3. INTRODUCTION
o Traditional electrical grids mainly consisted of power stations,
transmission lines and transformers.
o Several new trends are already shaping changes in the electricity
infrastructure including the expansion of the existing grid with micro
grids.
o Challenges faced by existing grid is leading to Smart grid concepts that
primarily explore the integration issues between new and legacy
solutions and infrastructures.
o The most prominent integration issue is the full use of variable
renewable generation, the electrification of the transportation sector,
and interaction with the electricity grid etc.
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4. Cont..
o The challenge of future grid development is to spur innovation and
provide a framework for how global issues affect local developments
and vice versa.
o Another challenge is the environmental concern that is not equally
shared around the world now.
o Other issue is customer engagement.
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5. SMART GRID
A smart grid is an electrical network that uses
digital and other advanced technologies to
monitor and manage the transport of
electricity from all generation sources to meet
the varying demand of end users.
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6. GOALS, CHALLENGES AND
BARRIERS
Self-healing
Enabling active participation by consumers in demand
response.
Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attacks.
Providing power quality.
Accommodating all generation and storage options.
Enabling new products, services and markets.
Optimizing assets and operating efficiently.
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•GOALS
7. •CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS
Integrating variable generation
Consumer engagement
Distribution automation
Transmission automation
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9. CONTROL OF POWER PRODUCTION
For conventional generation, megawatt (MW) output is
controlled at four levels:
Local to each generator and regulates MW output in response to
transient deviations in shaft speed from its reference
(synchronous) speed.
Automatic generation control (AGC)
SCED
SCUC
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10. GENERATION VARIABILITY
Conventional generation must compensate for VG which has two
important implications for conventional generators.
1. Increased levels of conventional generation
2. Portfolio of generation
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11. GENERATION UNCERTAINTY
• VGs that participate in both real time and day-ahead markets settle
deviations at real-time prices.
• VGs that participate in only real-time markets receive real-time prices
for energy provided.
• Day-ahead VG offers depend on the 24–48-h ahead VG resource
forecasts.
• Real-time VG offers depend on 5–60-min ahead VG resource forecasts.
• The error associated with these forecasts causes uncertainty in VG
schedules. Deviations in VG schedules affect scheduling of the
conventional generation, resulting in less efficient system economic
performance.
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12. FREQUENCY REGULATION
Frequency has been traditionally controlled tightly to avoid
activation of under frequency load shedding.
Ability of wind turbine generators to emulate the inertia of
traditional generators is an interesting frequency regulation
impact to explore.
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14. SMART HOMES, BUILDING ENERGY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Smart grid development in the consumer domain is in full swing.
Smart appliances, which are equipped with controllers to maximize
efficiency, are widely available.
The use of smart appliances is reduced to the energy savings in a given
locality or premise.
Building energy management systems have been in use but they are
complex and effective.
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15. OPTIONS FOR AGGREGATION
Typical utility aggregation programs were aimed at grouping customers
on a given feeder.
Such programs are now becoming much more versatile and
sophisticated, where they may include a variety of options such as
advanced energy storage technologies.
Electric cars charging is one of the aggregation program
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16. ELECTRIC VEHICLES
We can say that the invention of electric
vehicles was a great Achievement, even
though it was Invented a long time ago,
its Importance is seen with the advent of
this great technology Smart Grid.
We can charge these vehicles whenever
we need electricity and discharge this
and give it back to the system whenever
the system needs it.
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Figure 1
17. DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
OWNERSHIP AND UTILIZATION OF CUSTOMER AND UTILITY
DATA
ENHANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION AND BULK ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
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18. OWNERSHIP AND UTILISATION OF CUSTOMER AND
UTILITY DATA
One of the major developments in distribution automation is
deployment of smart meters as a gateway between the utility and
customer.
It not only a point of measurement of consumed kWh but also a
controller capable of bidirectional communications with both the
customer and utility.
At the meter, the issue of data ownership and privacy becomes a focal
point.
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19. SMART METERS
Smart Meters are digital electric
meters that take the place of
traditional mechanical meters.
Like a traditional meter, a Smart
Meter measures electric current.
It also stores information and
receives and responds to commands
and status inquiries from the utility.
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Figure 2
20. ENHANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND
BULK ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
The nodal information about the voltage and frequency may have to be
accurately reflected for the entire system across both distribution and
transmission.
They are already exploring the energy management system (EMS)
designs that will encompass both transmission and distribution
networks under one control solution.
Various protection scheme and Synchrophasor technology aimed at
addressing the monitoring, control, and protection issues in the
transmission systems.
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21. 21
• Synchronized phasors (synchrophasors) provide a real-time
measurement of electrical quantities from across the power
system.
• Applications include :
• The basic system building blocks are GPS satellite-synchronized
clocks, phasor measurement unit(PMUs), a phasor data
concentrator (PDC) etc.
• Wide-area control,
• Determining stability
• Maximizing stable system loading,
• System-wide disturbance recording,
SYNCHROPHASOR
22. PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS
High speed sensors called PMUs
distributed throughout a
transmission network can be used
to monitor the state of the system.
PMUs can take measurement at
rates of up to 30 times per second,
which is much faster than the speed
of existing SCADA technology.
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Figure 3
23. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The GPS is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides
location and time information in all
weather conditions, anywhere on or
near the earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or
more GPS satellites. The system
provides critical capabilities to
military, civil, and commercial users
around the world
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Figure 4
24. TRANSMISSION AUTOMATION
WIDE-AREA EFFECTS OF POWER OUTAGES
LOCAL AND WIDE-AREA PROTECTION
SCADA AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
THE ROLE OF OPERATORS
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25. WIDE – AREA EFFECTS OF POWER OUTAGES
• In large-scale electric grids such as those in North America, Asia etc. the
transmission grid consists of many kilometres of wires that hold
thousands of generators and millions of individual loads together.
• This type of grid provides two benefits that are Reliability and
Economics.
• Its side effect is ,if something goes wrong the effects can quickly be felt
over a large area.
ex,. Blackout
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26. LOCAL AND WIDE-AREA PROTECTION
As transmission automation moves forward, relays will continue to play
an important role since they can respond far faster than any human
operator.
Electro mechanical relays are replaced by digital relays.
This could allow for more flexible system operation through introducing
adaptive digital protection.
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28. THE ROLE OF OPERATORS
Normal generation control, switching etc. are rapidly
being automated.
For emerging system operations such as when a blackout
threatens, the human operator is critical.
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29. FUTURE SCOPES
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Low - emission generation technologies that can be built
quickly, at relatively low cost.
The most promising technologies are onshore wind and natural
gas combined cycle plants.
Smart meter may become a key energy management
component of the future by interfacing the customer with the
utility.
30. CONCLUSION
As surveyed in this paper, several grid developments are expected:
Increased use of renewable variable generation
Involvement of customers in electricity generation
Automation
New developments such as electric cars
The transition towards a smart grid from the current electric grid is
one of the most important decisions to meet for electric reliability,
economy, efficiency and sustainability goals.
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