1. Tree/Soil Relations & Water Management

2. Scott Killpack Agronomy/Natural Resources

3. Introduction The relationship between tree root systems and the soils in which they grow has a greater influence on tree health than any other single factor.

4. Introduction Understanding soil is vital to arboriculture because soil is, quite literally, the foundation within which a tree grows.

5. Soil Genesis

6. How it All Started

18. Physical Properties

23. External surfaces Diagram of a Silicate Clay Crystal K + Ca +2 Mg +2 Ca +2 Internal surfaces Surfaces have negative charge

24. silica tetrahedron alumina octahedron Silicate Clay Structure oxygen aluminum silicon

26. Negatively Charged Colloids Attract Positively Charged Ions Cations K + Ca +2 Na + Ca +2 H + Mg +2 - - - - - - - - - Soil Colloid

29. Soil Textural Triangle

30. Soil Textural Determination 35 % sand 45 % silt 20 % clay

31. Pore Space

34. Soil Pore Space - Graphical Visualization

36. Relative Porosity Between Coarse and Fine Textured Soils Coarse Fine 35 - 50% 40 - 60% Micro Macro

38. Soil Structure

44. 1.20 - 1.55 g/cm3 (75 - 97 lbs/cu ft) 1.30 - 1.70 g/cm3 (81 to 106 lbs/cu ft) Surface Sub-surface Bulk Density

48. Organic Matter

62. Soil Water

68. Soil Water Fundamentals The polarity of the water molecule results in the adsorption to negatively charged clay particles positive negative oxygen atom hydrogen atoms

79. Soil Biology

88. Soil Chemistry

90. Negatively Charged Colloids Attract Positively Charged Ions Cations K + Ca +2 Na + Ca +2 H + Mg +2 - - - - - - - - - soil colloid H + H + K + Ca +2 NH 4 + soil solution soil solution soil solution Fe +2 - - - Al +3 H + H +

92. Negatively Charged Ions Are Called Anions Chemical Ionic Nutrient symbol form Chloride Cl Cl - Nitrate N NO 3 - Sulfate S SO 4 - 2 Borate B BO 4 - 3 Phosphate P H 2 PO 4 -

95. Clay and Organic Matter have Greatest Influence on CEC Clay - 10 to 150 meq/100g OM – 200 to 400 meq/100g

105. pH & Nutrient Availability

106. pH Preferences of Some Common Plants Alkaline loving >7.0 Pin Oak, Magnolia Pine, Juniper Holly, Birch Sweet Gum, Spruce Ash, Beech Dogwood, Maple Spruce, Yew Cedar, Elm Juniper, Poplar Redbud, Willow Tuliptree Poplar, Willow Black Walnut Junipers, Redbud Elm, Maple Hickory Medium Range 6.0 - 7.0 Acid Loving <6.0

110. The Leaf

111. Leaf Stomata apple corn black oak sunflower None 39,000 None 55,000 250,000 64,000 375,000 100,000 Number of stomata per square inch plant upper lower

119. Let’s review some test questions

121. Plant Nutrients

127. Immobilization Mineralization Nitrogen in the Soil Organic Nitrogen Pool (proteins, etc.) Inorganic Nitrogen Pool (ammonium and nitrate)

129. Nitrogen - Uptake by Plants Nitrate -- NO 3 - Ammonium -- NH 4 +

132. Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources ammonium nitrate 34 ammonium sulfate 21 calcium nitrate 15 potassium nitrate 13 urea 46 Fertilizer Material % Nitrogen

135. Phosphorus - Uptake by Plants phosphate -- H 2 PO 4 -

137. Phosphorus Fertilizer Sources single superphosphate 20 triple superphosphate 46 monoammonium phosphate (MAP) 48-55 diammonium phosphate (DAP) 46 Ammonium polyphosphates 34-37 Fertilizer Material % P 2 O 5

140. Potassium - Uptake by Plants potassium -- K + can be influenced by CEC

142. Potassium Fertilizer Sources potassium chloride 60 potassium sulfate 50 potassium nitrate 44 Fertilizer Material % K 2 O

143. Fertilization

144. Fertilizing many products available 32-3-5 Miracle Grow 29-3-4 Scott’s 18-24-6 Pennington 29-3-4 K-Gro

149. Applying the Correct Amount 18-24-6 Pennington

153. Review Soil Test Reports