1. Cas clínic
Sessió de Malalties Infeccioses 11/02/2015
Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona
Anna Pardo i Pelegrín
R4 Medicina Interna
Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor
Supervisió: Nazaret Cobos
2. Motiu de consulta
Home de 84 anys, ingressat per shock hipovolèmic
secundari a hemorràgia digestiva baixa
3. Antecedents personals
Independent per ABVD
Actualment, viu sol a Barcelona i té una cuidadora
3h/dia
Sense contacte amb animals. No viatges recents
Ex-fumador des de fa 3 anys d’1paq/dia
4. Antecedents patològics
Hipertensió arterial
Dislipèmia
Diabetes mellitus tipus II, en tractament amb insulina. Nefropatia
diabètica. Insuficiència renal crònica
AIT. Estenosis significativa de caròtida dreta, implantant-se stent
Flutter auricular. En tractament amb betabloquejants i rivaroxaban
Cardiopatia isquèmica, que va debutar al 2008 en forma d’angor
d’esforç. Coronariografia: lesió a OM. Es va implantar stent recobert
a branca principal i angioplàstia simple de la branca secundària
Cardiopatia valvular. Ecocardiograma (maig 2012): Estenosis Ao
lleugera, IM e IT lleugeras, calcificació de les vàlvules
Vasculopatia perifèrica
Anèmia ferropènica, d’anys d’evolució, en tractament amb
transfusions periòdiques, per intolerància de ferro oral
Hiperuricèmia
5. Malaltia actual
Ingrés el 28/11/2014 en context de parada cardio-
respiratòria per shock hemorràgic secundari a
angiodisplàsia de còlon i tractament anticoagulant
El 6 de gener, presenta febre amb augment de reactants
de fase aguda, sense focus infecciós aparent, retirant-se
el catèter venós central
Hemocultius: CGP “en racimos”
9. Orientació diagnòstica i actitud
inicial
Possibilitats diagnòstiques:
1. Nova bacterièmia del catèter
2. Tromboflebitis sèptica iugular
3. Endocarditis sobre vàlvula nativa
4. Al re-interrogatori, refereix dolor lumbar Espondilodiscitis
A més: Necrosis distal 3r dit peu esquerre + isquèmia intestinal
a FCS èmbols sèptics??
10. Proves complementàries
Ecocardiograma transesofàgic: Descarta vegetacions. FEVE
55%. Doble lesió aòrtica, ambdues lleugeres. Vàlvula aòrtica
trivalva degenerativa, amb filament mòbil que suggereix fibrina.
IM lleugera. Trombo mòbil a la superfície de placa d’ateroma
complicada, a nivell de aorta toràcica descendent (8mm)
Ecografia troncs supraaòrtics: ateromatosis severa. No s’observa
trombosis
RM dorso-lumbar: espondilodiscitis L3-L4 amb imatge de petita
col·lecció paravertebral lateral esquerra i espondilodiscitis L1-L2
PET: sense captació a altres nivells
14. Espondilodiscitis
0.5 – 2.5 casos /100.000 habitants
Predomina en homes d’edat avançada
Patologies predisposants més freqüents: diabetis, ADVP,
immunosupressió, neoplàsies, cirurgia columna,
bacterièmia per catèter, infecció intercurrent
La localització lumbar és la més freqüent
Mortalitat <5%. Seqüeles neurològiques 10-30%
Causes més freqüents: S.aureus i E.Coli; ECN (16-20%)
Adquisició comunitària (o espondilodiscitis espontània)
Secundària a cirurgia de columna
Nosocomial o relacionada amb atenció sanitària
15. Diagnòstic
El recompte leucocitari pot ser normal. VSG i, sobre tot, PCR, són útils
per monitoritzar resposta
Diagnòstic per imatge:
Rx simple: normal fins a 2-4 setmanes
TAC: canvis precoços, bona valoració cortical i parts toves
RMN: la tècnica més sensible (90%) i específica, des de les primeres 2
setmanes; major resolució per infiltració òssia o intradural
Gammagrafia: menor sensibilitat i especificitat que RMN
Diagnòstic microbiològic:
Hemocultius positius en el 25-70% (sobre tot, en cas d’endocarditis
associada)
Biòpsia guiada per TAC (si HC negatiu): sensibilitat 50-75%
Capd’ellesésútilen
seguimentdelaresposta
16. Tractament espondilodiscitis
Inicialment, repòs
Valorar tractament quirúrgic
Pauta antibiòtica empírica (activa enfront
Staphylococ, Streptococcus i BGN) canvi segons
antibiograma
Durada clàssica:
Cicle endovenós, mínim 4 setmanes (4-6)
Manteniment per via oral, 6-8 setmanes més (o
normalització paràmetres)
25. Endocarditis nativa ECN vs S.aureus:
- S’associa més a marcapassos
- Forma vegetacions per igual
- És menys embolígena
- Té la mateixa mortalitat
26.
27.
28.
29. Conclusions
L ’espondilodiscitis hematògena per ECN:
Assoleix una freqüència de fins al 20%
S’associa a endocarditis sobre vàlvula nativa, fins en un 28%
La mortalitat és ~ 15%, i no és superior quan s'associa a
endocarditis
La mortalitat de l’endocarditis per ECN és la mateixa que
per S.aureus (~25%)
La durada del tractament de l’espondilitis de 6 setmanes,
no és inferior a 12 setmanes, en quant a pronòstic i/o
mortalitat
30. 26.159 bacteremias H.Clinic de 1991-2015.
4. 072 (16%) bacteremias por ECN.
71 episodios de espondilodiscitis. 3/1000 HC.
9 espondilodiscitis por ECN(13%):
3 asociadas a endocarditis (33%).
4ECN, 1S.haemolyticus, 3 S.epidermidis, 1. S.lugdunensis.
2 Exitus (22%)
Don’t Panic!!
9/4072= 2espondilitis/1000 bacteremias por ECN:
31.
32. Bibliografia
Spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomielitis and endocarditis: Incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Carlos
Pigrau, Benito Almirante, Xavier Flores et al. The American Journal of Medicine (2005) 118, 1287.e17-1287.e24
Espondilitis infecciosa. Vicente Pintado-García. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26(8):510-7
Spontaneous Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Nondrug Users- Joan M. Nolla, Javier Ariza, Carmen Gómez-
Vaquero et al. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol 31, No 4 (February), 2002: pp 271-278
Long course of daptomycin in the treatment of meticillinresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis and
spondylodiscitis. Matteo Bassetti, Małgorzata Mikulska, Eva Schenone et al. Letters to the Editor / International
Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34 (2009) 281–291
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: analysis of 20 cases and review. Adrianne J.Torda, Thomas Gottlieb and Ross
Bradbury. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995; 20: 320-8
Postoperative Spondylodiskitis: Etiology, Clinical Findings, Prognosis, and comparison with Nonoperative Pyogenic
Spondylodiskitis. Manuel E. Jiménez-Mejías, Juan de Dios Colmenero, Fernando J. Sánchez-Lora et al. Clinical
Infectious Diseases 1999;29:339–45
Emergence of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci as a Cause of Native Valve Endocarditis. Vivian H. Chu,1,2
Christopher W. Woods,1,3 Jose M. Miro et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:232–42
First report of spondylodiscitis due to vancomycin heteroresistant Staphylococcus capitis in immunocompetent
host. Claudia Bianco, Fabio Arena, Barbara Rossetti et al. J Infect Chemother 20 (2014) 639e642
Guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del paciente con bacteriemia. Guías de la Sociedad Española de
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC)- José Miguel Cisneros-Herrerosa, Javier Cobo-
Reinosob, Miquel Pujol-Rojo et al. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007;25(2):111-30
Multifocal discitis caused by Staphylococcus warneri. Nadia Announ a, Jean Pierre Mattei a, Sami Jaoua et al.
Joint Bone Spine 71 (2004) 240–242
The changing epidemiology of bacteraemic osteoarticular infections in the early 21st century. O. Murillo1, I.
Grau1, J. Lora-Tamayo1 et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014
Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Characteristics. E. Mylona, MD, M. Samarkos, E.
Kakalou et al.
33. Bibliografia
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Eugene J.Carragee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Jun 1997; 79-86
Patogenia de las espondilodiscitis. Tomás Ramón Vázquez y Antonio Domínguez Atanes Sandoval. Seminarios
de la Fundación Española de Reumatología. Vol. 8 / Núm 1 - pp. 10-4 / 2007
Pyogenic, tuberculous, and brucellar vertebral osteomyelitis: a descriptive and comparative study of 219 cases.
J D Colmenero,M E Jiménez-Mejías, F J Sánchez-Lora et al. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1997;56:709–715
Vertebral Osteomyelitis: Long-Term Outcome for 253 Patients from 7 Cleveland-Area Hospitals. Martin C.
McHenry,1 Kirk A. Easley,2 and Geri A. Locker. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002; 34:1342–50
Vertebral osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infection due to Staphylococcus simulans. Razonable RR , Lewallen
DG, Patel R, Osmon DR. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Oct;76(10):106770
Vertebral osteomyelitis and native valve endocarditis due to Staphylococcus simulans: a case report. Vallianou
N , Evangelopoulos A, Makri P et al. J Med Case Rep. 2008 May 29;2:183
Vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to aS. schleiferi infection from a cardiac defibrillator. Diego Menesesa, Beatriz
Díaz-Pollána, Adelaida Garcia Peredab, Francisco Arnalich Fernández . EIMC-1150
Emergence of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci as a Cause of Native Valve Endocarditis. Vivian H. Chu,1,2
Christopher W. Woods,1,3 Jose M. Miro et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:232–42
Perfil actual de la endocarditis por estafilococo coagulasa negativo en válvulas nativas izquierdas. Ana
Revillaa, José A. San Romána, Javier Lópeza et al. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2005;58(6):749-52
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis When Associated with Spondylodiscitis. G. Le
Moal · F. Roblot · M. Paccalin et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2002) 21:671–675
A Seven-Year Prospective Study on Spondylodiscitis: Epidemiological and Microbiological Features. C.
D’Agostino, L. Scorzolini, A.P. Massetti et al. Infection 2010; 38: 102–107
Health Care Associated Hematogenous Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis. Carlos Pigrau, MD, Dolors Rodrıíguez-
Pardo, MD, Nuria Fernández-Hidalgo et al. Medicine Volume 94, Number 3, January 201
Hinweis der Redaktion
Creo que lo rojo sobra
Cuando el TTP es menor a 13h, el 67 % de las veces se trata de un s. aureus
Al recibir los HC de control positivos se cambia teico por dapto y …. DD
No calen més proves perquè en general són monomicrobianes
HCAVO was defined as onset of symptoms after 1 month of hospitalization or within 6 months after hospital discharge,
or ambulatory manipulations in the 6 months before the diagnosis.
In the study presented
here, 92 cases of definite IE were examined.
Spondylodiscitis was present in 14 (15%) cases. The
mean age of patients with spondylodiscitis was
69.1±13.6 years (range, 33–87 years). The male-to-female
ratio was 8:6. Predisposing heart disease was found
in nine (64.3%) cases. Back pain was reported in all
cases. Spondylodiscitis was diagnosed before endocarditis
in all cases. The infection affected the lumbar spine in
10 (71%) cases. A bacterium was isolated in all cases:
group D Streptococcus (n=5; 35.7%), coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus (n=4; 28.6%), and others (n=5). Endocarditis
affected predominantly the aortic valve (43%).
The outcome was favourable in 12 cases. No differences
in clinical features, evolution of disease, or laboratory
values were found between IE patients with and IE patients
without spondylodiscitis. Spondylodiscitis does
not appear to worsen prognosis of IE, although the need
for cardiac valve replacement seems to be more frequent
in IE patients with spondylodiscitis. IE should be included
in the differential diagnosis in patients with infectious
spondylodiscitis and risk factors for endocarditis. In such
patients, echocardiography should be performed routinely.
Spondylodiscitis is rarely observed in association
with infective endocarditis (IE). In the study presented
here, 92 cases of definite IE were examined.
Spondylodiscitis was present in 14 (15%) cases. The
mean age of patients with spondylodiscitis was
69.1±13.6 years (range, 33–87 years). The male-to-female
ratio was 8:6. Predisposing heart disease was found
in nine (64.3%) cases. Back pain was reported in all
cases. Spondylodiscitis was diagnosed before endocarditis
in all cases. The infection affected the lumbar spine in
10 (71%) cases. A bacterium was isolated in all cases:
group D Streptococcus (n=5; 35.7%), coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus (n=4; 28.6%), and others (n=5). Endocarditis
affected predominantly the aortic valve (43%).
The outcome was favourable in 12 cases. No differences
in clinical features, evolution of disease, or laboratory
values were found between IE patients with and IE patients
without spondylodiscitis. Spondylodiscitis does
not appear to worsen prognosis of IE, although the need
for cardiac valve replacement seems to be more frequent
in IE patients with spondylodiscitis. IE should be included
in the differential diagnosis in patients with infectious
spondylodiscitis and risk factors for endocarditis. In such
patients, echocardiography should be performed routinely.
Of 1635 patients with definite NVE and no history of injection drug use, 128 (7.8%) had NVE due
to CoNS. Health care–associated infection occurred in 63 patients (49%) with NVE caused by CoNS. Comorbidities,
long-term intravascular catheter use, and history of recent invasive procedures were similar among patients with
NVE caused by CoNS and among patients with NVE caused by S. aureus. Surgical treatment for endocarditis
occurred more frequently in patients with NVE due to CoNS (76 patients [60%]) than in patients with NVE due
to S. aureus (150 [33%]; ) or in patients with NVE due to viridans group streptococci (149 [44%]; P ! .01 P !
). Despite the high rate of surgical procedures among patients with NVE due to CoNS, the mortality rates .01
among patients with NVE due to CoNS and among patients with NVE due to S. aureus were similar (32 patients
[25%] and 124 patients [27%], respectively; ); the mortality rate among patients with NVE due to CoNS Pp.44
was higher than that among patients with NVE due to viridans group streptococci (24 [7.0%]; ). Persistent P ! .01
bacteremia (odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–6.51), congestive heart failure (odds ratio, 3.35; 95%
confidence interval, 1.57–7.12), and chronic illness (odds ratio, 2.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.34–6.06) were
independently associated with death in patients with NVE due to CoNS (C index, 0.73).
Conclusions. CoNS have emerged as an important cause of NVE in both community and health care settings.
Despite high rates of surgical therapy, NVE caused by CoNS is associated with poor outcomes.
Of 1635 patients with definite NVE and no history of injection drug use, 128 (7.8%) had NVE due
to CoNS. Health care–associated infection occurred in 63 patients (49%) with NVE caused by CoNS. Comorbidities,
long-term intravascular catheter use, and history of recent invasive procedures were similar among patients with
NVE caused by CoNS and among patients with NVE caused by S. aureus. Surgical treatment for endocarditis
occurred more frequently in patients with NVE due to CoNS (76 patients [60%]) than in patients with NVE due
to S. aureus (150 [33%]; ) or in patients with NVE due to viridans group streptococci (149 [44%]; P ! .01 P !
). Despite the high rate of surgical procedures among patients with NVE due to CoNS, the mortality rates .01
among patients with NVE due to CoNS and among patients with NVE due to S. aureus were similar (32 patients
[25%] and 124 patients [27%], respectively; ); the mortality rate among patients with NVE due to CoNS Pp.44
was higher than that among patients with NVE due to viridans group streptococci (24 [7.0%]; ). Persistent P ! .01
bacteremia (odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–6.51), congestive heart failure (odds ratio, 3.35; 95%
confidence interval, 1.57–7.12), and chronic illness (odds ratio, 2.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.34–6.06) were
independently associated with death in patients with NVE due to CoNS (C index, 0.73).
Conclusions. CoNS have emerged as an important cause of NVE in both community and health care settings.
Despite high rates of surgical therapy, NVE caused by CoNS is associated with poor outcomes.
Los estafilococos coagulasa negativos (SCN) son los
microorganismos aislados con más frecuencia en la endocarditis
protésica temprana. En cambio, afectan en pocas
ocasiones a las válvulas nativas. Hay escasos y antiguos
datos en la bibliografía sobre la endocarditis nativa
izquierda por SCN, por lo que su perfil es poco conocido.
Hemos analizado las características epidemiológicas, clínicas,
radiológicas, microbiológicas, ecocardiográficas y
evolutivas de 17 casos de endocarditis izquierda nativa
por SCN obtenidas de una serie de 441 episodios consecutivos
de endocarditis. Los resultados muestran un aumento
en la frecuencia de esta enfermedad respecto de
las series previas. Clínicamente provocan en numerosas
ocasiones insuficiencia cardíaca por afección valvular,
precisan con frecuencia cirugía y tienen una alta mortalidad.
Los estafilococos coagulasa negativos (SCN) son los
microorganismos aislados con más frecuencia en la endocarditis
protésica temprana. En cambio, afectan en pocas
ocasiones a las válvulas nativas. Hay escasos y antiguos
datos en la bibliografía sobre la endocarditis nativa
izquierda por SCN, por lo que su perfil es poco conocido.
Hemos analizado las características epidemiológicas, clínicas,
radiológicas, microbiológicas, ecocardiográficas y
evolutivas de 17 casos de endocarditis izquierda nativa
por SCN obtenidas de una serie de 441 episodios consecutivos
de endocarditis. Los resultados muestran un aumento
en la frecuencia de esta enfermedad respecto de
las series previas. Clínicamente provocan en numerosas
ocasiones insuficiencia cardíaca por afección valvular,
precisan con frecuencia cirugía y tienen una alta mortalidad.