Geothermal Energy in Greece: Exploration - Fields - Exploitation - Legal Framework

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN GREECE:
Exploration - Fields - Exploitation -
Legal Framework
Dr Apostolos Arvanitis
Geologist, PhD in Geothermal Energy
AGG Expert on Geothermal Energy
Member of the EFG’s Panel of Experts on Geothermal Energy
e‐mail: ap_arvanitis@yahoo.gr
EuroWorkshop:
Geothermal ‐ The Energy of the Future
Fira, Santorini, Greece, 18‐19 May 2017

Geothermal exploration in Greece
began in the early 1970s by I.G.M.E.
[1]
Greece is rich in geothermal energy
resources.
The Hellenic area is characterized by
high levels of heat flow
(> 80 mW/m2), mainly in the
sedimentary basins of Northeastern
Greece and the Aegean Sea due to
the active extensional tectonics and
volcanic activity.
The intense volcano‐tectonic activity
caused the geological conditions for
accumulation of heat energy which
is manifested in many places as
hydrothermal systems of low,
medium and high enthalpy
geothermal fields [1].
Geothermal areas in Greece with main
geotectonic structures [1]
Geothermal exploration in Greece

Map of heat flow density in Greece [3]
South Aegean Volcanic Arc (Methana, Soussaki, Milos, Nisyros, Santorini, Kos)
Sedimentary basins of Northern Greece (Strymon River basin, Nestos River Delta basin, Evros River Delta
basin)
Northern Euboea (Evia) (Aedipsos area) ‐ Spercheios basin
East Aegean Islands: Samothrace, Lemnos, Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria.
Areas of increased heat flow are
as follows:
Preliminary map of heat flow density [2]

The most important high enthalpy
geothermal fields (Milos, Nisyros) are
located in the Southern Aegean
along the Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA)
with proven geothermal
potential 25 MWe and estimated
possible potential >250 MWe [4, 5, 6]
The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA) and
the locations of Milos and Nisyros islands
High enthalpy geothermal fields in Greece
Sources: [7, 8]
Source: [9]

Five geothermal wells (1,017‐1,381 m
deep) were drilled on Milos island
during 1975‐1981 [12, 13]
Temperature in the wells: 280‐320οC [14]
Depth of reservoir: 1,000‐1,380 m [14]
Production: 339 tons/h of fluids
(200 tons/h saturated steam  ‐
139 tons/h hot water) [14]
Pressure: 11‐29 atm [14]
High enthalpy
geothermal field of
Milos island
MZ‐1 ,     Depth: 1101 m
T=310oC at 932m
MA‐1:  D: 1163m, T=250oC at 1095m
M‐2:
D: 1381m
T=300‐
320oC
Sources: [10, 11, 12]
Source: [16]
Source: [15]
Source: [15] Source: [17]

It is located in the caldera in the
central part of the island.
Two wells (1,816 and 1,547 m deep)
were drilled in the early 1980s [18, 19, 20,
21].
Area of the field: 3.5 km2 [14]
Temperature in the wells: > 350οC [14, 19]
Depth of reservoir: 1,400‐1,900 m [14]
Production: 75 tons/h of fluids [14]
Vapor to liquid ratio: 27:73 [14]
Wellhead Pressure: 10‐15 bar [19]
High enthalpy
geothermal field of
Nisyros island
Nisyros conceptual model by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) [22, 23]
Geothermal well NIS‐1 (1,816 m deep) [24]
Geothermal well at Nisyros [25]

Low enthalpy (temperature)
geothermal fields are mostly
associated with grabens and
post‐orogenic sedimentary
basins.
There is a high potential in the
areas of Kimolos, Polyegos,
Northern Evia (Aedipsos),
Lesvos, Chios and Samothrace
islands and in the
NE continental mainland
(Eastern Macedonia and
Thrace).
The deep water circulation
along “open” faults in grabens
has created a large number of
low enthalpy (T≤90oC) fields
throughout the country.
There are more than 750
thermal springs [1, 5].
Low enthalpy
geothermal fields
in Greece
GEOTHERMAL
FIELDS AND
AREAS
IN GREECE

Some important low enthalpy geothermal fields in Greece (i)
Geothermal field of Aristino (Thrace, NE Greece):
Water temperature: 30‐90oC [14, 26, 27]
Depth of reservoir: 150‐450 m [14, 26, 27]
Discharge (from existing wells): 200 m3/h [14]
Chemical composition of waters: Na‐CI
with TDS of 4.3‐10.5 g/l [26, 27]
Hydrothermal model of the Aristino field [26, 27]
Geothermal field of Nea Kessani (Thrace):
Water temperature: 40‐83oC [14]
Depth of reservoir: 120‐500 m [14, 26]
Discharge (from existing wells): >300 m3/h [14]
Chemical composition of waters: Na‐CI/ΗCO3
with TDS of 0.4‐5.5 g/l [14, 26] Geothermal well in the
Nea Kessani field [28]
Geothermal field of Neo Erasmio ‐ Magana (Thrace):
Water temperature: 27‐68oC [14, 29]
Chemical composition of waters: Na‐CI and
Na‐ΗCO3CI with TDS of 0.57‐10.1 g/l [26]
Geothermal well and pumping station in the Neo Erasmio field [30]

Some important low enthalpy geothermal fields in Greece (ii)
Geothermal area of Therma (Samothrace island):
‐ Thermal springs in the Therma area (T=35‐58oC) [31,
32]
‐ Three shallow wells S‐1, S‐2 and S‐3 at depths
of 120, 120 and 60 m respectively were drilled
within the thermal area near existing spas.
They yield a high flow rate of fluids and water
temperature up to 99.4oC [31, 32]
‐ The hot waters are of Na‐Cl type with high TDS
values (up to 31 g/l) and rich in Na+, CI‐, Ca2+, Li+,
Sr2+, SiO2, B, Br‐ and I‐ contents [31, 32].
Geothermal well
S‐3 in Therma
(Samothrace
island):
Depth: 60 m,
T=99oC [32]
Geothermal field of Eratino ‐ Chrysoupolis
(Eastern Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Water temperature within the reservoir:
75oC [14, 26, 33]
Discharge (from existing wells): 300 m3/h [14,
26, 33]
with TDS of 12.6‐15.2 g/l [26]
Geothermal production wells N‐1P and N‐2P in the Eratino field [33]

Some important low enthalpy geothermal fields in Greece (iii)
Geothermal wells
AKR‐1 and AKR‐3
[34, 35]
Geothermal field of Akropotamos (Kavala,
Eastern Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Water temperature: 45‐90oC [14, 34, 35]
Depth of reservoirs: 100‐185 m, 240‐515 m [14, 34, 35]
Chemical composition of waters: Na‐CI &
Na‐HCO3CI with TDS of 2.15‐30.7 g/l [34, 36]
AKR‐1 (D: 275 m)
90o
C + CO2 200 m3
/h
AKR‐3 (D: 515 m)
Geothermal field of Therma ‐ Nigrita
(Serres, Central Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Water temperature:     40‐64oC [14, 38, 41, 42]
Depth of reservoir:    70‐500 m [14]
Discharge:               ~1,000 m3/h [14]
Chemical composition of waters:
Na‐HCO3 with TDS of 1.1‐3.6 g/l
3.5‐4.7 kg CO2 /m3 geothermal water [38, 43, 44]
Geothermal
wells in the
Therma
Nigrita
field
83o
C + CO2      150 m3
/h
Geothermal field of Sidirokastro (Serres,
Central Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Water temperature: 40‐75oC [14, 38]
Depth of reservoirs: 30‐500 m [14]
Chemical composition of waters: Na,Ca‐ HCO3 &
Na‐HCO3 with TDS of 0.98‐1.33 g/l [37, 38, 39]
Source: [40]
Source: [39]
Source: [40]

Some important low enthalpy geothermal fields
in Greece (iv)
Geothermal fields/areas on Lesvos island [14, 1, 45]:
Geothermal field /Geothermal field /
areaarea
AreaArea
((kmkm22
))
Depth ofDepth of
reservoir (m)reservoir (m)
DischargeDischarge
((mm33
/h)/h)
TemperatureTemperature
((°°C)C)
PolichnitosPolichnitos 1010 5050--202000 330000 6655--9955
StipsiStipsi 2020 150150--220220
350350
1,0001,000
------ ~ 90~ 90
100100
9292--9393
ArgenosArgenos 44 1010--115500 330000 9090
KalloniKalloni 1010 5050--220000 303000 2525--3030
ThermiThermi -- GerasGeras >2>2 2200--8800 150150 4040
ThermiThermi 1010--5500 202000 6600
MytileneMytilene 1010 5500--115050 550000 3030--3535
PetraPetra -- MithimnaMithimna 1010 101000--202000 110000 3355--6060
LisvoriLisvori 2200 6688
Argenos [81]
Polichnitos:
Geothermal well drilling [4]

Some important low enthalpy geothermal fields in Greece (v)
Geothermal field of Soussaki (Corinth,
Peloponnese, Southern Greece):
Reservoirs:   50‐200 m     T=60‐76oC  [14]
600‐900 m    T up to 75oC [14]
Discharge:  600 m3/h  [14]
with TDS of 38.1‐48.8 g/l [46]
Gases: CO2, H2S  [14, 46]
Geothermal wells in the Soussaki field [46]
Geothermal field of Nenita (Chios island):
Water temperature within the reservoir: 78‐82.8oC [14, 47]
Depth of reservoir: 300‐500 m [14]
Discharge (from the existing production well): ~ 150 m3/h [14]
with TDS of 74‐74.6 g/l [14, 47, 48]
Geothermal well in the Nenita field [47]
Geothermal area of Aedipsos (Northern part of Euboea island):
There are many hot springs with temperature up to 82.4oC.
In the Aedipsos area, an exploration borehole
was drilled down to 374 m depth with a casing down
to 340 m and the maximum temperature of 80oC
was recorded at 350 m [49] .
Aedipsos
(Northern Euboea)
[50]

Geothermal conditions in Santorini
Hot springs and
fumaroles in Palea
and Nea Kammeni:
97‐98oC [12]
Fluids from the
bottom of the
Koloumbo caldera:
230oC [12]
Main springs:
‐ Plaka: 33.6oC [12,
52]
‐ Athermi Christou:
56oC [12]
‐ Vlichada: 32oC [12,
52]
Results of preliminary geothermal exploration in
Santorini:
‐ No significant temperature gradient was detected at the
northern part of Santorini island [12, 53]
‐ An area of anomalous geothermal gradient has been
identified at the southern part of Santorini [12, 53]
Exploration Boreholes
Borehole S‐1: T: 64.7oC at 240 m [12, 53]
Sources: [12, 51]

Prospective medium enthalpy geothermal resources in Greece (i)
Favorable areas for probable
existence of medium enthalpy
geothermal resources are as
follows:
‐ The sedimentary basins of
Northeastern Greece (basins
of Strymon, Nestos River Delta
and Evros River Delta)
‐ Samothrace island
‐ Aedipsos area
‐ Lesvos island
‐ Soussaki area
‐ Southern part of Chios island
Source: [54]

Prospective medium enthalpy geothermal resources in Greece (ii)
Prospective Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Resources in Sedimentary Basins of Northern Greece
Simplified geological map of NE Greece (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) with the locations of the Tertiary sedimentary
basins and the main geothermal fields [1: Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, 2: Tertiary volcanic rocks, 3: Granites and
granodiorites, 4: Marbles and limestones, 5: Metamorphosed rocks of Rhodope Massif,   6: Metamorphosed rocks of Serbo‐
Macedonian Massif (SMM), 7: Low‐grade metamorphosed rocks of Circum‐Rhodope Belt, 8: SMM & Rhodope contact,
9: SMM & Rhodope probable contact, 10: Faults, 11: Probable faults, 12: Deep exploration boreholes, 13: Low enthalpy
geothermal fields (the numeration of the fields is as follows: 1:Therma‐Nigrita, 2: Sidirokastro, 3: Lithotopos‐Iraklia,
4: Agistro, 5: Ivira‐Achinos‐Mavrothalassa, 6: Akropotamos, 7: Eratino, 8: Magana‐Neo Erasmio, 9: Nea Kessani,
10: Mitrikou Lake, 11: Sappes, 12: Aristino‐Alexandroupolis, 13: Tychero, 14: Therma‐Samothrace)]  [31, 55]
Nestos River Delta
Basin
Well N‐1 (D=3,159m)
115oC at 2,970 m
Well N‐2 (D=3,970 m)
102oC at 2,774m
127oC at 3,104 m
164oC at 3,960 m
Well N‐3 (D=3,851 m)
105oC at 2,482 m
138oC at 3,601 m
160oC at 3,851 m
Deep hydrocarbon
exploration
boreholes have been
drilled.
Temperature
measurements were
carried out.
Well DEV‐3 (D=2,860 m)
104oC at 2,650 m
108oC at 2,860 m
Well DEV‐1 (D=4,229m)
136oC at 3,975 m
146oC at 4,229 m
Well DEV‐2 (D=3,213 m)
100oC at 3,000 m
Evros River Delta Basin
Strymon Basin
Well STR‐1 (D=3,651m)
106oC at 2,884 m
135oC at 3,651 m
Well STR‐2 (D=2,678 m)
89oC at 2,678 m
Well STR‐3 (D=3,144 m)
96oC at 3,144 m Sources of borehole temperature data: [31, 55, 56, 57, 58]

Prospective medium enthalpy geothermal resources in Greece (iii)
Geothermal exploration borehole N‐1G
in the Nestos River Delta Basin
Prospective Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Resources in Sedimentary Basins of Northern Greece
• 122oC at 1,377 m
• Average geothermal
gradient: 78oC/km
Conceptual geothermal model
of the Nestos River Delta Basin
760 m
Sources: [55, 59]
Sources: [31, 55, 60]

Geothermal Exploration for Medium Enthalpy Geothermal
Resources (i)
Location of leasing areas [5, 6]
In March 2011, international open tenders took
place for the leasing of the right to explore the
geothermal potential of four promising areas:
Evros River Delta (1,307 km²) in Thrace, Nestos
River Delta (803 km²) in Eastern Macedonia,
Samothrace Island (181 km2) in NE Aegean and
Central/Southern Chios isl. (476 km2) in East
Aegean) [5, 6].
The interest was focused on probable medium
enthalpy geothermal resources suitable for
binary cycle power generation [6].
A consortium of two Greek private companies
(Terna Energy S.A. and ITA Group S.A.) awarded
all the tenders [5, 6].
Unfortunately, the lease contracts were never
signed, the consortium withdrew from the
exploration projects and the tenders have been
officially declared void [5,6].
In January 2012, another international open tenders took place concerning the exploration in other four
promising areas: Spercheios basin (1,861.2 km2) in Central Greece, Akropotamos (128.58 km2) in Eastern
Macedonia, Soussaki (71.95 km2) in Central Greece and Ikaria island.
The exploration right was awarded to PPC Renewables S.A. [5, 6], which is a wholly‐owned subsidiary of the
Public Power Corporation (PPC) SA, Greece’s largest power generation company [61]. No contract was signed [6]
and PPC Renewables has abandoned its exploration rights.

Geothermal Exploration for High and Medium Enthalpy
Geothermal Resources (ii)
PPC Renewables S.A. (PPCR) holds the exclusive rights
to explore, exploit and manage the geothermal
potential in the following areas [62]:
(a)  Milos ‐ Kimolos ‐ Polyaigos
(b)  Nisyros
(c)  Lesvos
(d)  Methana
PPCR intends to produce electricity from the
geothermal potential that exists in these areas and
aims to find suitable partners who will cooperate with
PPCR in the company that will develop and manage
the Geothermal Power Plants that are going to be
installed in the aforementioned areas [62].
Lesvos
Methana
Nisyros
Milos‐Kimolos‐Polyaigos
Some information about the geothermal conditions in Lesvos (Stypsi), Methana and Kimolos
Lesvos (Stipsi area)
Exploration Well S‐1:
Depth: 1,410 m
T: 83.1oC at 1,400 m [63, 64]
Exploration Well STE‐2:
Depth: 1,015 m
T: 97.8oC at 400 m
T: 91.4oC at 1,015 m
[64]
Methana
7 exploration
boreholes [65],
100‐150 m deep
T: 48‐60oC
Exploration
Well
STE‐1:
Depth:
250 m,
T ≈ 100oC
[64]
Kimolos
Well PRASSA‐1
Depth: 188 m, Toutlet: 59.4‐55.2oC
Well PRASSA‐2
Depth: 238 m, Toutlet: 44.3‐47.2oC
Source: [66]

Geothermal applications in Greece (March 2016)
Summary ofSummary of the various categories of direct uses
Use Installed Capacity (MWt) Annual Energy Use (1012
J/yr)
Balneotherapy
(Bathing and Swimming)
42.0 251.0
Greenhouse Heating 33.38 571.0
Soil Heating 4.42 19.06
Space Heating 1.65 17.82
Aquaculture 1.26 18.0
Fish farming 0.05 0.91
Dehydration 0.58 5.54
Subtotal 83.76 888.33
Ground Source Heat
Pumps (GSHP) or
Geothermal Heat Pumps
148.0 709.0
TOTAL 231.76 1,592.33
Source:
[67] Papachristou M., Mendrinos D., Dalampakis P., Arvanitis A, Karytsas C. & Andritsos N. (2016), “Geothermal Energy Use,
Country Update for Greece ”, Proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2016, Strasbourg, France, 19‐24 Sept 2016, 14 p
No geothermal power is produced in GreeceNo geothermal power is produced in Greece

The high enthalpy geothermal applications on the islands of
Milos and Nisyros have unfortunately exhibited no progress
mainly because of the negative attitude of the inhabitants
to geothermal exploitation [68]. They believe that such
exploitation would have negative impacts on the
environment and human health, cultivations and tourism.
For this reason no further exploration in the high enthalpy
fields of these islands have performed. All negative
misimpressions in the people’s minds need time, effort and
cost in order to be weathered or even tempered [69].
In 1985‐86, a 2‐MWe pilot power plant was installed in the
high enthalpy field of Milos and operated intermittently
until 1989 (the total operating time was 9 months).
There were some technical problems that could be coped
successfully. The plant was then shut down because of
environmental protests due to H2S emissions into the
atmosphere and strong opposition from local inhabitants
and organizations (false information of the local people
about environmental impacts of electricity production
from high enthalpy resources & the actual environmental
problems related to H2S emissions from the pilot power
plant during its operation) [1, 16, 70] .
No electric power is produced from geothermal energy
2‐MWe pilot power plant on Milos island [16]
Source: [71]

Development of Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy
in Greece
The installed capacity  (MWt)
of “classic” direct uses
and of recorded GSHP applications
during 1994‐2014 [6]
‐ Direct utilization of geothermal energy (excluding
GSHP applications) remained rather static during
1994‐2014 [6].
‐ There is a significant growth of geothermal heat
pumps  (GSHP).
GSHP market development in Greece in the
period 1994‐2014 [67]
‐ The GSHP market has grown rapidly since 2007.
‐ There is a strong competition from natural gas and
split air‐conditioning units [5, 72, 73].
‐ Factors for this rapid growth of GSHPs [67, 70, 82]:
(a) the favorable legal framework and the ease of
licensing for the installation of GSHP systems
(b) the increasing oil prices in the period 2009‐2014 in
connection with the almost stable prices of electricity
(c) the increased interest in air‐conditioning  systems

BalneoBalneotherapytherapy (i)(i)
More than 750 thermal and mineral springs have been
recorded [6, 67].
The hottest springs are located in the Polichnitos area (Lesvos
island) and the water temperature reaches 92oC.
348 springs are used for balneotherapy and drinking [67].
More than 60 spas and bathing centers operate using thermal
waters [5, 6, 67].
There are more than 25 geothermal outdoor swimming pools
[5, 6, 67].
The total water flow rate from Greek thermal spas exceeds
1000 kg/s [1, 67].
There is no known systematic study of the energy use in the
balneological centers. Taking into account ∆T=10oC and flow
rate Q=1000 kg/s, the total installed capacity is estimated at
42‐43 MWt and the annual energy use at 251 TJ [67].
Thermopylae hot springs (Τ=39‐43oC)
Polichnitos hot springs (Lesvos island) [75]
Loutraki Aridea, Northern Greece (T=37οC): Outdoor pool [74]

BalneoBalneotherapytherapy (ii)(ii)
Many balneological centers have been renovated and feature luxurious and modern facilities with many amenities.
Aedipsos (Northern Euboea):
Thermae Sylla Spa & Wellness Hotel [76]
Loutraki (Corinth, Peloponnese):
Indoor pools (new modern facilities) [77]
Aghia Paraskevi Thermal Spa (Kassandra, Chalkidiki Peninsula) [78]
Therma Spa
(Lemnos
island) [79]

Greenhouse Heating (i)
Sidirokastro (Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Geothermal greenhouse (plotted flowers)
Geothermal energy is used for greenhouse heating since
1970’s.
Some of the older greenhouses are either closed and
abandoned or they use a different heating mix for reasons
not related to geothermal energy but rather to
bureaucratic/licensing issues [67].
The majority of geothermal greenhouses are located in
Northern Greece (Macedonia, Thrace) and on Lesvos and
Milos islands [6, 67].
In March 2016, 19 geothermal greenhouses were in
operation in continental Greece, Milos and Lesvos [67].
The total installed capacity has been estimated to be
33.38 MWt and the annual energy use at 571 TJ (average
capacity factor of 0.43) [67].
Nigrita (Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Geothermal greenhouse (chrysanthemum) [80]
Nigrita (Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Geothermal greenhouse (tomatoes) [80]

Greenhouse Heating (ii)
About 63% of the operating greenhouses are glass
covered with steel and aluminum frames [70, 5, 6].
In the majority of geothermal greenhouses, the
cultivated plants are vegetables (mainly tomatoes,
sweet peppers & cucumbers and occasionally lettuce,
green beans, strawberries & herbs. Cut flowers
(roses, lilies, chrysanthemums) and potted plants are
also cultivated [5, 6, 67, 82].
The vast majority of the geothermal waters used in
greenhouse heating have a temperature less than
60oC [5, 6, 67, 82].
When the quality of geothermal water is good, it is
generally used directly to the heating installations.
Otherwise, heat exchangers are utilized [67, 70].
Geothermal greenhouse on Lesvos island
(Therma Geras) [81]
Geothermal greenhouse on Milos island
(near the airport) [81]
Panoramic view of geothermal greenhouses in the low temperature
geothermal field of Sidirokastro (Macedonia, Northern Greece)
Internal view of
a geothermal
glass‐covered
greenhouse which
produces tomatoes
in Sidirokastro
(Macedonia,
Northern Greece)
Geothermal greenhouses in
Nea Apollonia (Mygdonia basin,
Macedonia, Northern Greece) [83]

Greenhouse Heating (iii)
Distribution of the heating systems in
geothermal greenhouses [70]
PE tubes [82]
Greenhouse heating is accomplished mainly by circulating
hot water in pipes located on the floor or at a certain
height.
Other methods include: forced circulation of warm air,
finned metal units and combination of the above methods
[5, 6, 67, 70].
The following heating methods (or some combination of
these) are used in the geothermal greenhouses [70, 82]:
(a) Fan‐coils heaters. Cascade use of water with PP pipes. .
(b) b) Corrugated polypropylene (PP) pipes of o.d. 28 mm
(c) Large (d: 0.2 m) polyethylene (PE) tubes.
(d) Finned metallic tubes.
Sources: [82, 16]

Greenhouse Heating (iv)
New hydroponic geothermal greenhouse units
in Neo Erasmio Xanthi (Thrace, NE Greece)
In 2014, a new hydroponic geothermal greenhouse
was constructed in Neo Erasmio by the industrial
company Thrace Plastics Co S.A [6, 67].
At the first stage, the installations covered an area of
4.2 ha (42 stremmas) [6, 67].
At present, the installations cover a total area of 12 ha
(120 stremmas) [84].
It constitutes the most important geothermal production
investment made in Greece [67, 85].
The ultimate goal is the expansion of facilities to 20 ha
(200 stremmas) [67, 85].
Many tons of tomatoes and cucumbers are produced
annually [67, 85].
Heating process is achieved by using 250 m3/h of fluids
from two wells with an average T= 60°C. Geothermal fluids
are re‐injected with a mean temperature of 30°C [67, 85].
Heating systems of the
geothermal greenhouses
in Neo Erasmio [67]
Source: [84]
Source: [84]
Source: [84]

Soil HeatingSoil Heating (i)(i)
The use of geothermal energy for soil heating has been
applied for early‐season asparagus cultivation in Neo Erasmio
(Xanthi, NE Greece) since 1997‐98 [30, 67, 82].
‐ At present, the asparagus cultivation area covers 2.0 ha (20
stremmas) [67].
‐ The soil heating is accomplished by direct flow of the
geothermal water through PP or PE pipes placed either
(a) underground at least 25 cm depth beneath the asparagus
Neo Erasmio (Xanthi, Thrace): White asparagus
plantation under black plastic film covering [30, 82]
Neo Erasmio (Xanthi, Thrace): Green asparagus
plantation under transparent plastic film covering [30]
Cross‐section of a
covered asparagus
bed [70, 82]
crowns or
(b) on the ground at the base
of the soil “ridges”, in a U‐
bond arrangement
[5, 6, 67].
‐ Installed capacity: 3.37 MWt
[67]
‐ Annual energy use: 10.16 TJ
[67]
Schematic
diagram of the
soil heating
system [70, 82]

Soil HeatingSoil Heating (ii)(ii)
Soil warming (subsoil or surface heating) in combination with an
arch‐type plastic cover of rows supported by frames (low tunnel
technology) can be also used for intensive and protected vegetable
cultivation extending the growing season (early growth), providing
frost protection and increasing the total yield [4, 30, 70].
Other vegetables, such as lettuces, strawberries and watermelons,
have been occasionally cultivated in the same area [30].
Arch‐type plastic covered rows (low tunnels) for intensive
lettuce cultivation in N. Erasmio) [4, 82]
Neo Erasmio: Subsoil heating in combination with low tunnel
technology for intensive lettuce cultivation [30]
Neo Erasmio: Surface heating in combination with low tunnel
technology for intensive lettuce cultivation [30]
In 2005, a 3‐ha soil heating unit of early season asparagus
cultivation was installed in Myrodato (Xanthi, NE Greece), using
geothermal fluids of 50°C [4, 6, 67, 70].
‐ Installed capacity is 1.05 MWt [4, 6, 67, 70]
‐ Annual energy use 8.90 TJ [4, 6, 67, 70]

Dehydration of Tomatoes and other Agricultural Products (i)
The first tomato dehydration plant
worldwide has been operating since
2001 in Neo Erasmio (Xanthi, NE
Greece) [86, 4, 5, 6, 70, 30, 67, 82]
Neo Erasmio: The entry of the drying tunnel and the
trays loaded with fresh tomatoes [30]
The unit uses low‐salinity geothermal
water (60°C) to heat air to 55‐58°C in a
tunnel drier (air ‐ geothermal water
heat exchanger system) [86, 4, 5, 6, 70,
30, 67, 82].
The hot air is driven to the drying
tunnel with the aid of two fan units
and passes above the trays with fresh
tomatoes [4, 67].
View of the dehydration plant in Neo Erasmio [30]
Schematic diagram of the drying tunnel for dehydration of agricultural
products [85]
The mean flow rate of the geothermal water is 25 m3/h &
the air flows inside each tunnel at a rate of 14,000 m3/h [67,
85].
The plant uses the same geothermal well that during winter
provides geothermal water for asparagus cultivation [4].

Dehydration of Tomatoes and
other Agricultural Products (ii)
13‐20 tons of dried tomatoes are produced
annually [85].
With geothermal dehydration and due to mild
temperatures (55‐58oC), the product retains its
nutrients (including vitamins and lycopene, the
nutrient responsible for the deep‐red color of
tomatoes) and flavors resulting in high‐quality
dried tomatoes [86, 87].
Dried tomato product and packaged product in glass jars [87]
Yearly production of dried tomatoes during 2001‐2012 [5]
The unit is also used for the occasional
dehydration of other vegetables and fruits, such
as olives, asparagus, peppers, eggplants, apples,
melons, onions, mushrooms, figs, cherries,
aubergines, courgettes etc [67, 5, 6, 87] .
Various dried agricultural products [87]

Aquaculture - Spirulina Cultivation (i)
Two Companies producing Spirulina have been established in
Therma ‐ Nigrita (Serres, Macedonia). The first unit was
constructed in 1997 and the second one in 2009‐2010 [88].
The installations are located in greenhouses covered with
plastic foil [88, 89, 90].
The local geothermal water of 47‐50oC can not be used directly
in the cultivation ponds because it contains As. Fresh water
heated by the geothermal water is used [88, 89, 90].
The geothermal waters contain about 4 kg of pure CO2 per
cubic meter of water produced [88, 89, 90].
The geothermal water is first directed to a separator and heats
fresh water in the production ponds [88, 89, 90, 70].
CO2 is separated from geothermal water and it is used for
Spirulina cultivation to optimize photosynthesis [88, 89, 90, 70].
CO2 is provided through tubes immersed in the suspension
close to the paddle wheels in the direction of the algal
suspension flow within the cultivation pond [88].
Therma ‐ Nigrita (Macedonia, Northern Greece):
Production ponds for Spirulina cultivation [88]
Pipe for CO2-supply
Note: Yellow arrows show the direction of the algal suspension flow
Pipes carrying
geothermal water

Aquaculture - Spirulina Cultivation (ii)
The heating of the cultivation water
in the ponds with geothermal energy
(with optimum temperature in the
range 33‐36°C) and the use of
geothermal CO2 increase significantly
micro‐algal production and reduce its
production cost [4, 88, 70].
The annual production of dry
Spirulina amounts to more than
7,000 kg in the form of capsules,
powder or tablets [5, 6].
Therma ‐ Nigrita: Production ponds for Spirulina cultivation. The production
ponds are oval and made of concrete. Pedal wheels do stirring (velocity of
suspension cultivation is about 15 m/min) [88].
Therma ‐ Nigrita: Semi‐production ponds for
Spirulina cultivation [88] Therma ‐ Nigrita:
Spirulina separation from the
algal suspension [88]

Fish farming -
Anti-frost protection and
heating
The fish farming facility that was using
geothermal water for anti‐frost
protection in Neo Erasmio (Xanthi, NE
Greece) is out of operation, due to
administrative issues not related to
geothermal energy [67].
The anti‐frost protection in the Porto
Lagos (Xanthi, NE Greece) fish‐farms is
no longer accomplished with the use of
geothermal energy, due to technical
problems of the wells [67].
The injection of warm water into the
pond not only protects the fish stock
from bad weather, especially during
winter time, but it has been shown that
it also increases fish production [4, 91].
Porto Lagos (Xanthi): Anti‐frost protection/heating of winter ponds (earth
channels) [81, 82]
The use of geothermal energy proved
indispensable during the heavy frosts
in the 2001‐2002 and 2002‐2003 winter
periods and averted massive reduction
(total loss) of the fish stock [1, 4, 70]. Aerial photographs of the Porto Lagos
area near the wintering ponds [91]
Part of the Porto Lagos fish wintering
pond. Hanging from the protecting
nets, plastic pipes carried and injected
warm water [91]

Fish farming
A small pilot unit for ornamental fish breeding in geothermal water operates since 2014 in Neo
Erasmio (Xanthi, NE Greece) [6, 67].
The project is based on the availability of good quality and low salinity geothermal waters [6].
The aim of this project is the investigation of the optimum prerequisites for the oviparity, prefattening
and fattening of the fish under the specific weather and geothermal conditions [6, 67].
The unit consists of 52 plastic breeding tanks of different sizes [6, 67, 85].
The geothermal water enters the unit with a temperature of 48°C at a maximum flow rate of 2 m3/h [6,
67].
Optimum water temperatures in the growing tanks are in the order of 23‐26°C [67, 85].
After 2 years of operation, it is concluded that the adaptability of ornamental fish to the geothermal
water is excellent [67].
Neo Erasmio: Pilot unit for ornamental fish breeding: (A) External view of the unit, (C ) Internal view of the breeding unit, (B) and (D)
Goldfish fully developed within plastic tanks [85]

Space/District Heating (i)
The use of geothermal energy for space heating is
limited.
Heating of a 1,300‐m2 spa building in Trainanoupoli
(Thrace, NE Greece) using geothermal water at 52°C.
A titanium plate heat exchanger is being used [92,
70].
The spa complex in Nea Apollonia (Macedonia,
Northern Greece) with a space area of about 4,000
m2, is heated directly using good quality geothermal
waters of 57oC [5, 6].
Traianoupoli (Thrace, NE Greece) [92, 93]
Nea Apollonia Spa facilities (Macedonia, Northern Greece) [94]
A small (three room) school building in Traianoupolis is also heated by geothermal energy [5, 6, 67].
Other space heating units:
‐ A 2,000 m2 area of offices and process facilities in the Neo Erasmio greenhouse unit [67]
‐ A few individual houses in Macedonia and Thrace (Northern Greece) [5, 6, 67].
Aerial view of the geothermal greenhouse facilities in
Neo Erasmio (Thrace, NE Greece) [84]

The district heating project
“Thermopolis” in Polichnitos
(Lesvos Island), which was
completed a few years ago, would
use geothermal waters of 88°C
for the heating of 5 public and
municipal buildings [4, 5, 6, 67].
Unfortunately, the system is still out
of operation due to the failure of the
submersible pump [67].
District Heating (ii)
Map of district heating network in Polichnitos (Lesvos island)
Buildings: K1= High School, K2= Primary School, K3 = Neo Ktirio (New Building),
K4= Cultural Centre, K5 = Church, K6 = Nursing Home [95]
Production geothermal well
in Polichnitos [4]
Map of the Polichnitos area
(Lesvos island) [95]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - i
The Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES)
has recorded 2,632 GSHP installations by the end of 2014
with a total installed capacity of 135 MWt [67].
More specifically [67]:
‐ 2,449 GSHPs have a low capacity (avg. 29KW)
‐ 183 GSHPs have a high capacity (avg. 349 KW)
About 61% of the recorded installed capacity refers to
open‐loop systems. The open‐loop systems use
(i) groundwater, which is always re‐injected), (ii) brackish
water and (iii) sea water [5, 6].
In the closed‐loop systems, the ground heat exchangers
are buried [5, 6, 70, 82]:
(a)  horizontally, in a shallow trench at depth of 1.5‐4 m
(b) vertically, as U‐tubes, in 60‐110 m deep boreholes.
Horizontal closed‐loop systems are mainly installed for
small buildings (houses).
Skopelos island:
Horizontal
ground‐source
heat collector
(closed‐loop
system) for a 80‐
m2 residence [96]
Eleones, Panorama ‐ Thessaloniki (Macedonia,
Northern Greece): Vertical closed‐loop ground heat
geo‐exchanger installed in borehole [96]
Ekali, Attica:
Vertical closed‐
loop ground  heat
exchanger (geo‐
exchanger)
installed in 13
boreholes (100 m
depth) for
heating/cooling
needs of a
double‐family
house [97]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - ii
The vast majority of the GSHP installations regard heating and cooling of
residential and office buildings [67].
Pylaia’ s City Hall ‐ Thessaloniki (Macedonia, Northern Greece): A vertical closed loop GSHP system consists of 21 vertical
boreholes (about 80 m deep each), 11 water‐to‐water heat pumps, 3 air‐handing units, fan coils and the requisite water and
air loops [98, 93, 99, 100, 104].
European Centre for Public Law building ‐
Legraina, Attica: Heating and cooling needs are
covered by a combined system of geothermal heat
pumps and solar air collectors. The open loop GSHP
system consists of a well producing brackish water at
24oC, water storage tank, an inverter driven control
system, a titanium plate heat exchanger, 2 water‐to‐
water heat pumps connected in cascade, air‐handing
units and fan coils and the requisite water and air
loops [93, 101, 102, 105].

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - iii
The Mining ‐ Electrical Engineering Building at
the NTUA (National Technical University of
Athens) Campus: Combined open and closed
loop GSHP systems: (a) a 280 m deep well yields
35 m3/h of water at 22oC providing 80% of
thermal energy to heat pumps (open loop) and
(b) 18 vertical ground heat exchangers have
been placed in 90 m deep boreholes providing
20% of thermal energy to heat pump (closed
loop)
Other components of the system: 2 plate heat
exchangers, 2 water‐to‐water heat pumps, fan‐
coils, buffer tank, 5 water circulating pumps etc
[93, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107]
Bioclimatic CRES office building, Pikermi, Attica: Open loop GSHP system consists of 80 m
deep well yielding 1.2‐1.5 m3/h of water at 18oC, 1 water source heat pump (Pth=17.5 kW,
Pc=16 kW), fan‐coil units and re‐injection well.
GSHP system covers 21% and 15% of the total heating and cooling loads respectively
[93, 101, 105, 106, 107]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - iv
The New Building of Regional Administration of Central
Macedonia (Thessaloniki): GHPS will contribute to the
heating/cooling needs of this large building.
‐ The system constitutes the largest GSHP installation in
Greece until today.
‐ It is a pioneering method because a combination of the
following different geothermal heat collectors (exchangers)
is implemented:
(a) 4 vertical closed‐loop co‐axial geo‐exchangers (ground
heat exchangers), 100 m deep each
(b) Horizontal closed loop ground heat exchanger (slinky
loop) under the foundation of the building (total length of
tube: 42,000 m)
(c) Open loop system consisting of well(s)
‐ This geothermal system including two heat pumps with a
total heating capacity of 850 kW can meet 1/3 of the
heating needs of this building.
Slinky loop ground heat exchanger
Installation of co‐axial ground heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger)
Sources: [108, 109, 110, 111, 112]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - v
GSHP installations in other office buildings
Office building of Edrasis ‐ C. Psallidas S.A. (2,860 m2) in Pikermi
(Attica): (a) vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger in 12
boreholes (107 m deep), (b) heat pump Pt=57.8 kW [113, 114]
Office building of AGGEMAR
Real Estate Development S.A.
(30,000 m2) in Kallithea, Athens:
horizontal closed loop ground heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger)
consisting of 60 loops (each loop’s length: 200 m) and covering a total
area of 5 stremmas (0.5 ha) [115, 116]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - vi
GSHP installations in residences ‐ Some examples
Residence (320 m2) in Agrinio (Western Greece): (a) two layer horizontal
closed loop ground heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger), (b) total length of
the tubes: 3,500 m, (c) type of heating system: in‐floor heating and fan‐
coils [117, 118]
Residence (230 m2) in Aghia Marina: (a) closed loop
ground heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger), (b) PE tube
placed at the side walls of a 3.5 m deep trench,
(c ) total length of the tube: 1,300 m, (d) type of
heating system: in‐floor heating and fan‐coils,
(e) PF=22.2kW & PT=20.0 kW [119]
Two‐storey Residence (200 m2) on Lemnos island: (a) closed
loop ground heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger), (b) PE tube
installed at the side walls of a 3.5 m deep trench, (c) total
length of the tube: 1,400 m, (d) type of heating system: in‐floor
heating and fan‐coils, (e) PF=17.5kW & PT=16.2 kW [119]
Three‐storey Residence
(280 m2) in Pallini,
Attica: (a) vertical
closed loop ground heat
exchanger (geo‐
exchanger) placed in
3 boreholes (depth 110
m), (b) type of heating
system: in‐floor heating
and fan‐coils,
(c) Pth= 28.8kW &
Pc=22.9 kW [120]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - vii
GSHP installations in residences ‐ Some examples
Three‐storey (230 m2) Residence in Ntrafi, Attica: (a) horizontal closed loop heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger) placed
in three layers at depths of 4, 3 and 2 m, (b) total length of tube: 1,200 m, (c) type of heating system: in‐floor heating
and fan‐coils, (d) Pth=19.8kW & Pc=16.9 kW [120]
Residence (250 m2) in Giannitsa
(Central Macedonia, Northern
Greece): (a) 8 vertical closed loop
ground heat exchangers (geo‐
exchanger), (b) 1 heat pump
(P = 17 kW) [121]
Residence (151 m2) on Mykonos
island (Cyclades, Aegean Sea):
(a) horizontal closed loop heat
exchanger (geo‐exchanger ) at depth
of 1.20‐1.50 m,
(b) total length of tube: 1,660 m,
(c) 1 heat pump (Pth=18 kW,
Pc=12.95 kW) [113]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - viii
GSHP installations in school buildings ‐ Some examples
5th Primary School in Serres (Macedonia, Northern
Greece): P=80 kW [139], vertical closed loop ground
heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger) in 15 boreholes
[122]
The “Ioannis M. Karras” Kindergarten (3000 m2) of Athens College in Neo Psychiko (Attica):
horizontal closed loop heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger) [122, 123, 124]
Nursery school in Keratea (Attica): vertical closed loop ground
heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger) in 15 boreholes [122]
Nursery school in Chalandri (Attica): vertical closed loop ground
heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger) in 25 boreholes [122]
Nursery school in Melissia
(Attica): horizontal closed loop
heat exchanger (geo‐exchanger)
[122]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - ix
GSHP installations in hotels ‐ Examples
Heating and cooling of the 4 star Hotel ‘Amalia’ in Nafplio (Peloponnese)
‐ Building with 8,980 m² air‐conditioned spaces
‐ Hotel heating and cooling needs are covered by 4 GSHPs
supplying 704 kW heating and 566 kW of cooling with fan‐coils.
‐ The GSHPs are fed through titanium plate heat exchangers (HE)
by an open loop geothermal doublet consisting of 2 production
and 3 reinjection wells, 60 m deep each.
‐ Production wells yield 65 m3/h brackish water at 17‐18oC.
‐ BMS (Building Management System) has also been installed.
Sources: [67, 113, 125, 114, 126, 127]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - x
GSHP installations in swimming pools ‐ Examples
Heating of the outdoor swimming pool of Ilida ‐ Amaliada (Western Peloponnese)
of 1,050 m2 surface and 2,205 m3 volume
‐ The heating needs of the swimming pool and for the
sanitary water at the swimmers baths are covered by 2 GSHP
of 400 kWt capacity each (800 kWt totally).
‐ Both heat pumps placed in series are fed by an open loop
doublet comprising two 100 m deep wells, supplying
70 m³/h of groundwater with a temperature of 18°C
through plate heat exchangers.
‐ The water is re‐injected at 10°C.
Sources: [67, 107, 128, 129, 130]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xi
GSHP installations in swimming pools ‐ Examples
Heating of the indoor swimming pool in Veria
(Macedonia, Northern Greece)
‐ GSHP system covers a part of the heating needs
of this indoor swimming pool.
‐ Horizontal closed loop ground heat exchanger
(geo‐exchanger) has been installed.
Sources: [131, 132]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xii
GSHP installation for de‐icing 950 m long pavements in Karpenissi (Central Greece)
‐ At the centre of Karpenissi, a small town and well known tourist
resort located in Evrytania (Central Greece), a geothermal
pavement heating system has been installed [67].
‐ The heating system is supplied by 28°C warm water from a
closed loop GSHP, coupled to a 100 m deep BHE (Borehole Heat
Exchanger) of 14°C ground temperature [67].
‐ 20 holes 100 m deep were drilled [133].
‐ The geothermal system is turned on automatically when
ambient temperature drops below +2°C and effectively melts and
clears the snow and ice from the pedestrian ways [67].
‐ This snow melting and de‐icing geothermal system operated for
the first time the winter of 2015‐2016.
Sources: [67, 133, 134]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xiii
GSHP installation for heating and cooling of AB Green Store in Stamata (Attica)
‐ AB green store belongs to one of the market leading chain of
supermarkets operating in Greece and its indoor spaces comprise
a total area of 1,334 m2 [67]
‐ A horizontal closed‐loop ground heat exchanger (geo‐
exchanger) system has been installed [67, 135].
‐ Space heating and cooling needs of the store are provided by a
GSHP (Pth= 101 kW in winter, Pc= 87 kWc in summer) supplying
two air handling units and fan‐coils, operated automatically by the
store BEMS (Building Energy Management System) [67].
‐ Building loop water temperatures are 40/45°C in heating mode
and 7/12°C in cooling mode [67].
‐ Electricity consumption: 23 kWe [67]
‐ COP: 4.35 (in heating) and 4.04 (in cooling) [67]
Source: [135]
Source: [135]
Source: [135]
Source: [135]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xiv
GSHP installation for soil in Chrysoupolis, Kavala (Macedonia, Northern Greece)
Water to water GHP systems
have been installed in the wider
area of Chrysoupolis (Kavala,
Northern Greece) since 2006 [67,
136].
At present, GHP systems
operate in 5 white asparagus [67,
136] plantations of total area
11 ha [136].
The total heating power
provided to the plantations
reaches 2.2 MW [67].
Open loop Geothermal Heat
Pump Systems [67]
Two stage 1.1 MW open loop heat pump
installations in a 9ha asparagus plantation in
the area of Chrysoupolis [67]
Chrysoupolis: The first GHP system applied
for early‐season asparagus cultivation [137]
Waters of 16.0 and 19.5°C from shallow aquifers (30‐100 m) enter the
heat pumps [67, 136].
The heat extracted from the groundwater (open loop) is transferred to
the asparagus field within PE pipes (closed loop) [67, 136].
The maximum field‐entering temperature does not exceed 35°C [67, 136].
Coefficient of Performance C.O.P. = 4.0 ‐ 5.0 [67].

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xv
GSHP installation for heating and cooling in winery near ancient Olympia (NW Peloponnese)
The first winery in Greece using
geothermal energy is located in Latzoi, a
small village near ancient Olympia.
Brintzikis winery is a small family owned
business, which produces annually 500
tons of wine [67].
It is the first green winery in Greece with
zero carbon footprint, thanks to 2 GSHP
systems coupled to photovoltaic panels
(the PVs provide 150 MWhe of electricity
per year) [67].
The pair of GSHPs (Pt=57 kW in heating,
Pc=53 kW in cooling each) provides the
heat, cool and chill that are required for
the wine storing, the treatment and
decantation of must, the alcoholic
fermentation and to maintain the space
temperature at 18°C during May‐October
[67].
100m deep borehole heat exchangers
(BHE) deliver water of 16°C to the GSHPs
in heating mode during winter and of
20°C in cooling mode during summer [67].
Source: [138]
Source: [138]

Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xvi
Numerous GSHP installations for various applications
Poultry farm
in the Kozani area
(Macedonia,
Northern Greece):
Open‐loop GHP system
(water ‐ air)
for the heating)
[140]
Gas station in Thiva (Central Greece): Open‐ loop
GSHP system,    P= 36 kW,   2 HP x 17 kW [141]
Industrial unit in Liti, Thessaloniki (Macedonia, Northern
Greece): Open‐ loop GSHP system,  P= 34 W,  2 HP x 17 kW [142]
MACON GROUP building in Pylaia, Thessaloniki (Macedonia,
Northern Greece): Closed‐loop GSHP system consisting of 18 BHE,
100 m deep each,  P= 80 kW,  1 HP x 90 kW,  fan‐coils units [143]

Numerous GSHP installations for various applications
Geothermal/Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) - xvii
Aelia Sivota Apartments in Sivota,
Thesprotia (Epirus, NW Greece): Open‐loop
GSHP system, P= 45 kW [144]
Karavia Lux Inn (aparthotel) in Pelion (Thessaly):
Horizontal closed‐loop GSHP system,   P= 34 kW,  2 HP x 17 = 34 kW
[145, 146]
APIVITA building (150 m2) in Markopoulo (Attica):
Closed‐ loop GSHP system (at the side walls of trench, 5‐7 m deep,
around the perimeter of the building), total length of tube: 1,200 m
P= 19.6‐20.8 kW [119]
WandS building (450 m2) in Avlida:
Closed‐ loop GSHP system (in a 3.5 m deep  trench),
total length of tube: 2,700 m,
heating system: in‐floor heating and fan‐coils,
P= 50.8‐54.7 kW [119]

GEOTHERMAL
LEGISLATION
(i)
The geothermal exploration and exploitation in Greece are defined by the Geothermal Law 3175/2003
(“Exploitation of geothermal potential, district heating and other provisions”)
and the relative Ministerial Decrees.
A few amendments were made by the Laws 3734/2009 (Article 37) and 4001/2011 (Article 180)
Balneology and the “development of curative tourism” are defined the Law 3498/2006
and the relative Ministerial Decrees.
The exploitation of very shallow geothermal potential using GSHP systems is mentioned
in the Law 3175/2003 and the procedures are defined by Ministerial Decree
(Government Gazette, 1249/B/24 June 2009) [149].
Source: [147] Source: [148]
Source: [96]

GEOTHERMAL
LEGISLATION (ii)
According to the Geothermal Law 3175/2003:
‐ The geothermal energy is characterized as
“Renewable Energy Source” (RES)
‐ The exploration and exploitation of geothermal
energy are regulated by the “Mining Code”
(Legislative Degree 210/1973).
‐ Geothermal potential includes all vapors,
surface or underground hot waters and heat energy
of geological formations at a temperature higher than
25oC.
‐ Geothermal field is a single mining area where
self‐sufficient geothermal potential is found.
‐ The usable thermal content of a geothermal field
is considered to its “product”
‐ “By‐products” are other products which are also
being produced alongside the geothermal field's
thermal content.
‐ The geothermal fluid remaining after the
extraction of “products “and “by‐products” is
considered to be a “sub‐product”.

GEOTHERMAL
LEGISLATION (iii)
According to the Geothermal Law 3175/2003:
‐ “Geothermal field management” involves all
the efforts and activities aimed at the productive
extraction of geothermal fluids, the rational use of
“product” and “by‐products”, their distribution and
selling to third parties for various applications and
the environmentally compatible disposal of the
“sub‐products”.
‐ Geothermal fields are classified into the following
categories:
(a) “low temperature” fields, when the “product”
temperature ranges between 25 and 90oC
(b) “high temperature” fields, when the “product”
temperature is higher than 90oC
(c) “proven” geothermal fields, when their
characteristics have been certified at a high level of
reliability based on exploration works
(d) “probable” geothermal fields, when their
characteristics are assessed based on preliminary
exploration works.
‐ A Ministerial Decree defines the criteria for the
level of reliability of the assessments for the official
characterization of an area as “proven” or
“probable” geothermal field.

• The official characterization
of an area as “geothermal
field” is performed by
Ministerial Decree based on a
brief explanatory report
compiled by I.G.M.E.
• At present, a total number
of 45 “proven” and
“probable” geothermal fields
have been characterized in 32
different areas.
• In some cases proven and
probable fields are located in
the same area.
• There are two “proven high
temperature” fields suitable
for power generation: in
Milos and Nisyros islands.
The remaining fields are of
“low temperature”.
• The designation of an area
as “proven geothermal field”
is the first and decisive step
towards its exploitation.
Proven/Possible
and
High/Low Temperature
Geothermal Fields
Distribution of the officially
characterized as “proven/probable”
and “high/low temperature”
geothermal fields per Decentralized
Administration in Greece according
to Law 3175/2003 and Ministerial
Decrees
This map has been compiled by the
Institute of Geology and Mineral
Exploration (IGME) of Greece
LITHOTOPOS
IRAKLIA

The “Probable Low Temperature Geothermal Field
of Santorini” is an example of the officially
characterization of an area as “geothermal field”
according to Law 3175/2003
[Ministerial Decree
Δ9Β/Φ166/12647/ΓΔΦΠ3557/193 of 2005
(Government Gazette, 1012/B/19.07.2005)]
Probable Low Temperature
Geothermal Field
of Santorini
Main characteristics of this field:
‐ Area: 25 km2
‐ Reservoir temperature: 30‐65oC
‐ Depth of the reservoir: 50‐250 m
Source: [14]
Source: [14]

Geothermal Fields in Milos
The officially characterized as “Proven High
Temperature Geothermal Field of Milos island”
[Ministerial Decree
Δ9Β/Φ166/12647/ΓΔΦΠ3557/193 of 2005
Main Characteristics [14]:
‐ Area: 50 km2
‐ Bottom‐hole temperatures: 280‐320οC
‐ Depth of the reservoir: 1,000‐1,380 m
‐ Pressure: 11‐29 Atm
Source: [14]
The officially characterized as “Proven” and
“Probable Low Temperature Geothermal Fields of
Milos island” [Ministerial Decree
Δ9Β/Φ166/12647/ΓΔΦΠ3557/193 of 2005
Main Characteristics of
Proven Low Temperature Geothermal Field [14]:
‐ Area: 63 km2
‐ Temperatures: 60‐99οC
‐ Depth of the reservoir: 50‐200 m
Probable Low Temperature Geothermal Field [14]:
Area: 87 km2
Source: [14]

GEOTHERMAL LEGISLATION  (iv)
Licenses for exploration, exploitation and management of
a geothermal field (or parts of this, according to article 37
of the Law 3734/2009) are provided by
‐ the Decentralized Administrations (for low temperature
fields) or
‐ directly from the Ministry of Environment and Energy
(for high temperature fields).
In addition, the Ministry of Environment and Energy
conducts open tenders for the leasing the right to explore
the geothermal potential of unexplored mining areas.
Map of the Decentralized Administrations of Greece
[150]:
1. Attica (yellow  color),
2. Macedonia & Thrace (forest green color),
3. Epirus & Western Macedonia (red color),
4. Thessaly & Central Greece (purple color),
5. Peloponnese, Western Greece & the Ionian (medium
bronze color),
6. Aegean (blue color)
7. Crete (orange color)Source: [151]

GEOTHERMAL LEGISLATION (v)
The following Ministerial Decrees specify further the provisions of the
Law 3175/2003 and regulate individual issues in detail:
‐ “Characterisation of Geothermal Fields” (Government Gazette, Issue 208/B/5
February 2004)
‐ “Terms and procedure for the lease of the Public Sector's right to explore and
manage the geothermal potential and the overall management of Greek
geothermal fields" (Government Gazette, Issue 1819/B/2 September 2009)
‐ “Characterisation and classification of geothermal fields” (Government Gazette,
Issues 1012/B/19 July 2005, 1393/B/7 October 2005, 1058/Β/ 2 June 2009,
1946/Β/8 September 2009, 2373/B/5 November 2015)
‐ “Regulatory framework for geothermal works” (Government Gazette, Issue
1530/B/7 November 2005)
‐ “Characterisation and classification of the Akropotamos geothermal field”
(Government Gazette, Issue 161/B/5 February 2008)
‐ “Establishing financial compensation (fee) for granting any permit or approval or
right provided for by Mining and Quarry Legislation” (Government Gazette, Issue
1228/B/11 August 2004)
‐ “Terms and procedure for the lease of the Public Sector's right to explore and
manage the geothermal potential of proven or probable low temperature Greek
geothermal fields" (Government Gazette, Issue 2647/B/9 November 2011)
‐ “Licenses for thermal energy distribution exclusively for agricultural holdings
from exploitation of geothermal potential of low temperature geothermal field”
(Government Gazette, Issue 2450/B/2 November 2011)

GEOTHERMAL LEGISLATION  (vi)
“Operating aid” for electricity production from geothermal
energy according to the Law 4414/2016:
‐ The operating aid can be granted as sliding “premium” (sliding
“Feed‐in‐Premium”) or Feed‐in‐Tariff (in a few particular cases) when
the geothermal electricity generation becomes competitive and
therefore,  it is not expected in the near future.
‐ The operating aid can be granted to power plants in both mainland and
non‐interconnected islands for a period of 20 years.
‐ The operating aid is calculated on the basis of a “Reference Value”,
which is fixed at (without investment aid):
(a)  139 €/MWh for geothermal power plants with an installed
capacity of up to 5 MWe.
(b)  108 €/ΜWh for geothermal power plants with an installed
capacity of more than 5 MWe.
Law 4001/2011 (“ Operation of Electricity and Gas Energy
Markets, for Exploration, Production and Transmission
Networks of Hydrocarbons and other provisions”) transposes
into national legislation EU Directives concerning common rules
for the internal market in electricity and common rules for the
internal market in gas. In addition, Article 180 includes a few
minor amendments to the Geothermal Law 3175/2003 regarding
the terms and procedures for leasing “proven” or “probable” “low
temperature” geothermal fields.
Source: [152]

GEOTHERMAL LEGISLATION  (vii)
Law 3498/2006, on “the development of spa tourism and other
provisions”, regulates various issues regarding natural thermal
resources with healing properties (i.e. recognition, characterization,
certification, protection, management, distribution, uses,
exploitation, concessions, leases, register) and spa facilities (licensing
and control).
The Ministry of Tourism is responsible for the above‐mentioned
issues.
Following the adoption of the Law 3498/2006, the thermal natural
resources with healing properties should be recognized,
characterized and certified.
Ministerial Decrees regulate the procedure for
recognition‐certification of natural curative resources.
Source: [153]
Source: [154]

Article 11(1) of Law 3175/2003 refers that the installation of
energy systems for heating/cooling by exploiting the heat
content of geological formations and waters (surface or ground)
which are not characterized as “geothermal potential” (t<25oC) is
allowed after a license granted to the owner of the property by
the  respective Regional Administration [149].
A Ministerial Decree (Government Gazette, Issue 1249/B/24 June
2009) determines the terms, conditions, restrictions, required
documentation and licensing procedures for installing these
energy systems (i.e. GSHP systems) [149].
Except for this main Ministerial Decree, some other Laws and
Ministerial Decrees can be involved in installing GSHP systems,
such as [149]:
‐ Law 3851/2010 on "Acceleration of RES development for the
resolve of the climate change issue and other provisions on
jurisdictional issues of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Climate Change“
‐ Law 3661/2008 on "Measures for the reduction of energy
consumption in buildings and other provisions“ and
Ministerial Decree on “Approval of regulations of energy
performance of buildings“
‐ Presidential Decree 7/2011 (Government Gazette, Issue 14/A)
‐ Law 4062/2012 on "Promotion of the use of energy from RES“
‐ Law 4122/2013 on "Energy performance of buildings"
Source: [96]
Source: [155]
GEOTHERMAL LEGISLATION  (viii)

ONGOING GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS AND
ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (i)
PROVEN LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF ARISTINO
(Alexandroupolis, Thrace, NE Greece):  The exploitation rights
have been awarded to the Municipal Authority of
Alexandroupolis since 2013. In 2016, a new 500 m deep
geothermal production well was constructed which produces
water at 90oC [156, 157]. The investment plan pertains to the
cascade utilization of geothermal fluids for the district heating of
11‐12 buildings and 5 ha of greenhouses, using an around 18 km
long distribution network. A thermal station with plate heat
exchangers, water distributors and automation systems as well as
2 re‐injection wells, 500‐550 m deep each, will be constructed [67,
158, 159, 160]. Recently (April 2017), the Ministry of Environment
and Energy granted permission to the Municipality Authority of
Alexandroupolis to distribute thermal energy (9.8 MWt) from the
proven low temperature geothermal field of Aristino [161, 162,
163].
PROVEN LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF NEA
KESSANI (Thrace, NE Greece):  The exploitation rights have been
awarded to AGRITEX Energy S.A. since 25 April 2017.
The investment plan pertains the utilization of geothermal
energy (water temperature up to 82oC) for greenhouse heating
[164, 165, 166].
Source: [159]

ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (ii)
PROVEN LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF
ERATINO ‐ CHRYSOUPOLIS (Kavala, Northern Greece):
The exploitation rights have been awarded to the Municipal
Authority of Nestos since 2007.
One reinjection and two deep (750 m) production wells
were drilled, providing 10‐15 MWt for agricultural uses
through two heat exchanging thermal stations and 18 km of
distribution networks. The infrastructure works have
already been completed [67].
Thermal station in the area of Eratino‐Chrysoupolis [67]
New geothermal production wells in the Eratino‐Chrysoupolis
geothermal field [167]
Construction of a new geothermal production well
in the Eratino‐Chrysoupolis geothermal field [167]

ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (iii)
Floriculture investment in the Eratino ‐ Chrysoupolis
geothermal field (i)
‐ “Selecta Hellas”, located in Chrysoupolis (Kavala), has
been founded as the result of the unification of the German
company “Selecta one” with the Greek companies
“Agrohoum S.A.” and “Agroflora S.A.”
‐ A modern greenhouse of around 3.5 ha (35,000 m2) has
already been built with iron frame covered with single plastic
film [169].
‐ The greenhouse complex  consists of gross production area
( a corridor and production areas), 16 different climate zones
for heating, ventilation and shadow (screens, pad and fan
systems), concrete floors, mobile bench systems, cold store
area, technical area for the production of paper pots,
canteen and office facilities [169].
Source: [169]
Source: [168]
Source: [169]
Source: [169]
‐ The implemented investment of 3.5 ha greenhouse
complex  (first phase) reached 7 million € [169].
‐ The inauguration will be held on Saturday, May 27,
2017.
‐ The 2nd phase of the investment includes the 2.5 ha
extension with a budget of 3 million € [169].

ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (iv)
Floriculture investment in the Eratino ‐ Chrysoupolis
geothermal field (ii)
‐ The greenhouse is heated by geothermal water provided by the
Municipality of Nestos through the newly constructed distribution
network.
‐ Rooted cuttings of ornamental plants are produced.
‐ The greenhouse products (i.e. rooted cuttings) are exported (95‐
99%) to other countries , such as Italy, Germany and The Netherlands.
‐ Nowadays, around 120 new jobs (scientific staff and workers) have
been created.
‐ The number of employees will be 150‐170 after completion of the
2nd phase of the investment. Source: [168]
Source: [168]
Source: [168]Source: [168]

ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (v)
PROVEN LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF
NIGRITA (Northern Greece):
One production well (438 m deep) and one re‐injection well
(about 215 m deep) have already been constructed.
Geothermal waters of about 62oC containing significant
amounts of CO2 are produced.
The completion of the geothermal water distribution network
for agricultural uses (greenhouse heating, Spirulina cultivation)
is in progress.
DRILLING PROJECT IN THE PROBABLE LOW TEMPERATURE
GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF LITHOTOPOS ‐ IRAKLIA (Northern
Greece):
The exploration rights have been awarded to the Municipality
Authority of Iraklia since 2010. A drilling project involving the
construction of 4 large‐diameter wells is underway.
The construction of the first production well, 417 m deep, has
already been completed and the maximum temperature of 62oC
has been recorded [170].
The works in Lithotopos‐Iraklia area has been conducting under
a contract made between I.G.M.E and the Municipality of Iraklia
[67].

ACTIVITIES IN GREECE (vi)
MANY GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM (GHPS)
INSTALLATIONS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY:
Many GHPS installations are in progress in various locations in
Greece.
Both open and closed (horizontal or vertical) loop are included.
Xanthi (Thrace, NE Greece): 3,000 m long vertical closed‐loop ground heat
exchanger (geo‐exchanger) in 34 boreholes, 90m deep each, for space
heating and DHW (Domestic Hot Water) in the restaurant of the DUTh
(Democritus University of Thrace) Student Hall of Residence [171]
Grevena (Western Macedonia, Northern Greece): BHE (Borehole Heat
Exchanger) for heating/cooling of a High School (May 2017) [172]
Alexandroupolis (Thrace, NE Greece):
(a) 1st kinderkarten (preschool) of
Alexandroupolis
and (b) 2nd kinderkarten of Ferres.
Vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger
(geo‐exchanger) in 24 boreholes, 100 m
deep each, with a single U‐tube [122]
[a] [b]

Thank you very much
for your attention!
Source: [152]
Source: [88]
Source: [34]
Source: [71]

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