Referencing and Citation in research

2. CITATION AND
REFERENCING IN
RESEARCH WORK
SUBMTTED BY : Jingling Bells
SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM SAMINA RANA
MEMBER NAMES: KHADIJA RIAZ (8a)
ZARKA SHAFIQ (33)
SITARA TARIQ (34)
ROMAISA SHAHEEN (38)
AYESHA CHAUDRY (42)
SAMIA CH. (45)
AYESHA SALEEM (46)
AQSA MAHMOOOD (66)
UMM-E-AMMARA
TAHA SHAFIQ (84)
IQRA SHOUQAT

3. CONTENTS:
• Introduction
• What is citation?
• Citation Types
• In-text, Other text possibilities
• What is reference?
• What is Bibliography?
• Differences between----
• Different Citation Styles
• Practicing APA
• Practicing MLA
• Differences
• Final Words

4. CITATION:
• Citation is a quotation or reference from a book,
paper or author specially in a scholarly work.
• More precisely citation is an abbreviated
alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of
an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the
bibliographic reference.
• Generally the combination of the in-body citation
and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is
commonly thought as a citation.

5. PURPOSES OF CITATION:
• To upload intellectual honesty (or avoiding
plagiarism)
• To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to
the correct sources.
• To allow the reader to determine independently
whether the referenced material supports the
author’s argument in the claimed way.
• To help the reader gauge the strength and validity
of the material the author has used.
• TO acknowledge other works.
• To avoid plagiarism

6. . Books
. journals
. Conference proceedings
. Patents
. Thesis
. Personal communication
. Web Pages etc.
What sources to cite:

7. Primary Sources of Citation:
• Primary sources are first-hand authoritative accounts
of an event, topic, or historical time period. They are
typically produced at the time of the event by a
person who experienced it, but can also be made
later on in the form of personal memories or oral
histories. Anything that contains original information
on a topic is considered a primary source.
Examples: Letters, diaries or journals(personal thoughts
. Original photographs
. First-hand newspaper reports
. Speeches, autobiographies or memoris
. Creative works like plays, paintings and songs
. Research data and surveys.

8. Secondary source of citation:
• Use secondary source sparingly, for instance, when
the original work is out of print, unavailable through
usual sources, or not available in English. Give the
secondary source in the reference list; in text, name
the original work and give a citation for the
secondary source.
For example, if Allport's work is cited in Nicholson
and you did not read Allport's work, list the Nicholson
reference in the reference list. In the text, use the
following citation:
Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
Also Essays or reviews, Criticism or
commentaries etc.

9. Tertiary sources of citation:
• Tertiary sources generally provide an overview or
summary of a topic, and may contain both primary
and secondary sources. The information is displayed
as entirely factual, and does not include analysis
or critique.
• Tertiary sources can also be collections of primary
and secondary sources, such as databases,
bibliographies and directories.
Examples: Textbooks(may also be considered
secondary),
Almanacs
Bibliographies or abstracts

10. In-text Citation:
We must provide information that will allow the
reader to locate exactly where we found information
in our source. Usually this is the author’s last name
and the year of publication , for example:
(Wasser,2009)
Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the
sentence before the punctuation mark.
Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist
mostly of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen,
plus assorted diurnal chemicals ( Wasser,2009).

11. In-Text Citation, cont’d
When the author’s name appears as part of sentence
(known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in
the parenthetical citation Just give the year of
publication.:
Abrams succinctly outlines his version of the history of
literary criticism prior to the renaissance through the
metaphor of the mirror “representing reality
unblinkingly(1998).
When there are two authors, name both authors every
time their work is referenced in your paper:
Abrams and Herman outline his….

12. Other citation possibilities:
• When there are between three and five authors, name all their first
citing, including author and replace the other with “et al”.
Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser(2009) believe that…
• When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and
“et al” for the others.
• If the author is a group(e.g., corporation , association, govt
agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, through some
groups’ name can be abbreviated after the first instance.
• According to government figures, boys are…..
• When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few
words of the reference list entry; if article , chapter or webpage,
use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics:
• Students use internet excessively(“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college hand, College Bound Senior(2008),
recommends balanced use of internet for studies.

13. Other Citation Possibilities:
.Some times you may want to refer to more than one
source in your in-text citation. In that case, you
should place them alphabetically, separated by a
semicolon:
Excessive internet use effect student’s memory(Freud
1901; Jung 1905).
.To cite a specific part of a source , indicate a page,
especially if a direct quotation; chapter ; figure;
table; or equation at the appropriate point in your text
Jung establishes the fact that drawbacks of excessive
internet use are long lasting91919, chapter 3).

14. REFERENCE:
• A short note recognizing a source of information or
of a quoted passage.
• A book to which you can refer for authoritative
facts.
• The action of mentioning or alluding to something
or,
• The use of a source of information in order to
ascertain something.

15. Example:
Author Date of publication Article title Date of citation Journal title
Kaul S.DiamodGA, Good enough; a primer on the analysis and
interpretation of noninfe8riority trials. Ann Intern Med[Internet].
2006 Jul 4 [cited2007 Jan 4];145(1);62-9.
Availablefrom:http://www.annals.org/egi/reprint/145/1/62.pdf
Type of medium Availability Volume number Issue number Location

16. Why to reference ???
• Proves that substantial research has been done to support
our analysis .
• Enables others to follow up on our work .
• Gives credit to other people's work .
• Avoids charges of plagiarism.
• Required to support all significant statements.
• Used to indicate the origin of material & source for research
& further reading.

17. PLAGIARISM:
“The practice of taking someone
else's work or ideas and passing
them off as one's own. Recorded
from the early 17th century,
the word comes from
Latin plagiarius ‘kidnapping’.”

18. Difference Between Referencing And
Citation:
Citation
A specific source that you mention in
the body of your paper. The
format of the citation may change
depending on the style you use
(e.g. MLA & APA) and the way
that you weave the citation in to
your writing, but the basic
elements of the citation I to your
writing, but the basic elements of
the citation that you need to
include are:
. Name of author
. Year of publication
. Page number or page range
If you quote a source directly you
must include the exact page
number in your citation or it is
incomplete.
Referencing
• This is a list of the sources you
have cite. The references come
at the end of your paper. In APA
style, this is not a list of “works
cited”. Every source that is listed
in your references also needs to
be cited in the body of your paper.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• There may be many articles which we have referred
but not cited, these can be listed at the end of our
assignment in a bibliography. These articles should
be listed in alphabetical order.
• HOW DO YOU WRITE A BIBLIOGRAPHY?
1. Author name.
2. Title of publication & title of magazine if it’s a magazine or
encyclopedia).
3. Date of publication.
4. The place of publication of a book.
5. The publication company of a book.
6. The volume number of a magazine or printed encyclopedia.
7. The page number(s).

20. Reference Vs. Bibliography
• The terms „References‟ and „Bibliography‟ are
often used synonymously, but there is a difference in
meaning between them.
• References are the items you have read and
specifically referred to (or cited) in your work , and
your list of sources at the end of the assignment will
be headed „References‟.
• Bibliography is a list of everything you read -whether
or not you referred specifically to it .

21. Different Styles Of
Referencing And Citation:

22. What is reference style ????
• A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in-
text references (footnotes or endnotes),
and bibliography.
• It is a act of referring.

23. Some styles in Practice:
FACULTY
• Arts
• Business and Economics
• Creative Arts and
Industries
• Education
• Engineering
• Law
• Medical and Health
Sciences
• Sciences
• Theology
Recommended referencing styles
Harvard, Chicago, MLA, University of Auckland
Style
APA
The Business of Writing: Written Communication
Skills for Business Students
APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA
APA
Harvard, Chicago, UOA Engineering Numbered
Style Guide
Vancouver, APA
Referencing style recommended by Science
Departments
Scientific style and format: the CBE manual for
authors, editors and publishers
Chicago

24. Some common referencing and citation
styles and their origins:
• The Vancouver system_ used in medical and
scientific journal.
• The Harvard system
• Chicago manual of style
• American Psychological Association(APA)-
psychology, education and other social sciences
• American Medical Association-(AMA) - Medical and
biological sciences
• Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature and
arts

25. Referencing Style Cont..
APA:
The alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper provide the
necessary in formation for the reader to locate and retrieve any source
cited in the body of text.
It lists alphabetically in this order:
The last name of the author followed by the initials and the year of
publications in brackets. In the case of with one author the title of the
book comes next in italics with just initial letter of the first word of the
title and subtitle capitalize. This is followed by the place of publication
and the name of the publisher.
The information in the list of references must be detailed enough tp
enable the reader to easily locate addition or volume or issue number,
in the case of journals or web page etc.
EXAMPLE: Pinker ,(1999).Words and Rules: The ingredients of
Language. London: Phoenix

26. Referencing Style Cont..
• MLA:
• MLA is defined as a style of writing used for college-level writing .An
example of MLA style is the specific formatting for foot notes in a
college paper.
. MLA format requires that you briefly acknowledge your sources in the
main body of the text by using the author’s name and the page number
in parentheses. Note the following example:
(Clinton 440). The reader then knows to consult page 440 of
Clinton’s book.
. If you refer to the title of a larger published work in your paper,
such as a novel or movie, it should appear as follow:
John Clinton’s “A STUDY OF LIFE”. Please note the use of capital
letters and italics.
. Titles of smaller works, such as poems or short stories, should be
written in the text as follows:
Raymond Carver’s “Cathedral”. Please note that smaller works are put
in quotation marks and underlined.

27. MLA research paper format tips:
• Use a clear typeface (Arial or Times New Roman) in
a readable size.
• Justify the text to the left margin, leaving the right
margin ragged.
• Leave 1”margins on the top, bottom, left, and right.

28. MLA APA
Authors / editors Spells out available names.
If more than 3 list first and
“et al.”
Uses last name and first
initial. List all authors
Titles Capitalize every important
word
Capitalizes first word
Publisher Shortens name Uses full name
Places of publication Only lists city Lists state abbreviation
when city is lesser known
Pages Uses+ for pages after the
first one
Lists first page and
additional pages
Dates Placed at end of citation Follows author’s name
Identities First line is flush with left
margin, second and
subsequent lines are
intended
First line of an entry is
indented, second and
subsequent lines are flush
with the left margin
Parenthetical Citation in
Text
Use author name and page Uses author name, date of
publication, and page
number

29. Introduce source material with signal
phrases

30. Introduce source material with signal
phrases
• You can introduce source information with a phrase
like “according to…” or try working the information or
quotation right into the flow of your sentence with
one of these signal words:
When the
Author is
Neutral:
Comments
Describes
Explains
Illustrates
notes
When
Author
Argues:
argues
claims
contends
maintains
insists
When author
suggests
or infers:
concludes
finds
proposes
reveals
speculates
considers

31. Conclusion
• We conclude that there are many standard style used for
referencing, we can use any one of them.
• It gives us a standard format of presenting or reference.
• Supports or significant statement and helps to know
origin of work.
• Plagiarism can be avoided.