MIS practical file

SUBJECT:- MIS LAB NAME: ANKIT DIXIT
COLLEGE ROLL #: IT/10/10605 UNIV.ROLL #-100420825160
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1 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHONOLOGY, BHADDAL
EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM: MIS and its functional subsystem.
INTRODUCTION OF MIS: MIS is also preferred Information Processing
System, Information and Decision System, organizational Information System or
simply Information System which is integrated, user machine system or providing
information to operations, management and decision making functions in an
organization. The system utilizes computer hardware, software, manual
procedures, and models for analysis, planning control and decision making and a
database. The fact that it is an integrated system doesn’t mean that it is a single
but it means that all parts fit into an overall design.
Pyramid structure of MIS

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MIS has been described as a pyramid structure in which bottom layer consist of
information for transaction processing, status inquiries etc. The next level consists
of information resources in day to day operation and control. The third level
consists of information resources to ate in tactical planning and decision making
for management control. The top level consists of information resources to
support strategic planning and policy making by higher levels of management.
Each level of information processing may make use of data provided for lower
level but new data may also be introduced. E.g. some of information to support
management and decision making is provided by data obtained for transaction
process while some may be new data about activities external to the organization
.
Computer based user machine system :
A MIS can exist without computers but it is a capability of computer which makes
MIS feasible. The question is not whether computer should be used in MIS but the
extend to which computers should be used in MIS and how much information
should be computerized.
The concept of user machine system means some functions are best performed
by users while others are best performed by machines. The user of MIS is any
person responsible for entering input data, instruction given to system or utilizing
the information output of the system. For many problems the user and computer
forma combined system with results obtained from a set of interactions between
computer and user.
Computer based means that designer of MIS must have a knowledge of computer
and of their use in information processing. The user machine means that the
system designer should also understand capabilities of human as system
components and behavior of users of information system.
Information system application should not require user to be computer experts.
However users need to be able to specify their information requirement. Some
understanding of computer, the nature of information and its use in various
management function aids users in this task.

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Significance of MIS :
MIS have become a vital component of successful business firms and other
organizations. They contribute an essential field of study in business
administration and management. That’s why business managers must take a
subject in information systems. Since you intend to be a manager or business
professional it is very important to have a basic understanding of information
systems as it is to understand any other functional area in business. The following
are the reasons why Information systems are important.
An information system is an organized combination of people, hardware,
software communication network and data resources that collects, transfer the
information in organization. End users work by using many types of information
system. They might include simple manual hardware devices and informal
communication channels.
An end user perspective
Anyone who uses information system or information it produces is an end user.
This usually related to all persons in an organization are distinguished from the
smaller number of persons who are information system analysts or professional
computer programmers. A manager end user is a manager or professional who
personally uses information systems so most managers are managerial end users.
An enterprise perspective
Information system plays a vital role in business success of an enterprise.
Information technology can provide the information. A business needs for
efficient operations, effective
management and competitive advantage. However if information system don’t
properly related to the strategic objectives, business operations or management
needs of an enterprise they can seriously damage its success so the proper
management of information system is a major challenge for managers. Thus
information system functions include following point.:-
It consists of a major functional area of business.
A major part of resource of an enterprise and its cost of doing business
makes a major resource management challenge.

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It includes any important factor effecting operational efficiency,
productivity and costumer service and satisfaction.
It helps as a major source of information and a support needed to help
effective decision making by manager.
It acts as vital, dynamic and challenging opportunity for users.
A global society perspective :
We are living in a global info society, with a global economy that is increasingly
dependent on the creation, management and distribution of information
dependent on creation. So information is the basic resource in today’s society.
People in many nations no longer stay with agriculture societies composed of
farmers or even industrial societies where a majority of work force consists of
factory workers.
Knowledge workers include executive, managers and supervisors, professional
such as accountants, engineers etc. Most of them are end users who make their
efficiency in using information system to create, distribute, manage and use
information resources. Thus information system helps them to manage financial,
material, energy and other resources involved in their work responsibilities.
Information or information system are valuable resource or knowledge workers,
their organization and society. A major challenge for global information society is
to manage its information resources to benefit all members of society while
meeting the strategic goals of organization and nation. This means using
information system to find more efficient and responsible base of using
information system to find more efficient and responsible base of using the
limited supply of material energy and other resources. Since the information
systems of so many organizations are interconnected by local, global,
telecommunication networks, knowledge workers who can know access and
distribute information and manage resources all over the world. For these
reasons information system play an increasingly vital role in our global economy.
MIS MODEL :
In the MIS model, the database contains the data provided by the subsystem. In
addition both data and information are entered from environment. The database
contents are used by software that product periodic and special reports as well as
mathematical models that perform various aspects of the firms operation.

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The software output are used by people who are responsible for solving the firm’s
problems. Note that some of problem solvers can exist within the firm’s
environment. The MIS provides information to other members of inter
organizational information system.
Components of MIS :
MIS components are identified by describing the system as a processor. The
system process is defined by identification of inputs and transformation of inputs
to outputs.
The typical example of system as a processor is data processing system. The
processes include classification calculation and summarization of data. These
processes are related to the production of useful information. A computerized
MIS processes the information, in this case the processes consists of computation
and skillful management of reports. The functional relationship between input
and output of a process is used to design and evaluate feedback systems. Basically
the MIS is having three components
Process:
The total process of a system is the net contribution of many individual processes
in MIS design. This is accomplished by ongoing activities in converting inputs to
outputs. For example if we consider typical marketing information system, the
fundamental inputs and outputs could be processed as follows:
Inputs:
1. Sales on units by each salesman for a period.
2. Estimated sales in units of competitor corresponding to above.
3. Economic conditions and trends.
Outputs:
1. Sales by product i.e. month wise and till date.
2. Sales by salesman i.e. month wise and till date.
3. Sales by trend analysis.
4. Sales forecasting.
For conversion of output from inputs it is important to classify transfer, aggregate
and analyze input quantities to get desired outputs variables. This enables the
current information at any specific point of time.
Parameters of MIS

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An introduction of new technologies, restructuring of sales staff or discovery of
new market spaces result in constant variations in sales, forecasting reports.
These quantities which describe state of system are called the parameters of MIS.
Boundaries of MIS
Any system is identified by certain limiting factors which includes its components
processes and inter relationships. These limiting factors are termed as boundaries
of a system. Effective interface can be built among various systems by
identification of various boundaries. Example: a teller of accounts in the bank is a
system which contributes to the activities of deposits withdraws and related
activities affecting the customer bank balance. This excludes other banking
activities like trust activities, loan activities etc. it is to be noticed that everything
outside the boundary of a system is called its environment. Flow from
environment into a system is called inputs and flow from inside boundary of
system into environment is outputs. All elements within the boundary contribute
to specific goals of system.
MIS characteristics :
There are many characteristics of a system which serve as a checklist for system
designer. The main characteristics are:
Management orientation
Integration
Common data flow
Heavy planning element
Subsystem concept
Database
Distributed system
Information as a source
Business activities
Evolution of MIS :
In starting all business were local and small in operation. A single individual
perform all activities by himself. Single individual was responsible for production
of goods, for storage and for the exchanging purpose to the outside environment.

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There was practically no need for record keeping because the person knew
that how much of stock he had made etc. But over years business started growing
and along with growth business complexities also increased i.e. from one or two
commodities to several thousand products, with localized operations to global
operations with production facilities and wide marketing in many counties. The
chief executive of such a big corporation has to depend on reports, mostly
periodic paper reports for information.
It is impossible for him to visit all his corporation facilities, warehouses etc. It is
the operation system that keeps him informed of his corporation activities such
full fledged information. System requires an organized system to collect data at
source with accuracy, process it and keep all his files updated to feed the
manager with most current highly accurate information needing investment. Data
is used in the form of raw material and must be subjected to data processing to
produce useful information and information system produces this useful
information by using data. If the information system generates information which
is useful for managers in planning and control then the whole system is called
MIS.
The evolution of MIS and its growth depends on following:
1. On growth of management theory and techniques
2. On growth of management accounting and its applications in business.
3. On changes in the production and distribution methods.
MIS support for decision making :
Decisions vary with respect to structure that can be provided for making them.
Basically the decisions are of two types:
1. Structured: A highly structured decision can be preplanned or pre specified.
Structure decision is also said to be programmable decision in the sense that
unambiguous decisions rules can be specified in advance. It doesn’t mean that the
decision is automated although making programmable decisions are automated.
The structured program decision tends to be routine and frequently repeated.
2. Unstructured: they are not preplanned or pre-specified the unstructured
decisions tend to occur with less frequency and tends to be non routine. The
unstructured decision has no pre-established decision procedure.

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Subsystems of MIS :
There are two approaches:
1.Organizational function subsystem :
They are somewhat different in terms of activities and are defined with
managerial activities as separate responsibilities. MIS may be viewed as a
federation of information system one for each major organizational function.
There may be common support system used by more than one subsystem but
each functional system is unique in its procedure, programs, models etc.
Major functional subsystems are:
Marketing
Manufacturing
Logistics
Personnel
Finance and accounting
Information processing
Top management
2. Activities subsystem :
Another approach to understand the structure of an information system is in
terms of the subsystem which performs various activities. Some of activities
subsystem will be useful for one organizational function subsystem others will be
useful for only one function.
Major activity subsystems are :
Transaction processing
Operational control
Management control
Strategic planning

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main objective of study: -
* It should contain all the information of University or a school.
* It should contain all the information of University Infrastructure or a
school.
* It should contain all the information of University Students.
PURPOSE: -
Computerized STUDENT MANAGEMENT System is developed to facilitate
the general administration system to manage the various information of
the students and the processes involved in an university. So, that
university can access accurate information quickly and easily as and
when required, thereby improving its operational efficiency &
effectiveness.
The basic approach that software engineering takes is to separate the
development process from the software. The premise is that the
development process controls the quality, scalability, consistency, and
productivity. Hence to satisfy the objectives, one must focus on the
development process. Design of proper development process and their
control is the primary goal of the software engineering.
Engineering Paradigm:-
The basic objective of software engineering is to: develop methods and
procedures for software development that can scale up for large
systems and that can be used to consistently produce high quality
software at low cost and with a small cycle time. That is, the key
objectives are consistency, low cost, high quality, small cycle time, and
scalability.

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System Requirements
Review & Validation
User Requirement Specifications
Software Requirements
Review & Validation
Software Requirements
Preliminary Design
Review & Validation
Detailed Functional Specifications
Detailed Design
Review & Validation
Global Implementation Specifications &
Detailed Implementation Specifications
Code and Debugging
Review & Validation Coding &Debugging
Testing
Review & Validation
Testing
Maintenance
Review & Validation Maintenance
STUDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECTS :
How to Login :
In this module, the user will enter his username and password to view . There will
be 2 types of users Administrator/Guest user.
How to Register :
In this site, the user can join the site ,if he is not a member yet by pressing
“signup” link .User should provide some details that are asked to join.
MODULES :
Login Module : In this module user can enter the site by providing username and
password and start exploring record.
Admin Module : Can add new account ,view user profile, delete user.

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EXPERIMENT NO:2
AIM: Study of physical and conceptual structure of MIS.
With a 5000-year-old culture, Indian Art is rich in its tapestry of ancient heritage,
medieval times, Mughal rule, British rule, Progressive art and now contemporary
art. The earliest recorded art of India originated from a religious Hindu
background, which was later replaced by a soaring popular Buddhist art.
Moreover, from a timeless era art in India has been inspired by spiritualism and
mystical relationship between man and god. Art in India had survived in its
homeland and spread from time to time all over the world. This was possible
because many kings who recognized budding talent patronized art and
themselves were great connoisseurs. Each king has left a deep impression of his
affinity to the artist community. Until today, art is patronized by the rich and
famous in the country.
Conceptual Structure of MIS:
Our project has a big scope to do. We can store information of all the arts.Various
users can access the information. user can maintain their information and can
update it. Notifications are sent to user about the companies. user can access
previous information about arts.
Physical Structure of MIS:
For the purpose of art and artists of the user in , admin have to collect the
information and manages them manually and arranges them according to various
arts. If any modification is required that is to be also done manually. From a
proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be
safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component. This
component can be easily plugged in many other systems. Also the component is
user friendly. Generally the admin of the site has to face a lot of problems in
management of the arts. This all information has to be managed manually. So,

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there is a need to develop a system that can solve the mentioned problem. This
software comes with just that solution.
DETAILED ANALYSIS :
The whole project will be based on PHP with MYSQL as the database with certain
security constraints added to it. Our aim is also to implement the Administrator
part in to the project so that the server or administrator himself can view, add
and delete .
Administrator :
He has to see whether the website is working properly and whether the details
available in the system are relevant and correct. He can view, add, delete details.
Database :
The database keeps all the records of all the users i.e.
username,password,country, phone no., city, state,email,etc. For creating such
records it takes the help of tables which is created in the MYSQL. The tables can
have infinite entries of all the registered users as well as administrators.
Guest :
Our aim will also to provide efficient way by which guest can enter to see his
profile and download arts.
Security Constraints :
There need to be certain constraints which have to be implemented on the
database as well as on the administrator in order to work properly the whole
system, such as declaring the primary key, or such constraints in order to keep the
database work properly.
Some of such constraints are as follows:
1. Each user has a field called username which can be used to differentiate
between different users.
2. The administrator has his own password known to no one else to access a
unique page.

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3. Only the administrator has the right to delete user, upload arts, view user
profile.
4. Administrator has to first login to get access to admin part and add new
arts in the website.
5. A new user cannot have same username and password as of some already
registereduser
STRUCTURE OF STUDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
LOGIN
MODULES
ADMIN
admin can add
,update,delete
the user
USER

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EXPERIMENT NO:3
AIM: Study of DSS, its users and characteristics.
DEFINITION: - It is set of well indicated user friendly computer based tools that
combined data with various decision making models to solve semi structured and
unstructured problems.
ITS USERS:- The ultimate user of DSS is decision maker in the cement company.
However he or she may not actually run the system. There are four distinct usage
patterns
1. Subscription mode: - receives reports that are generated automatically on the
regular basis.
2. Terminal mode: - decision maker is the direct user of the system by making
online access.
3. Clerk mode: - In this decision maker uses the system directly but offline.
4. Intermediary mode: - the decision maker uses the system with intermediaries
who perform the analysis and gives the report of the result.
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. It facilitates semi structured and unstructured decision making by bringing
together data.
2. It provides decision support for several independent decisions.
3. It supports a wide variety of decision making processes and styles.
4. It tells the decision maker to make decision under dynamic business
conditions.
5. It helps the decision maker to address ad hoc queries.
OBJECTIVE :
Encourage and promote the development and progress of electronic Data
Processing towards achieving self-reliance in the field of computer sciences
and technology for scientific research and development, educational

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governmental commercial and industrial applications both for indigenous
utilization as well as for export.
Disseminate knowledge on all aspects of Electronic Data Processing
Systems and allied subjects, and to foster the development of this
specialized branch of technology.
Stimulate and offer aid for research and development of the benefit of
manufactures End users Electronic Data Processing Systems.
Provide support for software development on consultancy basis.
Establish, manage and operate sub-Centre’s for all or any of the objectives
of the Centre.
In pursuit of these objectives, the Centre may engage in the following activities.
Setup Advisory and Consultancy Services.
Organize study programmers, symposia, conferences, lectures.
Maintain contacts with other learned and professional organizations.
Support publication activities.
Make available facilities of the Centre for the users.

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EXPERIMENT NO:4
AIM: Study of information system and its types.
SYSTEM: -INFORMATION :
Means an interconnected set of information resources under the same direct
management control that shares common functionality. A system normally
includes hardware, software, information, data, applications, communications,
and people.
DEFINITIONS:
1. A system, whether automated or manual, that comprises people, machines,
and/or methods organized to collect, process, transmit, and disseminate data that
represent user information.
2. The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, and components for the
collection, processing, storage, transmission, display, dissemination, and
disposition of information.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:-
For the business of cement manufacturing, there are a variety of requirements for
information. Senior managers need information to help with their business
planning. Middle management needs more detailed information to help them
monitor and control business activities. Employees with operational roles need
information to help them carry out their duties. As a result, business tends to
have several "information systems" operating at the same time. This revision note
highlights the main categories of information system and provides some examples
to help you distinguish between them.
The main kinds of information systems in business are described briefly below:
EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEM:
An Executive Support System ("ESS") is designed to help senior management
make strategic decisions. It gathers analyses and summarizes the key internal and
external information used in the business.

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A good way to think about an ESS is to imagine the senior management team at
the main branch having a software program that shows the current status of all
the operating Branches. ESS typically involves lots of data analysis and modeling
tools such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM:
A management information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal
sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing
systems and summarize it
into a series of management reports. MIS reports tend to be used by middle
management and operational supervisors.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM:
Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management
make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible
outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather
relevant information and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often involves
use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:
Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and
share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create
new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people in the
organization to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include
firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants. KMS are built around
systems which allow efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For
example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents,
spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, Internet pages or the local plant files. To
share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an
intranet, which are shared by all plants via a communication medium.
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS:
As the name implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to
process routine transactions efficiently and accurately.

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A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example: - Billing systems
to send invoices to customers - Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly
payroll and tax payments - Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw
material requirements - Stock control systems to process all movements into,
within and out of the business
OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS:
Office Automation Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of
employees who need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example
is a system that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.

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EXPERIMENT NO:5
AIM: Study of GDSS and its possible configurations.
DEFINITION: It is an interactive computer based system to facilitate the solution
of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers working in a group. It
improved the quality and effectiveness of meetings. The GDSS includes the
following in to its configuration:-
1. The top management
2. Middle management
3. Employees
4. Workers
In G-DSS there is a committee which is generally made for higher level decisions.
In top management there is Company Manager. In middle management there is
Plant manager. In lower level there are Employees. At the last stage there are
Workers. A problem arises due to heavy pollution near by residential areas in air
due to silt. So the company G-DSS committee decides to solve this problem and
solution is to protect the manufacturing surroundings with plants. Exhaust pipes
length increased.

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EXPERIMENT NO:6
AIM: Study of ERP and its applications.
An enterprise resource planning system is fully integrated resource planning
system covering functional areas of an enterprise. It organises and integrates
operation processes and information flow to make optimum use of resources
such as men, material, money and machine.
ERP promises one database, one application and one user interface for entire
enterprise. Taking information from every function it is a tool that assist
employees and manager plans and control the entire business. An ERP enhances
the manufacturer ability to accurately schedule production, utilize the capacity,
reduce inventory and meet promised shipping dates.
GENERAL MODEL OF ERP

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Evolution of ERP:-
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is the evolution of Manufacturing
Requirements Planning (MRP) II. From business perspective, ERP has expanded
from coordination of manufacturing processes to the integration of enterprise-
wide backend processes. From technological aspect, ERP has evolved from legacy
implementation to more flexible tiered client-server architecture.
The following table summarizes the evolution of ERP from 1960s to 1990s.
Timeline System Description
1960s Inventory
Management &
Control
Inventory Management and control is the
combination of information technology and
business processes of maintaining the appropriate
level of stock in a warehouse. The activities of
inventory management include identifying
inventory requirements, setting targets, providing
replenishment techniques and options, monitoring
item usages, reconciling the inventory balances,
and reporting inventory status.
1970s Material
Requirement
Planning (MRP)
Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) utilizes
software applications for scheduling production
processes. MRP generates schedules for the
operations and raw material purchases based on
the production requirements of finished goods, the
structure of the production system, the current
inventories levels and the lot sizing procedure for
each operation.
1980s Manufacturing
Requirements
Planning (MRP II)
Manufacturing Requirements Planning or MRP
utilizes software applications for coordinating
manufacturing processes, from product planning,
parts purchasing, inventory control to product

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distribution.
1990s Enterprise
Resource Planning
(ERP)
Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP uses multi-
module application software for improving the
performance of the internal business processes.
ERP systems often integrates business activities
across functional departments, from product
planning, parts purchasing, inventory control,
product distribution, fulfillment, to order tracking.
ERP software systems may include application
modules for supporting marketing, finance,
accounting and human resources.
Characteristics of ERP Solution:-
Modular structure
Scalable architecture
Seamless integration of modules
RDBMS independent
Independence of hardware platform
Interface capabilities
PC download/upload facility
Benefits of the ERP:-
Better management of resources reducing the cost of operations.
Planning at functional and process level. Simultaneous increase in the
productivity of the business possible
Customer satisfaction increased due to shorter delivery cycle. Closer
contact with the customer.
Simultaneous activisation of the decision centers because of instant
inducement through triggers or updates.
Business operations transparency between business partners cutting down
the execution time of critical business operations.
Intelligent ERP downloads the decision making at lower level, releasing the
burden on the middle management.

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Due to faster processing technology and SQL, management can see the
information in their perspective and take different view of the business
Due to strong interface capabilities, the human resource can be utilized
better due to access to information across the database distributed over
the organization.
Since, the ERP design is proactive; it makes the management alert at a
number of points demanding the decision or action.
The process becomes faster due to work group technology and application
of workflow automation.
Implementation of ERP:-
Implementing ERP reuires a team of experts who understand the business and
technical aspects of the project. A separate ERP solution provider is employed for
working with each department in understanding their processes and challenges.
Implementation of ERP involves the following steps:
Planning and Requirements Analysis:-
This is the initial phase where the company takes a decision on implementing ERP.
The decision could based on their need to comply with legal requirements,
replace their legacy applications, for benefits of integration, reduction of
inventory, reduction of operational costs, risk management, additional
functionality or speeding up processes.
The team chooses an ERP system. Typically a niche player in resource planning
software developement is chosen instead of developing from scratch. Some of
the leading vendors are: SAP, PeopleSoft, Oracle,Sage Group, MS Business
Solutions, SSA Global, Lawson and Intentia.
Design:-
This is the phase where the ERP team re-engineers the business processes around
the Best Practices wherever feasible and identifies the processes that will result in
customizing the ERP software application. The IT infrastructure requirements
based on ERP system architecture and vendor are prepared.

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Detailed Design:-
In this phase, the ERP team uses the identified business processes as the basis for
implementation to build prototypes by choosing standard models, processes,
inputs and outputs. This phase involves business super-users in determining the
system elements.
Implementation:-
This phase involves installation of the ERP software, migration of data from the
old applications to the ERP system, configuring the ERP system for reporting,
implementing security, interfaces etc. The end users are involved at this stage to
test the system after being trained. The implementation consultants seek
feedback, identify software bugs/corrections, performance bottlenecks and apply
the fixes. A decision on switching to the new ERP system is taken.
Maintenance:-
This is an ongoing phase which involves patching/upgrading the software,
enhancing the functionality of the applications, changes in reports etc. This is
either taken care of by in-house IT department or outsourced to consulting firms.

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EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: Define ERP marketing and its implementation.
Implementation of ERP:-
A tremendous effort has been made in discussing the implementations of ERP
systems.
Al-Mashari and Zairi (2000a) proposed an integrative framework for SAP R/3
implementaion
Their framework was based on the premise that effective deployment of sap r/3 is
greatly
determined by the extent to which certain key elements such as the business
case,
implementation strategy, change management and BPR, are comprehensively
consider
and fully integrated. A more detailed case study focused on sap r/3
implementation is
available from Sieber et al. (2000).
Implementing ERP requires a team of experts who understand the business and
technical aspects of the project. A separate ERP solution provider is employed for
working with each department in understanding their processes and challenges.
Implementation of ERP involves the following steps:
Planning and Requirements Analysis:-
This is the initial phase where the company takes a decision on implementing ERP.
The decision could based on their need to comply with legal requirements,
replace their legacy applications, for benefits of integration, reduction of
inventory, reduction of operational costs, risk management, additional
functionality or speeding up processes.
The team chooses an ERP system. Typically a niche player in resource planning
software developement is chosen instead of developing from scratch. Some of
the leading vendors are: SAP, PeopleSoft, Oracle,Sage Group, MS Business
Solutions, SSA Global, Lawson and Intentia.

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Design:-
This is the phase where the ERP team re-engineers the business processes around
the Best Practices wherever feasible and identifies the processes that will result in
customizing the ERP software application. The IT infrastructure requirements
based on ERP system architecture and vendor are prepared.
Detailed Design:-
In this phase, the ERP team uses the identified business processes as the basis for
implementation to build prototypes by choosing standard models, processes,
inputs and outputs. This phase involves business super-users in determining the
system elements.
Implementation:-
This phase involves installation of the ERP software, migration of data from the
old applications to the ERP system, configuring the ERP system for reporting,
implementing security, interfaces etc. The end users are involved at this stage to
test the system after being trained. The implementation consultants seek
feedback, identify software bugs/corrections, performance bottlenecks and apply
the fixes. A decision on switching to the new ERP system is taken.
Maintenance:-
This is an ongoing phase which involves patching/upgrading the software,
enhancing the functionality of the applications, changes in reports etc. This is
either taken care of by in-house IT department or outsourced to consulting firms.

___________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO:8
AIM:-Study of information parameters – quality, age and value
Quality of information:-
There is no proper way for STUDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM that could keep the
information about the students which was all in manual implementation. It was
very difficult to maintain information manually. This system will keep track of
students and also keep track of their academic record or new users in each year.
We have been successful in our attempt to take care of the needs of both the
user as well as the administrator
This is a self-advantageous application for the use of any educational institute for
data record keeping. There need to be certain constraints which have to be
implemented on the database as well as on the administrator in order to work
properly the whole system, such as declaring the primary key, or such constraints
in order to keep the database work properly. It is not a online service. Keeping
pace with changing times and an ever-growing need for specialized services ,it can
be further modified to a online service or even modified to run on a vocal
command.
Value of Information:-
Information has a great impact on decision making, and hence its value is closely
tied to the decisions that result from its use. Information does not have an
absolute universal value. Its value is related to those who use it, when it is used,
and in what situation it is used. In this sense, information is similar to other
commodities.

___________________________________________________________________
The concept of normative value of information has been developed by
economists and statisticians and is derived from decision theory. The basic
premise of the theory is that we always have some preliminary knowledge about
the occurrence of events that are relevant to our
decisions. Additional information might modify our view of the occurrence
probabilities and consequently change our decision and the expected payoff from
the decision. The value of additional information is, hence, the difference in
expected payoff obtained by reduced uncertainty about the future event.
Information supports decisions, decisions trigger actions, and actions affect the
achievements or performance of the organization. If we can measure the
differences in performance, we can trace the impact of information, provided that
the measurements are carefully performed, the relationships among variables are
well defined, and possible effects of irrelevant factors are isolated. The measured
difference in performance due to informational factors is called the realistic value
or revealed value of information.
For most information systems, particularly those supporting middle and top
management, the resulting decisions often relate to events that are not strictly
defined and involve probabilities that cannot be quantified. The decision-making
process often is obscure and the outcomes are scaled by multiple and
incomparable dimensions. In such cases, we may either attempt to perform a
multi attribute analysis or derive an overall subjective value. The subjective value
reflects people's comprehensive impression of information and the amount they
are willing to pay for specific information.So as the website “STUDENT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” has been carefully constructed to on track the record of
the students in any educational institute with the sense of an ease.

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