidewalks, and no shared
recreation space.
Using pedometers to measure steps taken daily, Wells studied 70 low-income
women—about 77 percent African American, 17 percent white, and 6 percent Asian,
Latina, and Native American—in the south-eastern U.S., who relocated to either neo-
traditional or suburban neighbourhoods through their partnership with a self-help
housing program.
The study found, in fact, that residents in mixed-use communities walked less. A
possible reason was that the area businesses might not have been pedestrian- or
family-friendly, for instance liquor stores or strip clubs. Safety concerns or fear of
crime might also deter walking.
Neighbourhood design factors that did promote walking were streets laid out in
intersecting grids and fewer culs-de-sac (also known as “loops and lollipops”
patterns).

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Age, income, and body mass index were not significant predictors of walking,
although race and household size were associated with how much the women
walked.
Further research is needed to better understand these findings. The participants in
this study were not randomly selected and the sample was small. The use of
pedometers did not allow assessment of where and why people were walking. And
finer-grained environmental measures would give more information about
neighbourhood characteristics.
2.4.2 Nature Buffers Stress in Children
Although the natural environment’s effect on the mental health of adults has been
well documented, Wells suspected that nature’s moderating influence on stress
might be even stronger in children. Her research has shown that having nature close
to a home protects the psychological well-being of children. And the impact is
strongest for children with the highest levels of stressful life events. In addition,
having green space around the home boosts their cognitive functioning.
In a study of 337 children in five rural upstate New York communities in grades 3
through 5, Wells and Evans (2003) found that the impact of life stress and adversity
was lower among children who lived close to nature and vegetation than among
those with little access to natural settings. To gauge how the children were dealing
with stress, Wells used parents’ reports of their children’s psychological distress and
children’s own ratings of their feelings of self-worth, using standard measurement
tools.
Many studies have shown children’s affinity for nature. It follows, then, if people tend
to prefer environments in which they function most effectively, natural settings
would promote children’s well-being. And that is exactly what Wells found.
Not only did the study reveal that nearby nature buffers the impact of stress on
children and promotes their resilience, it suggested that higher levels of access to
nature had an even greater buffering effect for children dealing with stressful life
events. The buffering effect was greatest for the most vulnerable children—those
experiencing the greatest life stress, such as family relocation, or being picked on or
punished at school.
Wells speculates that in urban areas, where the amount of green space is more
variable, the moderating effects of nature on children’s stress would be even
stronger.

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Wells gives one possible explanation for nature’s protective effect: green spaces
foster social interaction and thereby promote social support. For example, research
shows that children and parents who live in places that allow for outdoor access have
twice as many friends as those who have less outdoor access due to traffic, according
to a 1995 study by M. Huttenmoser.
Another explanation is that exposure to natural elements helps people to focus their
attention, as found by other researchers. While in nature, an individual no longer
needs to block out noise and other mental intrusions, allowing their mind to rest (R.
Kaplan and S. Kaplan, 1989; S. Kaplan, 1995; S. Kaplan and R. Kaplan, 1983). Being
away from the stress of day-to-day problems gives a person a mental vacation. And
the vastness of the environment immerses a person in a mentally comfortable
setting. Thus, nature may help children to think more clearly and cope more
effectively with life stress.
Research by Wells and her colleagues answers some questions and opens the door
on many more, exploring the role nature plays throughout our lives. Overall, the
evidence is clear that the built environment - housing, urban development, land use,
and transportation – has profound effects on our health and well-being. Planning
decisions should take into consideration these public health impacts and the
evidence supporting them.

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2.5 DENSITY
Crowding is generally considered as more of a threat to mental than physical health,
although the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and scabies is also
associated with overcrowding.
Most studies investigating crowding adopt a standard measure based on WHO
guidelines of either persons/room or sq. ft. / person. However, a caution is in order
since cultures vary in terms of their tolerance for crowded living conditions. Mitchell
(1971) found that in Hong Kong, one of the most crowded cities in the world, little ill
effects in terms of family relationships, mental health, and work performance could
be demonstrated after controlling for poverty.
Mitchell (1976) proposed that crowding is a more complex variable that requires a
distinction between density – the number of people per unit space, and congestion,
which reflects the simultaneous demands for the use of available space. The adverse
mental health effect of crowding stems from the lack of personal control over the
available space, rather than the actual small size of the space.
In a review of several studies of crowded conditions in public housing in Britain,
Hopton and Hunt (1996) conclude that crowding has a negative effect on mental
health. In particular, Gabe and Williams (1987) found that emotional distress in
women increases significantly with overcrowding. Duvall and Booth (1978) reported
on the relationship between housing and various indices of women’s physical and
mental health within a larger survey in Toronto. Children’s mental health is also
negatively affected by crowded living conditions (Platt et al 1989; Hunt 1990). Lack of
adequate play space has been shown to negatively correlate with higher levels of
mental ill health in children (Cook and Morgan 1982). Privacy and circulation within
the dwelling are deemed to be important factors for psychological well-being
(Chapin 1951; Loring 1966).
The epidemiology of respiratory infections (including pneumonia, influenza and
acute upper respiratory infections) was reviewed by Graham (1990). Many risk factors
have been investigated: outdoor and indoor pollution, smoking, crowding, nutrition,
psychosocial stress, climate, SES, etc. Crowding as a risk factor has been investigated
dating back to the 1920s and 1930s (e.g. Woods 1927) when mortality was frequently
used as an outcome measure. More recent studies (e.g. Leeder et al 1976, Monto et
al 1977, and Gardner et al 1984) showed that the number of sibs in the family was a
predictor of respiratory morbidity. Collins et al (1971) reviewed respiratory mortality
in England and

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Wales from 1958-64 and found that crowding was correlated with all-cause,
bronchopneumonia and all respiratory disease mortality in the 0-1 year old whereas
for the 1-4, 5-14, only accidents were correlated.
Other infectious diseases commonly associated with crowding include tuberculosis
(Britten 1941, Schmitt 1955, McMillan 1957, Coetzee et al 1988), meningitis (Blum &
Elkin 1949, Ghipponi et al 1971, Stuart et al 1988) and measles (Aaby et al 1984).
Among non-communicable diseases which have been shown to be related to
housing is rheumatic heart disease (Quinn et al 1948), which in fact is the sequelae of
streptococcal infection. Of particular interest is Barker’s (1990) study of stomach
cancer, which was found to be related to earlier exposure to crowding during
childhood. The authors attributed this to poor food storage, which leads to
contamination with microorganisms and the production of toxic/carcinogenic
substances.
Scabies is caused by the burrowing of a mite in the skin. Among risk factors
associated with its transmission are SES, personal hygiene and overcrowding (Green
1987).
As interfamily spread is well recognized (Church et al 1978), it is to be expected that
increased family size should be a risk factor (Sharma 1984), although other
behavioural factors may be important such as sleeping pattern and the sharing of
towels and clothes (Gulati et al 1977, Blumenthal 1976).
Michael (1984) studied the impact of water supply, sanitation and housing on health
in the Northwest Territories. He did two studies, an ecologic one involving all
communities in the NWT using official statistics, and a field study in three
communities where more detailed information on individuals was obtained. For
housing, rates of respiratory, skin and eye diseases were found to be higher in
crowded houses (as measured by household size and number of persons per
bedroom). No relations was found with housing type (detached, movable homes,
etc.) or tenure (government, private, and rental).
Two studies looked specifically at infant health outcomes. The NWT Perinatal and
Infant
Mortality and Morbidity Study (PIMMS) followed a birth cohort of 1191 infants
during 12 months in 1973/74 (Spady 1982). A large amount of data on
socioeconomic status, health care, lifestyle, nutrition, obstetrical history, child care
practices, and environmental quality (crowding and clean housing) were collected.
The outcomes include all significant health events (death, disease, and

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developmental score) during the first year of life. Those housing and sanitation
factors which emerged as independent predictors of various health outcomes in
multiple regression analyses are listed as follows:
Young and Mollins (1996) conducted an ecologic study in 49 predominantly Native
communities in the Northwest Territories and found that although socio-economic
status (SES) was the strongest predictor of a high frequency of visits to the health
centre (as a measure of poor health), overcrowding also correlated with low SES and
a perception that the house was in need of core repairs. This study would suggest
that the poorest residents of northern communities also live in the most crowded
housing and these conditions combine to put them at increased risk for a multitude
of health problems.
Rosenberg et al (1997) report that an epidemic of shigellosis, a highly infectious
diarrheal disease, was highly correlated with overcrowding and lack of sanitary
conditions in 61 First Nations communities in Manitoba. This finding is particularly
significant since shigellosis has all but disappeared in developed countries. The
incidence rate during the epidemic in First Nations communities was 29 times higher
than for the rest of the population and the hospitalization rate for the disease was
12.2 times higher. Compared with houses with two to three persons, the attack rate
ratios for houses with 4 to 8 persons ranged from 4.0 to 7.7.
Aerial view of Tilak Nagar

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Aerial view of Rohini.

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2.6 MATERIALS
When choosing a material for any building either for its construction or furnishing we
should keep in mind the nature, behaviour and the consequences of using such
materials properly. Before using any material we should carefully determine the
effects of such materials on human health and well-being.

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Radon plays a significant role in indoor air quality. It is imperceptible to the human
senses, yet over time it can be deadly.
Radon is the by-product of radium, which itself is a by-product of uranium. Uranium
is found in soils and bedrock, which undergo radioactive decay and radon. Rocks
with certain elevated levels of radon include certain types of granite and high-grade
metamorphic rocks, phosphate rocks, marine black shales, and mineralized veins and

Page | 31
fracture zones. Radon is the only gaseous by-product of uranium, and it may enter a
building through cracks and openings in walls and concrete slabs.
Radon is the second highest cause of lung cancer. Its effects are especially dangerous
to those who smoke. Its hazardous effects come from its decay into radioactive
particles. When lower air pressure exists in a building, the undetectable radon gases
are suctioned into adjacent building walls.
Radon progeny are inhaled and lodged in the lungs, where they "bombard" tissue
with radiation. This exposure to radon leads to an increased risk of cancer."

Page | 32
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) usually originate in overhead electrical power lines or
electrical equipment. Although the effects of EMFs have only recently begun to
83 be quantified, the preliminary reports show that exposure to EMFs can result in
brain tumours and other cancer-related illnesses. A simple way to reduce exposure to
EMFs is to locate electrical equipment and power lines away from people, and to
avoid using metal structures, as steel causes electromagnetic disturbances.

Page | 33
Therefore it is vital to prevent the infiltration of hazardous substances and agents in
an household. Thus material selection is an important factor that aids to developing
healthy living conditions in a household.

Page | 34
CHAPTER- 3: SIMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT AREAS
These simulations are conducted with the help on an online software.
Link- http://designadvisor.mit.edu/design/
Address- 9-A Jyoti Apartments Plot No-B2 sector-14 ext. Rohini, New
Delhi
Scenario One (blue)
Sat Nov 09 2013 12:40:09 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)
Setup Information:
Building
Location India - Delhi
Building length,side A N/A
Building length,side B N/A
Simulation Type
Simulation Type one_sided
Window Description
Typology invent
Glazing Type gray
Window Area 50%
Window Ventilation
Vent Cavity Depth 150 mm
Vent Air Flow Rate 50 m3
/hr
Vent Supply interior
Vent Exhaust interior
Blind Parameters
Blind Width 25 mm
Blind Schedule (daytime) responds to temperature
Blind Schedule (nighttime) always open
Blind Angle when closed 75 degrees
Blind Color White Plastic
Blind Emissivity 0.77
Blind Absorptivity 0.38
Wall Description
Insulation R-Value 1 m2
-K/W
Occupancy
Type Low-rise Residential
Occupancy Load 0.025 people per m2
Lighting Requirements 750 lux
EquipmentLoad 5.00 W/m2
Room Ventilation
Air Change Rate per Occupant 10.0 liters / sec per person
Total Air Change Rate 0.3 roomfuls per hour
Lighting Control
Lighting Control lights respond to sunlight:all lights controlled by a single dimming switch
Representative Room

Page | 35
Orientation north-east
Room Depth 3.5 m
Room Width 3 m
Room Height 3 m
Thermal Mass
Thermal Mass high
Overhang
Overhang Depth 0.6 m
Roof
Roof Type bitumen roof
Roof Insulation R-Value 1 m2
-K/W
Roof Insulation Location bottom of roof slab
Number ofFloors 1 floor(s)
Simulation Results:
Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions
heating
energy
cooling
energy
lighting
energy
total
energy
CO2
emissions
(kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kg/m2
)
January 473.8 369.9 16.2 859.9 172.0
February 410.1 339.5 14.5 764.1 152.8
March 444.8 377.3 16.0 838.1 167.6
April 420.4 373.8 15.4 809.6 161.9
May 427.9 395.3 15.9 839.1 167.8
June 413.9 383.0 15.3 812.2 162.4
July 433.1 396.0 15.8 844.9 169.0
August 434.3 395.7 15.8 845.8 169.2
September 420.9 381.1 15.4 817.4 163.5
October 441.2 385.9 16.1 843.2 168.6
November 435.2 359.7 15.6 810.5 162.1
December 457.4 381.9 16.2 855.5 171.1
Total 5213.0 4539.1 188.2 9940.3 1988.1 yearly energy
January
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
(degrees) (degrees) (W-h/m2
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -80.0 -0.3 0.0 0.0 284.5 489.1 472.5 794.4 83
1 am -68.3 30.3 0.0 0.0 284.2 489.1 472.5 768.5 83

Page | 36
2 am -55.3 41.4 0.0 0.0 284.0 489.1 472.5 751.6 83
3 am -42.1 48.6 0.0 0.0 283.7 489.1 472.5 736.9 83
4 am -29.1 54.7 0.0 0.0 283.7 489.1 472.5 723.3 83
5 am -16.2 60.7 0.0 0.0 283.5 489.1 472.5 710.9 83
6 am -3.7 67.1 0.0 0.0 283.3 489.1 472.4 699.3 83
7 am 8.0 74.5 17.7 19.5 284.0 489.1 472.6 686.1 83
8 am 19.0 83.5 46.8 61.2 285.2 489.1 472.8 671.5 83
9 am 28.4 94.8 0.0 93.0 287.1 489.1 473.0 656.6 83
10 am 35.7 108.9 0.0 112.8 289.2 301.1 300.8 -1077.9 0
11 am 39.7 125.9 0.0 119.3 291.5 301.1 301.1 -1102.2 0
noon 39.7 144.1 0.0 127.1 293.6 301.1 301.3 -999.2 0
1 pm 35.7 161.0 0.0 122.1 295.3 301.1 301.4 -917.0 0
2 pm 28.4 175.2 0.0 102.3 295.7 301.1 301.3 -852.3 0
3 pm 19.0 -173.5 0.0 73.5 295.1 489.1 473.3 1322.1 83
4 pm 8.0 -164.5 0.0 42.2 293.5 489.1 473.1 999.6 83
5 pm -3.7 -157.1 0.0 9.3 291.4 489.1 472.9 914.7 83
6 pm -16.2 -150.7 0.0 0.0 289.3 489.1 472.7 867.5 83
7 pm -29.1 -144.7 0.0 0.0 287.6 489.1 472.6 836.6 83
8 pm -42.1 -138.6 0.0 0.0 286.5 489.1 472.6 813.3 83
9 pm -55.3 -131.4 0.0 0.0 285.7 489.1 472.6 794.1 83
10 pm -68.3 -120.3 0.0 0.0 285.0 489.1 472.5 777.2 83
11 pm -80.0 -89.6 0.0 0.0 284.5 489.1 472.5 761.8 83
February
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -73.3 -18.7 0.0 0.0 286.5 489.1 472.6 729.9 83
1 am -64.2 13.7 0.0 0.0 286.2 489.1 472.6 717.1 83
2 am -52.0 29.4 0.0 0.0 286.1 489.1 472.6 705.1 83
3 am -39.1 39.1 0.0 0.0 285.9 489.1 472.6 693.8 83
4 am -25.9 46.6 0.0 0.0 285.4 489.1 472.5 683.6 83
5 am -12.8 53.4 0.0 0.0 285.1 489.1 472.5 673.8 83
6 am 0.0 60.3 0.0 0.0 284.9 489.1 472.5 664.3 83
7 am 12.4 68.0 91.1 40.6 285.9 489.1 472.9 649.5 83
8 am 24.1 77.2 97.8 88.1 287.3 489.1 473.0 638.1 83
9 am 34.5 89.0 8.2 112.7 289.4 489.1 473.2 624.6 83
10 am 42.7 104.5 0.0 130.5 291.8 301.1 301.2 -1169.3 0
11 am 47.4 124.1 0.0 134.6 294.4 301.1 301.5 -1140.8 0
noon 47.4 145.8 0.0 136.9 296.8 301.1 301.7 -1027.0 0
1 pm 42.7 165.4 0.0 125.4 298.5 301.1 301.8 -943.7 0
2 pm 34.5 -179.0 0.0 104.8 299.4 301.1 301.7 -878.6 0
3 pm 24.1 -167.2 0.0 88.8 299.0 489.1 473.6 1288.8 83
4 pm 12.4 -158.0 0.0 62.0 297.4 489.1 473.4 971.2 83
5 pm 0.0 -150.3 0.0 28.2 295.0 489.1 473.1 887.3 83
6 pm -12.8 -143.4 0.0 0.0 292.4 489.1 472.9 842.2 83
7 pm -25.9 -136.6 0.0 0.0 290.6 489.1 472.8 812.5 83
8 pm -39.1 -129.1 0.0 0.0 289.1 489.1 472.7 791.0 83
9 pm -52.0 -119.4 0.0 0.0 288.2 489.1 472.7 773.1 83
10 pm -64.2 -103.7 0.0 0.0 287.5 489.1 472.6 757.3 83
11 pm -73.3 -71.2 0.0 0.0 287.0 489.1 472.6 743.0 83

Page | 37
March
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -62.5 -28.5 0.0 0.0 291.9 489.1 472.8 715.3 83
1 am -55.8 -2.0 0.0 0.0 291.5 489.1 472.8 703.0 83
2 am -45.4 15.2 0.0 0.0 291.1 489.1 472.8 691.5 83
3 am -33.4 26.8 0.0 0.0 290.8 489.1 472.8 680.6 83
4 am -20.6 35.6 0.0 0.0 290.3 489.1 472.8 670.5 83
5 am -7.5 43.1 0.0 0.0 289.8 489.1 472.7 661.2 83
6 am 5.6 50.3 7.8 7.4 289.9 489.1 472.8 650.8 83
7 am 18.6 57.9 207.7 82.1 291.0 489.1 473.9 627.4 83
8 am 31.2 67.0 191.0 127.3 292.6 489.1 473.8 618.2 83
9 am 42.8 78.9 89.9 151.8 294.6 489.1 473.6 609.1 83
10 am 52.6 95.9 0.0 162.9 297.0 301.1 301.9 -1240.0 0
11 am 58.6 120.4 0.0 161.9 299.3 301.1 302.1 -1162.1 0
noon 58.6 149.5 0.0 166.3 301.5 301.1 302.4 -1039.6 0
1 pm 52.6 174.0 0.0 160.2 303.6 301.1 302.5 -957.3 0
2 pm 42.8 -168.9 0.0 144.9 304.6 301.1 302.5 -892.9 0
3 pm 31.2 -157.0 0.0 114.5 304.6 489.1 473.9 1278.0 83
4 pm 18.6 -147.9 0.0 80.9 303.4 489.1 473.7 953.2 83
5 pm 5.6 -140.3 0.0 38.6 301.3 489.1 473.5 869.2 83
6 pm -7.5 -133.1 0.0 0.2 298.8 489.1 473.2 824.5 83
7 pm -20.6 -125.6 0.0 0.0 296.9 489.1 473.1 795.2 83
8 pm -33.4 -116.8 0.0 0.0 295.3 489.1 473.0 774.2 83
9 pm -45.4 -105.2 0.0 0.0 294.1 489.1 472.9 757.0 83
10 pm -55.8 -87.9 0.0 0.0 293.0 489.1 472.9 742.0 83
11 pm -62.5 -61.4 0.0 0.0 292.4 489.1 472.9 728.0 83
April
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -50.8 -33.2 0.0 0.0 297.7 489.1 473.1 699.9 83
1 am -45.7 -12.2 0.0 0.0 297.4 489.1 473.1 687.7 83
2 am -37.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 296.9 489.1 473.1 676.6 83
3 am -26.3 15.6 0.0 0.0 296.2 489.1 473.0 666.4 83
4 am -14.3 24.9 0.0 0.0 295.8 489.1 473.0 656.5 83
5 am -1.7 32.6 0.0 0.0 295.1 489.1 473.0 647.6 83
6 am 11.2 39.6 150.6 66.6 295.8 489.1 474.0 625.0 83
7 am 24.4 46.7 240.1 150.4 296.9 489.1 474.8 605.2 83
8 am 37.5 54.7 246.6 189.1 298.4 489.1 474.9 593.0 83
9 am 50.2 65.2 164.7 201.1 300.4 489.1 474.5 587.1 83
10 am 61.9 81.8 43.0 195.5 302.4 301.1 302.7 -1412.7 0
11 am 70.1 112.7 0.0 190.9 304.7 301.1 302.9 -1175.5 0
noon 70.1 157.2 0.0 179.9 306.9 301.1 303.0 -1051.9 0
1 pm 61.9 -171.8 0.0 175.9 308.6 301.1 303.1 -969.5 0

Page | 38
2 pm 50.2 -155.2 0.0 155.0 309.9 301.1 303.1 -905.1 0
3 pm 37.5 -144.7 0.0 126.5 310.3 489.1 474.3 1269.9 83
4 pm 24.4 -136.7 0.0 89.3 309.8 489.1 474.1 936.3 83
5 pm 11.2 -129.6 0.0 49.6 308.6 489.1 473.9 850.8 83
6 pm -1.7 -122.6 0.0 11.1 306.9 489.1 473.6 804.8 83
7 pm -14.3 -114.9 0.0 0.0 305.0 489.1 473.5 775.8 83
8 pm -26.3 -105.6 0.0 0.0 302.8 489.1 473.4 755.6 83
9 pm -37.1 -93.7 0.0 0.0 301.0 489.1 473.3 739.4 83
10 pm -45.7 -77.7 0.0 0.0 299.6 489.1 473.2 725.1 83
11 pm -50.8 -56.7 0.0 0.0 298.3 489.1 473.2 712.3 83
May
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -41.6 -35.5 0.0 0.0 301.5 489.1 473.3 690.7 83
1 am -37.5 -17.9 0.0 0.0 300.9 489.1 473.3 679.0 83
2 am -30.0 -3.4 0.0 0.0 300.5 489.1 473.3 667.7 83
3 am -20.3 8.0 0.0 0.0 300.0 489.1 473.2 657.4 83
4 am -9.2 17.0 0.0 0.0 299.5 489.1 473.2 647.5 83
5 am 2.8 24.5 0.0 0.0 299.1 489.1 473.2 638.2 83
6 am 15.4 31.1 273.1 107.1 300.1 489.1 475.0 605.8 83
7 am 28.3 37.3 315.3 192.8 301.2 489.1 475.5 588.8 83
8 am 41.4 43.8 288.8 232.6 302.8 489.1 475.5 577.2 83
9 am 54.6 51.7 215.0 242.8 304.6 489.1 475.2 569.6 83
10 am 67.4 64.3 101.2 235.8 306.5 301.1 303.7 -1439.5 0
11 am 78.4 96.9 0.0 222.6 308.6 301.1 303.5 -1185.2 0
noon 78.4 173.0 0.0 217.6 310.5 301.1 303.6 -1061.6 0
1 pm 67.4 -154.3 0.0 186.3 312.1 301.1 303.6 -977.6 0
2 pm 54.6 -141.7 0.0 171.1 313.3 301.1 303.6 -913.1 0
3 pm 41.4 -133.8 0.0 139.8 313.6 489.1 474.5 1252.6 83
4 pm 28.3 -127.3 0.0 101.3 313.2 489.1 474.3 927.0 83
5 pm 15.4 -121.1 0.0 63.4 311.8 489.1 474.1 841.8 83
6 pm 2.8 -114.5 0.0 22.0 310.1 489.1 473.8 796.1 83
7 pm -9.2 -107.0 0.0 0.0 308.2 489.1 473.6 767.4 83
8 pm -20.3 -98.0 0.0 0.0 306.2 489.1 473.5 746.9 83
9 pm -30.0 -86.5 0.0 0.0 304.6 489.1 473.5 730.5 83
10 pm -37.5 -72.0 0.0 0.0 303.3 489.1 473.4 716.2 83
11 pm -41.6 -54.4 0.0 0.0 302.1 489.1 473.3 703.3 83
June
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -37.6 -36.3 0.0 0.0 302.4 489.1 473.4 689.8 83
1 am -33.7 -20.0 0.0 0.0 301.8 489.1 473.3 677.9 83
2 am -26.7 -6.2 0.0 0.0 301.2 489.1 473.3 666.9 83

Page | 39
3 am -17.5 4.8 0.0 0.0 300.8 489.1 473.3 656.1 83
4 am -6.8 13.6 0.0 0.0 300.5 489.1 473.3 646.1 83
5 am 4.8 20.9 0.0 4.1 300.9 489.1 473.3 635.2 83
6 am 17.1 27.2 222.8 128.7 301.4 489.1 474.9 605.3 83
7 am 29.8 32.9 220.3 231.9 302.5 489.1 475.4 589.2 83
8 am 42.8 38.6 208.2 279.7 303.8 489.1 475.5 577.1 83
9 am 56.0 44.9 162.6 286.6 305.3 489.1 475.3 568.2 83
10 am 69.1 54.1 88.1 276.5 307.0 301.1 304.1 -1450.8 0
11 am 81.5 80.7 10.9 248.8 308.6 301.1 303.7 -1186.1 0
noon 81.5 -170.7 0.0 239.2 310.2 301.1 303.8 -1061.7 0
1 pm 69.1 -144.1 0.0 204.9 311.7 301.1 303.7 -977.0 0
2 pm 56.0 -134.9 0.0 186.7 312.5 301.1 303.6 -911.7 0
3 pm 42.8 -128.6 0.0 156.6 312.9 489.1 474.6 1247.8 83
4 pm 29.8 -122.9 0.0 110.9 312.4 489.1 474.3 929.9 83
5 pm 17.1 -117.2 0.0 67.6 311.3 489.1 474.1 844.4 83
6 pm 4.8 -110.9 0.0 28.1 309.8 489.1 473.8 798.1 83
7 pm -6.8 -103.6 0.0 0.0 308.2 489.1 473.6 769.1 83
8 pm -17.5 -94.8 0.0 0.0 306.4 489.1 473.6 748.0 83
9 pm -26.7 -83.7 0.0 0.0 305.2 489.1 473.5 730.9 83
10 pm -33.7 -69.9 0.0 0.0 304.0 489.1 473.4 716.1 83
11 pm -37.6 -53.7 0.0 0.0 303.0 489.1 473.4 702.8 83
July
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -39.7 -35.9 0.0 0.0 300.5 489.1 473.3 697.1 83
1 am -35.7 -18.9 0.0 0.0 300.1 489.1 473.2 684.6 83
2 am -28.4 -4.7 0.0 0.0 299.8 489.1 473.2 672.7 83
3 am -19.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 299.4 489.1 473.2 661.7 83
4 am -8.0 15.4 0.0 0.0 299.2 489.1 473.2 651.2 83
5 am 3.7 22.8 0.0 0.0 298.9 489.1 473.2 641.3 83
6 am 16.2 29.3 173.8 92.4 299.6 489.1 474.4 615.6 83
7 am 29.0 35.2 213.2 174.7 300.4 489.1 475.0 598.5 83
8 am 42.1 41.3 183.9 240.6 301.4 489.1 475.1 586.8 83
9 am 55.3 48.5 125.5 243.0 302.7 489.1 474.8 579.0 83
10 am 68.3 59.6 60.9 239.6 304.3 301.1 303.4 -1446.8 0
11 am 80.0 90.4 0.0 218.7 305.6 301.1 303.2 -1178.1 0
noon 80.0 179.5 0.0 213.4 307.0 301.1 303.3 -1053.1 0
1 pm 68.3 -149.6 0.0 185.6 308.1 301.1 303.2 -967.9 0
2 pm 55.3 -138.5 0.0 157.3 308.8 301.1 303.0 -901.4 0
3 pm 42.1 -131.3 0.0 131.3 309.0 489.1 474.2 1260.7 83
4 pm 29.0 -125.2 0.0 97.5 308.7 489.1 474.1 942.2 83
5 pm 16.2 -119.3 0.0 58.0 307.8 489.1 473.9 856.4 83
6 pm 3.7 -112.8 0.0 23.1 306.5 489.1 473.7 809.4 83
7 pm -8.0 -105.4 0.0 0.0 305.1 489.1 473.5 779.8 83
8 pm -19.0 -96.4 0.0 0.0 303.6 489.1 473.4 757.9 83
9 pm -28.4 -85.2 0.0 0.0 302.5 489.1 473.4 740.1 83
10 pm -35.7 -71.0 0.0 0.0 301.5 489.1 473.3 724.8 83
11 pm -39.7 -54.1 0.0 0.0 300.7 489.1 473.3 710.7 83

Page | 40
August
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -47.4 -34.1 0.0 0.0 300.1 489.1 473.2 698.3 83
1 am -42.7 -14.5 0.0 0.0 299.8 489.1 473.2 685.5 83
2 am -34.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 299.5 489.1 473.2 673.6 83
3 am -24.2 12.8 0.0 0.0 299.1 489.1 473.2 662.7 83
4 am -12.5 22.0 0.0 0.0 298.8 489.1 473.2 652.2 83
5 am 0.0 29.7 0.0 0.0 298.5 489.1 473.2 642.4 83
6 am 12.8 36.6 120.9 70.8 299.2 489.1 474.0 621.0 83
7 am 25.9 43.4 141.3 164.0 299.8 489.1 474.5 604.9 83
8 am 39.1 50.9 128.9 209.8 300.8 489.1 474.7 592.8 83
9 am 52.0 60.6 97.2 230.7 302.2 489.1 474.6 583.5 83
10 am 64.1 76.3 34.4 222.8 303.7 301.1 303.0 -1443.0 0
11 am 73.3 108.7 0.0 211.7 305.1 301.1 303.1 -1176.4 0
noon 73.3 161.2 0.0 188.4 306.5 301.1 303.0 -1050.5 0
1 pm 64.1 -166.3 0.0 179.0 307.5 301.1 303.1 -966.1 0
2 pm 52.0 -150.6 0.0 155.2 308.2 301.1 302.9 -899.9 0
3 pm 39.1 -140.9 0.0 131.9 308.6 489.1 474.2 1262.1 83
4 pm 25.9 -133.4 0.0 101.5 308.5 489.1 474.1 943.3 83
5 pm 12.8 -126.6 0.0 52.6 307.5 489.1 473.8 857.9 83
6 pm 0.0 -119.7 0.0 15.9 306.2 489.1 473.6 811.2 83
7 pm -12.5 -112.0 0.0 0.0 304.8 489.1 473.5 781.1 83
8 pm -24.2 -102.8 0.0 0.0 303.4 489.1 473.4 759.2 83
9 pm -34.5 -91.0 0.0 0.0 302.2 489.1 473.3 741.4 83
10 pm -42.7 -75.4 0.0 0.0 301.3 489.1 473.3 725.9 83
11 pm -47.4 -55.8 0.0 0.0 300.4 489.1 473.3 711.9 83
September
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -58.7 -30.4 0.0 0.0 299.4 489.1 473.2 698.7 83
1 am -52.6 -5.9 0.0 0.0 299.0 489.1 473.2 686.3 83
2 am -42.8 11.1 0.0 0.0 298.7 489.1 473.2 674.6 83
3 am -31.2 23.0 0.0 0.0 298.2 489.1 473.1 663.8 83
4 am -18.6 32.0 0.0 0.0 297.9 489.1 473.1 653.5 83
5 am -5.6 39.7 0.0 0.0 297.5 489.1 473.1 643.8 83
6 am 7.5 46.8 97.3 43.9 298.0 489.1 473.7 625.8 83
7 am 20.6 54.4 184.5 123.9 298.8 489.1 474.4 607.7 83
8 am 33.4 63.2 153.0 168.3 299.9 489.1 474.3 598.7 83
9 am 45.4 74.8 89.6 190.9 301.7 489.1 474.1 590.1 83
10 am 55.8 92.0 0.0 196.1 303.2 301.1 302.7 -1411.4 0
11 am 62.4 118.6 0.0 179.1 305.0 301.1 302.8 -1174.8 0
noon 62.4 151.3 0.0 173.0 306.6 301.1 302.9 -1050.5 0
1 pm 55.8 177.9 0.0 169.5 308.0 301.1 303.0 -967.2 0

Page | 41
2 pm 45.4 -164.8 0.0 150.5 309.0 301.1 303.0 -901.9 0
3 pm 33.4 -153.2 0.0 121.7 309.4 489.1 474.2 1259.5 83
4 pm 20.6 -144.4 0.0 81.7 308.7 489.1 474.0 941.6 83
5 pm 7.5 -136.8 0.0 37.8 307.5 489.1 473.8 856.6 83
6 pm -5.6 -129.7 0.0 1.3 306.1 489.1 473.5 810.2 83
7 pm -18.6 -122.0 0.0 0.0 304.4 489.1 473.4 780.4 83
8 pm -31.2 -113.0 0.0 0.0 303.0 489.1 473.4 758.6 83
9 pm -42.8 -101.1 0.0 0.0 301.8 489.1 473.3 741.2 83
10 pm -52.6 -84.1 0.0 0.0 300.7 489.1 473.3 726.1 83
11 pm -58.7 -59.5 0.0 0.0 299.8 489.1 473.2 712.3 83
October
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -70.2 -22.7 0.0 0.0 295.7 489.1 473.0 708.4 83
1 am -61.9 8.2 0.0 0.0 295.3 489.1 473.0 695.8 83
2 am -50.3 24.8 0.0 0.0 294.9 489.1 473.0 684.1 83
3 am -37.5 35.3 0.0 0.0 294.6 489.1 473.0 673.0 83
4 am -24.4 43.2 0.0 0.0 294.3 489.1 473.0 662.5 83
5 am -11.3 50.3 0.0 0.0 294.0 489.1 472.9 652.7 83
6 am 1.7 57.3 5.7 10.7 294.3 489.1 473.0 641.7 83
7 am 14.3 65.1 163.0 79.9 295.4 489.1 473.7 623.1 83
8 am 26.3 74.3 136.2 120.5 296.8 489.1 473.6 614.0 83
9 am 37.1 86.2 34.1 138.4 298.7 489.1 473.8 600.8 83
10 am 45.7 102.3 0.0 151.7 301.0 301.1 302.2 -1289.4 0
11 am 50.7 123.2 0.0 149.1 303.2 301.1 302.4 -1168.3 0
noon 50.7 146.7 0.0 151.1 305.3 301.1 302.6 -1045.1 0
1 pm 45.7 167.6 0.0 141.4 306.9 301.1 302.7 -962.0 0
2 pm 37.1 -176.2 0.0 121.2 307.6 301.1 302.6 -896.6 0
3 pm 26.3 -164.3 0.0 94.4 307.2 489.1 474.0 1266.6 83
4 pm 14.3 -155.1 0.0 53.9 305.7 489.1 473.7 950.1 83
5 pm 1.7 -147.3 0.0 14.5 303.7 489.1 473.5 866.5 83
6 pm -11.3 -140.3 0.0 0.0 301.3 489.1 473.3 821.0 83
7 pm -24.4 -133.2 0.0 0.0 299.5 489.1 473.2 791.5 83
8 pm -37.5 -125.3 0.0 0.0 298.1 489.1 473.1 769.9 83
9 pm -50.3 -114.8 0.0 0.0 297.2 489.1 473.1 752.0 83
10 pm -61.9 -98.2 0.0 0.0 296.4 489.1 473.1 736.5 83
11 pm -70.2 -67.3 0.0 0.0 295.7 489.1 473.0 722.3 83
November
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -78.4 -6.8 0.0 0.0 291.3 489.1 472.8 720.7 83
1 am -67.5 25.7 0.0 0.0 291.0 489.1 472.8 707.8 83
2 am -54.6 38.3 0.0 0.0 290.7 489.1 472.8 695.8 83

Page | 42
3 am -41.5 46.2 0.0 0.0 290.2 489.1 472.8 684.6 83
4 am -28.3 52.6 0.0 0.0 289.8 489.1 472.7 674.2 83
5 am -15.4 58.8 0.0 0.0 289.4 489.1 472.7 664.5 83
6 am -2.8 65.4 0.0 0.0 289.0 489.1 472.7 655.2 83
7 am 9.1 72.9 87.8 49.8 290.0 489.1 473.0 641.1 83
8 am 20.3 82.0 63.6 88.8 291.5 489.1 473.2 628.7 83
9 am 30.0 93.4 0.0 109.2 293.2 489.1 473.4 615.7 83
10 am 37.4 107.9 0.0 113.2 295.3 301.1 301.4 -1093.8 0
11 am 41.6 125.5 0.0 126.6 297.3 301.1 301.7 -1105.2 0
noon 41.6 144.4 0.0 126.0 299.2 301.1 301.8 -1031.9 0
1 pm 37.4 162.0 0.0 119.2 300.5 301.1 301.9 -948.2 0
2 pm 30.0 176.5 0.0 101.7 301.1 301.1 301.8 -882.4 0
3 pm 20.3 -172.0 0.0 72.0 300.7 489.1 473.6 1285.1 83
4 pm 9.1 -162.9 0.0 36.0 299.1 489.1 473.3 968.8 83
5 pm -2.8 -155.4 0.0 0.0 297.1 489.1 473.1 885.2 83
6 pm -15.4 -148.8 0.0 0.0 295.4 489.1 473.0 837.9 83
7 pm -28.3 -142.6 0.0 0.0 294.3 489.1 473.0 807.1 83
8 pm -41.5 -136.2 0.0 0.0 293.4 489.1 472.9 784.4 83
9 pm -54.6 -128.3 0.0 0.0 292.7 489.1 472.9 765.9 83
10 pm -67.5 -115.7 0.0 0.0 292.1 489.1 472.9 749.6 83
11 pm -78.4 -83.1 0.0 0.0 291.5 489.1 472.8 734.9 83
December
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -81.5 9.2 0.0 0.0 286.3 489.1 472.6 733.4 83
1 am -69.1 35.8 0.0 0.0 286.1 489.1 472.6 720.1 83
2 am -56.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 285.8 489.1 472.6 707.9 83
3 am -42.8 51.3 0.0 0.0 285.7 489.1 472.6 696.2 83
4 am -29.8 57.0 0.0 0.0 285.4 489.1 472.5 685.4 83
5 am -17.1 62.7 0.0 0.0 285.3 489.1 472.5 675.1 83
6 am -4.8 69.0 0.0 0.0 284.9 489.1 472.5 665.7 83
7 am 6.8 76.3 40.3 26.4 285.7 489.1 472.7 653.9 83
8 am 17.5 85.2 33.8 64.1 286.9 489.1 472.9 641.2 83
9 am 26.7 96.2 0.0 90.8 288.5 489.1 473.1 628.3 83
10 am 33.7 110.0 0.0 106.1 290.5 301.1 300.9 -1189.2 0
11 am 37.5 126.3 0.0 118.7 292.6 301.1 301.2 -1098.9 0
noon 37.5 143.7 0.0 120.2 294.6 301.1 301.4 -1021.4 0
1 pm 33.7 159.9 0.0 114.9 296.0 301.1 301.5 -938.1 0
2 pm 26.7 173.7 0.0 93.2 296.4 301.1 301.3 -865.0 0
3 pm 17.5 -175.2 0.0 66.5 295.4 489.1 473.3 1306.5 83
4 pm 6.8 -166.3 0.0 33.9 293.7 489.1 473.1 982.8 83
5 pm -4.8 -159.0 0.0 0.0 291.5 489.1 472.8 899.2 83
6 pm -17.1 -152.7 0.0 0.0 290.0 489.1 472.8 851.6 83
7 pm -29.8 -147.0 0.0 0.0 288.8 489.1 472.7 820.9 83
8 pm -42.8 -141.3 0.0 0.0 287.9 489.1 472.7 798.1 83
9 pm -56.0 -135.0 0.0 0.0 287.2 489.1 472.6 779.3 83
10 pm -69.1 -125.8 0.0 0.0 286.7 489.1 472.6 762.8 83
11 pm -81.5 -99.2 0.0 0.0 286.4 489.1 472.6 747.7 83

Page | 43
ADDRESS
F-225 H MANSAROVER GARDEN
Scenario Two (yellow)
Sun Nov 10 2013 21:23:22 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)
Setup Information:
Building
Location India - Delhi
Building length,side A N/A
Building length,side B N/A
Simulation Type
Simulation Type one_sided
Window Description
Typology sgu_nb
Glazing Type clear
Window Area 18%
Wall Description
Insulation R-Value 1 m2
-K/W
Occupancy
Type Low-rise Residential
Occupancy Load 2.0 people per m2
Lighting Requirements 200 lux
EquipmentLoad 25.00 W/m2
Room Ventilation
Air Change Rate per Occupant -1.0 liters / sec per person
Total Air Change Rate -2.7 roomfuls per hour
Lighting Control
Lighting Control lights respond to sunlight:all lights controlled by a single dimming switch
Representative Room
Orientation east
Room Depth 2.5 m
Room Width 3 m
Room Height 2.7 m
Thermal Mass
Thermal Mass low
Overhang
Overhang Depth 0 m
Roof
Roof Type adiabatic roof

Page | 44
Simulation Results:
Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions
heating
energy
cooling
energy
lighting
energy
total
energy
CO2
emissions
(kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kWh/m2
) (kg/m2
)
January 14.3 0.0 2.9 17.2 3.4
February 6.5 0.0 2.7 9.2 1.8
March 0.4 0.0 2.9 3.3 0.7
April 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 0.5
May 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 0.5
June 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.4 0.5
July 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 0.5
August 0.0 0.0 2.6 2.6 0.5
September 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.7 0.5
October 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.9 0.6
November 0.2 0.0 2.8 3.0 0.6
December 7.3 0.0 2.9 10.2 2.0
Total 28.7 0.0 32.3 61.0 12.2 yearly energy
January
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -80.0 -45.3 0.0 0.0 284.5 296.1 288.4 41.7 0
1 am -68.3 -14.6 0.0 0.0 284.2 296.7 288.5 44.3 0
2 am -55.3 -3.5 0.0 0.0 284.0 296.5 288.3 42.8 0
3 am -42.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 283.7 296.8 288.2 39.3 0
4 am -29.1 9.7 0.0 0.0 283.7 297.1 288.3 42.5 0
5 am -16.2 15.7 0.0 0.0 283.5 296.4 287.9 38.8 0
6 am -3.7 22.1 0.0 0.0 283.3 296.0 287.7 38.4 0
7 am 8.0 29.5 57.8 42.0 284.0 295.2 288.4 0.0 0
8 am 19.0 38.5 326.3 117.0 285.2 297.2 291.6 0.0 0
9 am 28.4 49.8 303.9 162.8 287.1 296.4 292.9 0.6 0
10 am 35.7 63.9 232.8 169.9 289.2 296.2 293.8 0.0 0
11 am 39.7 80.9 86.9 143.7 291.5 297.8 294.7 0.0 0
noon 39.7 99.1 0.0 137.5 293.6 297.9 295.8 0.0 0
1 pm 35.7 116.0 0.0 122.1 295.3 298.0 296.8 0.0 0
2 pm 28.4 130.2 0.0 102.3 295.7 298.1 297.1 0.0 0
3 pm 19.0 141.4 0.0 73.5 295.1 298.0 296.4 0.0 0
4 pm 8.0 150.4 0.0 42.2 293.5 297.3 295.1 0.2 0
5 pm -3.7 157.8 0.0 9.3 291.4 296.3 293.2 0.3 0
6 pm -16.2 164.2 0.0 0.0 289.3 296.6 291.6 14.3 0
7 pm -29.1 170.2 0.0 0.0 287.6 295.9 290.4 25.3 0

Page | 45
8 pm -42.1 176.3 0.0 0.0 286.5 295.8 289.7 27.2 0
9 pm -55.3 -176.4 0.0 0.0 285.7 296.0 289.2 30.3 0
10 pm -68.3 -165.3 0.0 0.0 285.0 295.8 288.8 37.1 0
11 pm -80.0 -134.6 0.0 0.0 284.5 295.6 288.3 40.2 0
February
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -73.3 -63.7 0.0 0.0 286.5 296.4 289.9 18.5 0
1 am -64.2 -31.2 0.0 0.0 286.2 296.9 290.0 19.3 0
2 am -52.0 -15.5 0.0 0.0 286.1 296.2 289.6 19.9 0
3 am -39.1 -5.8 0.0 0.0 285.9 296.2 289.5 20.7 0
4 am -25.9 1.6 0.0 0.0 285.4 297.5 289.4 25.7 0
5 am -12.8 8.4 0.0 0.0 285.1 296.2 288.8 31.0 0
6 am 0.0 15.3 0.0 0.0 284.9 296.1 288.7 31.9 0
7 am 12.4 23.0 223.9 75.4 285.9 296.7 291.2 0.0 0
8 am 24.1 32.2 374.2 162.2 287.3 296.8 293.4 1.0 0
9 am 34.5 44.0 347.9 191.3 289.4 297.4 294.8 0.4 0
10 am 42.7 59.5 259.6 182.3 291.8 297.3 296.0 0.0 0
11 am 47.4 79.1 92.9 162.2 294.4 298.2 296.9 0.0 0
noon 47.4 100.8 0.0 146.6 296.8 298.6 298.2 0.0 0
1 pm 42.7 120.4 0.0 125.4 298.5 299.4 299.4 0.0 0
2 pm 34.5 135.9 0.0 104.8 299.4 300.0 300.1 0.0 0
3 pm 24.1 147.7 0.0 88.8 299.0 299.9 299.7 0.0 0
4 pm 12.4 157.0 0.0 62.0 297.4 299.0 298.3 0.0 0
5 pm 0.0 164.6 0.0 28.2 295.0 297.9 296.1 0.0 0
6 pm -12.8 171.5 0.0 0.0 292.4 298.2 294.7 2.7 0
7 pm -25.9 178.3 0.0 0.0 290.6 298.0 293.2 7.6 0
8 pm -39.1 -174.1 0.0 0.0 289.1 297.3 291.9 9.3 0
9 pm -52.0 -164.4 0.0 0.0 288.2 297.7 291.4 11.9 0
10 pm -64.2 -148.7 0.0 0.0 287.5 297.1 290.9 15.9 0
11 pm -73.3 -116.2 0.0 0.0 287.0 297.2 290.3 16.9 0
March
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -62.5 -73.5 0.0 0.0 291.9 299.2 294.7 1.6 0
1 am -55.8 -47.0 0.0 0.0 291.5 298.8 294.1 2.0 0
2 am -45.4 -29.8 0.0 0.0 291.1 299.4 293.8 1.4 0
3 am -33.4 -18.1 0.0 0.0 290.8 299.3 293.8 0.5 0
4 am -20.6 -9.3 0.0 0.0 290.3 299.6 293.5 1.7 0
5 am -7.5 -1.8 0.0 0.0 289.8 298.9 292.9 1.6 0
6 am 5.6 5.3 12.2 11.7 289.9 299.1 293.2 2.5 0
7 am 18.6 12.9 381.9 131.3 291.0 297.4 295.7 0.0 0
8 am 31.2 22.0 453.9 208.2 292.6 297.5 297.8 0.0 0

Page | 46
9 am 42.8 33.9 388.1 240.4 294.6 298.3 299.2 0.0 0
10 am 52.6 50.9 272.9 225.5 297.0 299.1 300.2 0.0 0
11 am 58.6 75.4 98.1 196.3 299.3 300.0 301.0 0.0 0
noon 58.6 104.5 0.0 178.7 301.5 301.7 302.4 0.0 0
1 pm 52.6 129.0 0.0 160.2 303.6 303.0 304.1 0.0 0
2 pm 42.8 146.0 0.0 144.9 304.6 303.9 305.0 0.0 0
3 pm 31.2 157.9 0.0 114.5 304.6 304.3 305.0 0.0 0
4 pm 18.6 167.0 0.0 80.9 303.4 303.6 303.9 0.0 0
5 pm 5.6 174.6 0.0 38.6 301.3 301.8 301.8 0.0 0
6 pm -7.5 -178.1 0.0 0.2 298.8 302.6 301.1 0.0 0
7 pm -20.6 -170.6 0.0 0.0 296.9 301.2 299.4 0.0 0
8 pm -33.4 -161.8 0.0 0.0 295.3 300.5 297.9 0.0 0
9 pm -45.4 -150.2 0.0 0.0 294.1 300.3 296.8 0.0 0
10 pm -55.8 -132.9 0.0 0.0 293.0 299.3 295.7 0.9 0
11 pm -62.5 -106.4 0.0 0.0 292.4 299.2 294.9 1.0 0
April
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -50.8 -78.2 0.0 0.0 297.7 303.6 300.8 0.0 0
1 am -45.7 -57.2 0.0 0.0 297.4 303.5 300.4 0.0 0
2 am -37.1 -41.2 0.0 0.0 296.9 303.2 299.9 0.0 0
3 am -26.3 -29.3 0.0 0.0 296.2 302.1 299.1 0.0 0
4 am -14.3 -20.0 0.0 0.0 295.8 301.6 298.7 0.0 0
5 am -1.7 -12.3 0.0 0.0 295.1 300.8 297.8 0.0 0
6 am 11.2 -5.3 194.9 86.6 295.8 302.1 300.2 0.0 0
7 am 24.4 1.7 350.3 210.9 296.9 299.8 300.8 0.0 0
8 am 37.5 9.7 421.1 273.9 298.4 300.4 302.6 0.0 0
9 am 50.2 20.2 369.0 287.0 300.4 301.8 304.2 0.0 0
10 am 61.9 36.8 243.0 256.8 302.4 303.2 305.2 0.0 0
11 am 70.1 67.7 89.4 216.8 304.7 305.1 306.2 0.0 0
noon 70.1 112.2 0.0 193.6 306.9 306.6 307.6 0.0 0
1 pm 61.9 143.1 0.0 175.9 308.6 307.9 309.1 0.0 0
2 pm 50.2 159.7 0.0 155.0 309.9 309.0 310.3 0.0 0
3 pm 37.5 170.2 0.0 126.5 310.3 309.7 310.6 0.0 0
4 pm 24.4 178.2 0.0 89.3 309.8 309.6 310.1 0.0 0
5 pm 11.2 -174.6 0.0 49.6 308.6 308.7 308.9 0.0 0
6 pm -1.7 -167.6 0.0 11.1 306.9 310.2 309.0 0.0 0
7 pm -14.3 -159.9 0.0 0.0 305.0 309.2 307.5 0.0 0
8 pm -26.3 -150.6 0.0 0.0 302.8 307.8 305.4 0.0 0
9 pm -37.1 -138.7 0.0 0.0 301.0 305.6 303.6 0.0 0
10 pm -45.7 -122.7 0.0 0.0 299.6 304.8 302.4 0.0 0
11 pm -50.8 -101.7 0.0 0.0 298.3 304.0 301.3 0.0 0
May
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed

Page | 47
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -41.6 -80.5 0.0 0.0 301.5 306.4 304.2 0.0 0
1 am -37.5 -62.9 0.0 0.0 300.9 305.7 303.4 0.0 0
2 am -30.0 -48.4 0.0 0.0 300.5 305.7 303.0 0.0 0
3 am -20.3 -36.9 0.0 0.0 300.0 305.8 302.6 0.0 0
4 am -9.2 -27.9 0.0 0.0 299.5 304.8 302.1 0.0 0
5 am 2.8 -20.4 0.0 0.0 299.1 304.3 301.8 0.0 0
6 am 15.4 -13.8 309.8 121.6 300.1 305.5 304.9 0.0 0
7 am 28.3 -7.6 393.1 235.6 301.2 303.1 305.2 0.0 0
8 am 41.4 -1.1 400.3 296.4 302.8 304.6 306.9 0.0 0
9 am 54.6 6.7 344.9 309.1 304.6 306.0 308.4 0.0 0
10 am 67.4 19.3 220.6 285.8 306.5 307.5 309.3 0.0 0
11 am 78.4 51.9 76.5 245.2 308.6 309.0 310.2 0.0 0
noon 78.4 128.0 0.0 220.2 310.5 310.5 311.5 0.0 0
1 pm 67.4 160.6 0.0 186.3 312.1 311.9 312.9 0.0 0
2 pm 54.6 173.2 0.0 171.1 313.3 313.0 313.9 0.0 0
3 pm 41.4 -178.8 0.0 139.8 313.6 313.5 314.2 0.0 0
4 pm 28.3 -172.3 0.0 101.3 313.2 313.3 313.8 0.0 0
5 pm 15.4 -166.1 0.0 63.4 311.8 312.0 312.3 0.0 0
6 pm 2.8 -159.5 0.0 22.0 310.1 313.6 312.4 0.0 0
7 pm -9.2 -152.0 0.0 0.0 308.2 312.7 310.8 0.0 0
8 pm -20.3 -143.0 0.0 0.0 306.2 311.7 309.0 0.0 0
9 pm -30.0 -131.5 0.0 0.0 304.6 310.4 307.6 0.0 0
10 pm -37.5 -117.0 0.0 0.0 303.3 309.2 306.3 0.0 0
11 pm -41.6 -99.4 0.0 0.0 302.1 307.3 304.8 0.0 0
June
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -37.6 -81.3 0.0 0.0 302.4 308.3 305.5 0.0 0
1 am -33.7 -65.0 0.0 0.0 301.8 307.4 304.8 0.0 0
2 am -26.7 -51.2 0.0 0.0 301.2 307.0 304.2 0.0 0
3 am -17.5 -40.2 0.0 0.0 300.8 306.6 303.8 0.0 0
4 am -6.8 -31.3 0.0 0.0 300.5 306.8 303.6 0.0 0
5 am 4.8 -24.0 0.0 4.0 300.9 306.7 303.9 0.0 0
6 am 17.1 -17.7 238.7 138.2 301.4 307.5 306.3 0.0 0
7 am 29.8 -12.0 256.8 269.0 302.5 305.2 306.2 0.0 0
8 am 42.8 -6.3 264.8 339.8 303.8 305.7 307.5 0.0 0
9 am 56.0 0.0 229.7 350.5 305.3 306.8 308.7 0.0 0
10 am 69.1 9.1 148.6 324.8 307.0 307.9 309.6 0.0 0
11 am 81.5 35.7 55.4 268.4 308.6 309.2 310.2 0.0 0
noon 81.5 144.2 0.0 240.9 310.2 310.5 311.4 0.0 0
1 pm 69.1 170.8 0.0 204.9 311.7 311.9 312.7 0.0 0
2 pm 56.0 -179.9 0.0 186.7 312.5 312.7 313.4 0.0 0
3 pm 42.8 -173.6 0.0 156.6 312.9 313.1 313.7 0.0 0
4 pm 29.8 -167.9 0.0 110.9 312.4 312.6 313.0 0.0 0
5 pm 17.1 -162.2 0.0 67.6 311.3 311.5 311.8 0.0 0
6 pm 4.8 -155.9 0.0 28.1 309.8 313.3 312.0 0.0 0
7 pm -6.8 -148.6 0.0 0.0 308.2 312.4 310.6 0.0 0

Page | 48
8 pm -17.5 -139.8 0.0 0.0 306.4 311.4 309.1 0.0 0
9 pm -26.7 -128.7 0.0 0.0 305.2 310.3 308.0 0.0 0
10 pm -33.7 -114.9 0.0 0.0 304.0 309.1 306.9 0.0 0
11 pm -37.6 -98.7 0.0 0.0 303.0 308.3 305.9 0.0 0
July
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -39.7 -80.9 0.0 0.0 300.5 310.6 304.6 0.0 0
1 am -35.7 -63.9 0.0 0.0 300.1 310.0 304.1 0.0 0
2 am -28.4 -49.7 0.0 0.0 299.8 310.7 304.3 0.0 0
3 am -19.0 -38.5 0.0 0.0 299.4 310.9 304.0 0.0 0
4 am -8.0 -29.5 0.0 0.0 299.2 310.7 303.6 0.0 0
5 am 3.7 -22.1 0.0 0.0 298.9 311.2 303.5 0.0 0
6 am 16.2 -15.7 191.9 102.4 299.6 312.5 305.9 0.0 0
7 am 29.0 -9.7 257.5 208.7 300.4 309.5 305.8 0.0 0
8 am 42.1 -3.6 244.6 302.5 301.4 308.3 306.5 0.0 0
9 am 55.3 3.5 189.4 308.4 302.7 308.1 307.2 0.0 0
10 am 68.3 14.6 116.8 291.2 304.3 308.6 307.7 0.0 0
11 am 80.0 45.4 40.4 241.5 305.6 309.0 308.1 0.0 0
noon 80.0 134.5 0.0 215.9 307.0 309.5 308.9 0.0 0
1 pm 68.3 165.3 0.0 185.6 308.1 310.0 309.7 0.0 0
2 pm 55.3 176.4 0.0 157.3 308.8 310.5 310.1 0.0 0
3 pm 42.1 -176.3 0.0 131.3 309.0 310.6 310.2 0.0 0
4 pm 29.0 -170.2 0.0 97.5 308.7 310.3 309.7 0.0 0
5 pm 16.2 -164.3 0.0 58.0 307.8 309.6 308.7 0.0 0
6 pm 3.7 -157.8 0.0 23.1 306.5 311.7 309.0 0.0 0
7 pm -8.0 -150.4 0.0 0.0 305.1 311.5 308.1 0.0 0
8 pm -19.0 -141.4 0.0 0.0 303.6 310.6 306.8 0.0 0
9 pm -28.4 -130.2 0.0 0.0 302.5 311.8 306.4 0.0 0
10 pm -35.7 -116.0 0.0 0.0 301.5 311.5 305.6 0.0 0
11 pm -39.7 -99.1 0.0 0.0 300.7 309.9 304.6 0.0 0
August
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -47.4 -79.1 0.0 0.0 300.1 312.5 304.8 0.0 0
1 am -42.7 -59.5 0.0 0.0 299.8 310.9 304.2 0.0 0
2 am -34.5 -43.9 0.0 0.0 299.5 310.2 303.6 0.0 0
3 am -24.2 -32.1 0.0 0.0 299.1 310.9 303.7 0.0 0
4 am -12.5 -22.9 0.0 0.0 298.8 311.3 303.6 0.0 0
5 am 0.0 -15.2 0.0 0.0 298.5 309.4 302.7 0.0 0
6 am 12.8 -8.4 148.9 88.2 299.2 309.6 304.4 0.0 0
7 am 25.9 -1.6 194.4 222.7 299.8 308.6 305.0 0.0 0
8 am 39.1 5.9 203.4 300.7 300.8 307.7 306.0 0.0 0

Page | 49
9 am 52.0 15.6 191.0 331.6 302.2 308.9 307.2 0.0 0
10 am 64.1 31.3 124.1 299.4 303.7 308.6 307.4 0.0 0
11 am 73.3 63.7 42.4 246.8 305.1 309.1 307.7 0.0 0
noon 73.3 116.2 0.0 208.7 306.5 309.4 308.5 0.0 0
1 pm 64.1 148.7 0.0 179.0 307.5 309.8 309.1 0.0 0
2 pm 52.0 164.3 0.0 155.2 308.2 310.2 309.6 0.0 0
3 pm 39.1 174.0 0.0 131.9 308.6 310.3 309.8 0.0 0
4 pm 25.9 -178.4 0.0 101.5 308.5 310.2 309.6 0.0 0
5 pm 12.8 -171.6 0.0 52.6 307.5 309.5 308.5 0.0 0
6 pm 0.0 -164.7 0.0 15.9 306.2 312.4 309.2 0.0 0
7 pm -12.5 -157.0 0.0 0.0 304.8 312.0 308.2 0.0 0
8 pm -24.2 -147.8 0.0 0.0 303.4 311.5 307.0 0.0 0
9 pm -34.5 -136.0 0.0 0.0 302.2 311.5 306.3 0.0 0
10 pm -42.7 -120.4 0.0 0.0 301.3 311.5 305.3 0.0 0
11 pm -47.4 -100.8 0.0 0.0 300.4 311.7 304.9 0.0 0
September
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -58.7 -75.4 0.0 0.0 299.4 306.8 302.8 0.0 0
1 am -52.6 -50.9 0.0 0.0 299.0 306.1 302.2 0.0 0
2 am -42.8 -33.8 0.0 0.0 298.7 306.1 301.9 0.0 0
3 am -31.2 -21.9 0.0 0.0 298.2 306.8 301.6 0.0 0
4 am -18.6 -12.9 0.0 0.0 297.9 306.1 301.4 0.0 0
5 am -5.6 -5.3 0.0 0.0 297.5 305.0 300.8 0.0 0
6 am 7.5 1.8 142.3 64.4 298.0 306.0 302.6 0.0 0
7 am 20.6 9.4 312.8 195.8 298.8 306.0 303.6 0.0 0
8 am 33.4 18.2 322.6 278.8 299.9 305.6 304.8 0.0 0
9 am 45.4 29.8 297.5 309.2 301.7 305.8 306.3 0.0 0
10 am 55.8 47.0 206.6 282.4 303.2 306.2 306.7 0.0 0
11 am 62.4 73.6 68.3 228.0 305.0 306.9 307.0 0.0 0
noon 62.4 106.3 0.0 188.5 306.6 307.7 307.9 0.0 0
1 pm 55.8 132.9 0.0 169.5 308.0 308.7 309.0 0.0 0
2 pm 45.4 150.1 0.0 150.5 309.0 309.4 309.8 0.0 0
3 pm 33.4 161.7 0.0 121.7 309.4 309.8 310.1 0.0 0
4 pm 20.6 170.5 0.0 81.7 308.7 309.3 309.4 0.0 0
5 pm 7.5 178.1 0.0 37.8 307.5 308.4 308.0 0.0 0
6 pm -5.6 -174.7 0.0 1.3 306.1 310.2 308.5 0.0 0
7 pm -18.6 -167.0 0.0 0.0 304.4 309.4 307.2 0.0 0
8 pm -31.2 -158.0 0.0 0.0 303.0 308.5 306.0 0.0 0
9 pm -42.8 -146.1 0.0 0.0 301.8 307.9 304.8 0.0 0
10 pm -52.6 -129.1 0.0 0.0 300.7 307.4 303.9 0.0 0
11 pm -58.7 -104.5 0.0 0.0 299.8 306.7 303.0 0.0 0
October
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed

Page | 50
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -70.2 -67.7 0.0 0.0 295.7 306.7 300.0 0.0 0
1 am -61.9 -36.7 0.0 0.0 295.3 306.6 299.9 0.0 0
2 am -50.3 -20.1 0.0 0.0 294.9 305.6 299.1 0.0 0
3 am -37.5 -9.6 0.0 0.0 294.6 306.2 298.9 0.0 0
4 am -24.4 -1.7 0.0 0.0 294.3 305.8 298.8 0.0 0
5 am -11.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 294.0 304.6 298.0 0.0 0
6 am 1.7 12.3 10.4 19.1 294.3 304.7 298.6 0.0 0
7 am 14.3 20.1 363.6 144.2 295.4 301.8 300.1 0.0 0
8 am 26.3 29.3 440.2 218.4 296.8 301.1 301.7 0.0 0
9 am 37.1 41.2 394.9 232.6 298.7 301.3 302.8 0.0 0
10 am 45.7 57.3 277.5 213.9 301.0 302.2 303.8 0.0 0
11 am 50.7 78.2 98.5 180.0 303.2 303.6 304.6 0.0 0
noon 50.7 101.7 0.0 162.4 305.3 305.1 306.0 0.0 0
1 pm 45.7 122.6 0.0 141.4 306.9 306.3 307.3 0.0 0
2 pm 37.1 138.7 0.0 121.2 307.6 307.0 307.9 0.0 0
3 pm 26.3 150.6 0.0 94.4 307.2 307.0 307.6 0.0 0
4 pm 14.3 159.9 0.0 53.9 305.7 305.9 306.1 0.0 0
5 pm 1.7 167.6 0.0 14.5 303.7 304.0 303.9 0.0 0
6 pm -11.3 174.6 0.0 0.0 301.3 306.2 303.7 0.0 0
7 pm -24.4 -178.2 0.0 0.0 299.5 306.2 302.5 0.0 0
8 pm -37.5 -170.3 0.0 0.0 298.1 305.6 301.3 0.0 0
9 pm -50.3 -159.8 0.0 0.0 297.2 306.2 300.9 0.0 0
10 pm -61.9 -143.2 0.0 0.0 296.4 306.2 300.3 0.0 0
11 pm -70.2 -112.3 0.0 0.0 295.7 305.5 299.6 0.0 0
November
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -78.4 -51.8 0.0 0.0 291.3 301.5 294.8 0.0 0
1 am -67.5 -19.2 0.0 0.0 291.0 301.6 294.6 0.0 0
2 am -54.6 -6.7 0.0 0.0 290.7 300.4 294.0 0.3 0
3 am -41.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 290.2 301.2 293.9 0.8 0
4 am -28.3 7.6 0.0 0.0 289.8 300.8 293.7 1.1 0
5 am -15.4 13.8 0.0 0.0 289.4 300.6 293.3 1.6 0
6 am -2.8 20.4 0.0 0.0 289.0 299.8 292.7 2.8 0
7 am 9.1 27.9 264.5 100.6 290.0 297.9 294.5 0.0 0
8 am 20.3 37.0 365.6 175.0 291.5 297.7 296.4 0.0 0
9 am 30.0 48.4 380.1 186.7 293.2 298.0 297.8 0.0 0
10 am 37.4 62.9 269.3 164.2 295.3 298.3 298.6 0.0 0
11 am 41.6 80.5 97.4 150.9 297.3 299.0 299.0 0.0 0
noon 41.6 99.4 0.0 135.1 299.2 299.9 300.1 0.0 0
1 pm 37.4 117.0 0.0 119.2 300.5 300.6 301.1 0.0 0
2 pm 30.0 131.5 0.0 101.7 301.1 301.1 301.6 0.0 0
3 pm 20.3 142.9 0.0 72.0 300.7 301.0 301.2 0.0 0
4 pm 9.1 152.0 0.0 36.0 299.1 300.0 299.6 0.0 0
5 pm -2.8 159.5 0.0 0.0 297.1 298.7 297.6 0.0 0
6 pm -15.4 166.1 0.0 0.0 295.4 300.9 297.6 0.0 0
7 pm -28.3 172.3 0.0 0.0 294.3 300.9 296.9 0.0 0

Page | 51
8 pm -41.5 178.8 0.0 0.0 293.4 301.8 296.5 0.0 0
9 pm -54.6 -173.3 0.0 0.0 292.7 302.7 296.3 0.0 0
10 pm -67.5 -160.7 0.0 0.0 292.1 303.1 296.1 0.0 0
11 pm -78.4 -128.1 0.0 0.0 291.5 302.3 295.3 0.0 0
December
solar
altitude
solar
azimuth
direct
radiation
diffuse
radiation
outdoor
temp.
indoor
temp.
window
temp.
heating
load
blinds
closed
) (W-h/m2
) (K) (K) (K)
(W-
h/m2
)
(%
time)
midnight -81.5 -35.7 0.0 0.0 286.3 298.7 290.4 18.0 0
1 am -69.1 -9.1 0.0 0.0 286.1 299.1 290.6 21.9 0
2 am -56.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 285.8 298.1 290.2 21.4 0
3 am -42.8 6.3 0.0 0.0 285.7 299.6 290.5 26.1 0
4 am -29.8 12.0 0.0 0.0 285.4 298.6 289.9 21.2 0
5 am -17.1 17.7 0.0 0.0 285.3 298.1 289.6 21.8 0
6 am -4.8 24.0 0.0 0.0 284.9 299.0 289.7 17.8 0
7 am 6.8 31.3 145.8 56.0 285.7 296.7 290.5 0.0 0
8 am 17.5 40.2 308.9 127.5 286.9 297.1 292.7 0.2 0
9 am 26.7 51.2 306.8 158.9 288.5 296.9 293.9 0.1 0
10 am 33.7 65.0 228.8 158.2 290.5 296.9 294.8 0.0 0
11 am 37.5 81.3 86.7 143.1 292.6 298.0 295.5 0.0 0
noon 37.5 98.7 0.0 129.2 294.6 298.3 296.5 0.0 0
1 pm 33.7 114.9 0.0 114.9 296.0 298.5 297.4 0.0 0
2 pm 26.7 128.7 0.0 93.2 296.4 298.3 297.5 0.0 0
3 pm 17.5 139.8 0.0 66.5 295.4 298.1 296.6 0.0 0
4 pm 6.8 148.6 0.0 33.9 293.7 297.3 295.1 0.0 0
5 pm -4.8 155.9 0.0 0.0 291.5 296.3 293.2 0.0 0
6 pm -17.1 162.2 0.0 0.0 290.0 297.2 292.5 7.5 0
7 pm -29.8 167.9 0.0 0.0 288.8 296.6 291.5 12.6 0
8 pm -42.8 173.6 0.0 0.0 287.9 297.4 291.1 12.6 0
9 pm -56.0 179.9 0.0 0.0 287.2 297.6 290.7 15.0 0
10 pm -69.1 -170.8 0.0 0.0 286.7 297.7 290.6 18.7 0
11 pm -81.5 -144.2 0.0 0.0 286.4 297.5 290.2 21.6 0

Page | 52
CONCLUSION
One cannot achieve a perfect living environment unless we know the factors which
makes it so imperfect. This document has done the same it has shown the various
factors and policies that leads to health hazards.
Here I have tried to show that how one can achieve ideal living conditions by tackling
each of the factors i.e. indoor air quality, ventilation and air flow, lighting, natural
environment and materials and shown their respective impacts on human health in a
living environment and raised a question how we as architects can solve these
problems by taking certain careful measures and setting some health standards and
follow them while designing any space/building or anything.
In this document, I have limited my scope to residential areas only. Residential areas
are like the core of this human life. Home is a place we consider safe and if home is
itself not a safe place then how can it protect us from any other external agent.
I would like to finally conclude that health should be an explicit component while
planning any residential area. Government should make it mandatory for designers,
architect, planners and engineers to follow such guidelines.
New policies should be developed to make this amendment in our system.
As the place where we live our lives should always protect us in every possible
way and where there is health there is life.

Page | 53
REFERENCES
 http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/paranal/seeing/buildingwake/
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447979/
 http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2011/10/american-public-housing
 http://designadvisor.mit.edu/design/
 http://www.spacesyntax.com/
 http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/good_wood/env_imp.htm
 www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces
 Venolia, C. (1988). Healing environments: your guide to indoor well-being. Berkeley:
Celestial Arts.
 Gobbell, R. V., Gobbell, P. & Cates, H. H. (1994). Architect development verification
program: ADVP-2 indoor environment. Washington, DC: NCARB
 Al-Homoud M, Tassinary L (1997) External space enclosure affords neighborhood-level
social interactions. In H Kiang, O Lay, B May, W Chii, J Harrison, B Yuen, and H Limin
(Eds.), Cities for the 21st Century (Proceedings of The Third International Convention on
Urban Planning, Housing, and Design). Singapore: Center for Advanced Studies in
Architecture, National University of Singapore,
 Journal of Architectural and Planning Research (Autumn, 2003)
 http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environ.ie%2Fen%2FPublicati
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 International Workshop on Housing, Health and Climate Change: Developing guidance
for health protection in the built environment mitigation and adaptation responses
Geneva, 1315 October 2010- Meeting report.
 Spengler, J.D. and Chen, Q. 2000. “Indoor air quality factors in designing a healthy
building,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25, 567-600.
 United States Air and Radiation (6609J) Research and Development Environmental
Protection (MD-56) Agency February 1991.
 Vital signs- observing air flow in buildings: Department of architecture, university of
Washington
 Lighting, Colour and Physiology: Deakin University
 Effect of fluctuating wind on cross ventilation in building from large eddy simulation: YI
Jiang and Qingyan chen. : Building technology program: Massachusetts Institute of
technology.
 Holdrege, E. S., and Reed, B. H., Pressure Distribution on Buildings, Summary Report to
U.S. Army, Camp Detrick, Md., by Texas Engineering Experimental Station, College
Station, Texas, 1957.

Page | 54
 Clarke, J. H., The Design and Location ofBuilding Inlets and Outlets To Minimize Wind
Effect and Building Reentry of Exhaust Fumes, American Industrial Hygiene Journal, Vol.
26, pp. 242 (1965).
 Roodman, D. M. & Lenssen, N. (1995, March). A building revolultion: how ecology and
health concerns are transforming construction. Worldwatch paper, 124.

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