1. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
After the electronic media came into the broadcasting making the dessimination of
information and ideas of sounds and pictures in a scale so gigantic and global that no
one is immune to it.We are still in the midst of what is happening to us”Narayan
Menon .
2. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
1877:Thomas Edison recorded “Mary had a little lamb”using a hand cracked
device with a cylinder wrapped in a tin foil that preserved sound.It could be told
to be a prototype of a phonograph
For many years this talking machine was exhibited at a lecture hall,exhibitions
as a curiosity.Edison later realized that this new invention might best be suited
to the business world.
Competition came in when Chinchester Bell and Charles Tainter patented a
device called graphophone in which edison’s tinfoil got replaced by a wax
cylinder.
Competition became greater when yet another yet another American ,Emile
Berliner patented a system that used a disc instead of a cylinder called
“Gramophone”
3. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
Meanwhile across the ocean a Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell provided
the theoretical basis for the development of wireless transmissions in the
space.Maxwell argued that electromagnetic waves exsisted and that they
traveled at the speed of the light.
1887:Fifteen yrs later a german scientist ,Heinrich Hertz verified the
correctness of Maxwell’s theories in a series of experiments in which Hertz
actually sent and detected radio waves.
1896:An Italian ,Guglielmo Marconi refined and improved on Hertz efforts .He
could send a wireless signal over a two mile distance
A businessmen as well as an inventor ,Marconi saw that wireless had promising
commercial aspects in maritime communication(ship to shore and ship to ship
messages)
At 23 he went to England and established the Marconi Wireless Telegraph and
Signal Company ,later shortened to British Marconi world war I,this company
and it’s U.S subsidiary ,American Marconi had become a powerful force in
maritime and transatlantic communication
4. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
1906 :Two Americans Reginald –Fessenden and Lee De Forest carried out the worlds
first radio braodcaston Christmas Eve.Lee De forest invented the vaccum tube which
made much easier to receive voice and music transmissions.
With the world war I setting in there was a significant improvement in radio was
observed.The US Navy realized the immense power of radio communication and began
to work on it.
By 1930’s : radio was routine in maritime services and in international work.The
technology had stabilized into a world wide network of commercial and maritime
stations including those of navies and government of the world as well as dozens of
nations broadcasting to each other on the short waves that were the high
frequencies first explored by the amateures experimenting and communicating
world wide.
5. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
1957:The Russians launched the first earth satellite “Sputnik”-the fellow traveller.Its
radio signals beeped down to the whole Earth.
Telegraphy system were improving notably throughout the 20th centuryThis extensive
development was due to buisness and government demands for machines that were
easier to use.As a result radiotelegraph companies expanded their bandwidth
offerings.As the spread of the telegraph systems increased many associations in United
States and Europe such as the Western Union Telegraph Company were establishing.
This soon followed by establishment of U.S European Radio Communication,
emergence of mass media ,development of improved receivers which were affordable,
easy to use, relatively efficient receiving set. emergence of networks, commercial radio
prog’s and implementation of of acts ,The Radio act of 1927
6. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
Broadcasting was introduced in India by amateur radio clubs in Bombay
,Calcutta,Madras and Lahore though even before the clubs launched the several
experimental broadcasts were conducted in Bombay and other cities.
The Times of India records that a broadcast was transmitted from the roof of the
building on August 20,1921.
The Radio club of Calcutta was perhaps the first amateur club to start
functioning(November,1923) followed by Madras Presidency Radio Club which was
formed on May 16,1924 and started broadcasting on July 31.
Financial difficulties forced the clubs to come together in 1927 to form the Indian
Broadcasting Company (IBC) the first organized broadcasting network in India
The government of India thought broadcasting as a curse .The programme accordingly
detoriated even from their former low standard and Indian Broadcasting would have
come to an end had not BBC at the critical moment started an empire programme.
Europeans in India rushed to buy sets
7. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
August 30,1935 –Lionel Fielden succeeded The Indian Broadcasting Service as its New
Controller
September ,1935 –Broadcasting began in the princely state of Mysore with the name
Akashvani(The Voice of the Sky)
June8,1936 –All India Radio was adopted after the efforts of Lord Linlithgow.
1940 –Fielden was succeeded by Ahmed Shah Bokhari
Oct 24,1941 –AIR became the part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
1947 –AIR played an important role during the partition of India –important speech of
Lord Mountbatten, Mohamed Ali Jinha, Jawaharlal Nehru
At the time of Independence AIR network had 9 stations of which 6 were in Delhi,
Calcutta, Bombay ,Madras, Lucknow , Tiruchi remained with India :Lahore, Peshawar,
Dacca having gone to Pakistan
8. During the first five year plan,6 new radio stations were set up at Pune,Rajkot
,Jaipur,Indore,Shimla and Bangladesh was also replaced by Mysore
September 15,1948 –The External Services were separated(27 lang:17 foreign lang+10 Indian
lang
1955 –The first Radio Sangeet Sammelan was Broadcasted
1955 –Radio News Reel was started.
Jan 25,1956 -The National Symposium of Poets was organized.So was Sahitya Samaraha,
National Programme of Operas ,plays and features
3rd October,1957 –Vividh Bharti Programme launched at Bombay.Programmes of vividh Bharti
like Hello Farmaish, Celluloid ke sitare ,Sargam ke Sitare,Biosscope ke batein,bhule bisre
Geet,Chaya Geet became immensely popular.
july 7,1957 –Inter station Programme Exchange unit was established.This station was also
given the responsibility of looking after the AIR Sound Archives.
1956 -61 –During the second five year plan an expenditure of Rs.80 million was calculated.
January 25,1958 –Annual folk music festival ‘Songs of Nations Builders “, was Started.
November 17,1959 –Nation wide Radio Rural forums was launched (community listening and
discussion grps )
1960 –Delhi station started it’s special ‘Urdu Majlis” programme and the External service
9. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
By the end of the second five year plan,ten medium wave transmitters were added to
the AIR Network either as a replacement or new services bringing the total number of
medium wave transmitters to 33 and shortwave to 26.
It covered a total of 55% of population and 37% of the area.
Auxillary and independent stations were built up one after the other.
August 15,1965 –The auditorium attached to the Delhi Station of AIR was converted
into a television studio and a daily one hour service commenced
April,18,1966 –The report of the Chanda committee(committee on broadcasting and
Information media set up in 1964 under the chairmanship of Ashok K.Chanda) was
submitted.
The Chanda Committee(A.K.Chanda,Ms.Mehra Masani,Nath
Pai,M.S.Gurupadaswamy,L.M.Singhvi,Kamala Chaudhuri,Vidya Charan Shukla,Hasan
Zaheer,Ashok Mitra,M.Chalapati Rao,Hazari Prasad Dwivedi) was the first ever
independent review of broadcasting in India ordered at the initiative of Indira Gandhi
.The committee recommended Commercial broadcasting and the setting up of
autonomous bodies for television and radio.
10. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
1967 –Introduction of commercial advertisement in Bombay –Pune –Nagpur chain of
Vividh Bharti Stations(Family Planning Advertisements)
1967 –Introduction of nine point code for individual broadcasters.
According to the nine point code Broadcasting on AIR by individuals will not permit –
•Criticism of friendly countries
•Attack on religion or communities
•Anything obscene or defamatory
•Incitements to violence or anything against maintanence of law and order.
•Anything amounting to contempt of court.
•Aspersion against the integrity of the president ,governors and judiciary
•Attack on political party by name.
•Hostile criticism of any state or centre.
•Anything showing disrespect to the constitution
july 21,1969 –Commissioning of a separate Yuv –Vani (Youth Channel) at Delhi.
Stations were set up at Aligarh,Leh,Rajkot,shimla,Jodhpur,Allepy,Imphal
,Kohima,Gorakhpur was added
January ,1973 –National Programme of folk and regional Music introduced
11. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
1975 -1980 –fifth year plan
1975 –SITE Prog inagurated.ATS6 was used to transmit programmes to nearly 2400
villages in 6 states of Andhra Pradesh,Bihar,Karnataka,Madhya Pradesh,Orissa and
Rajasthan.
April 1,1976 –Television was formally separated from Radio
June 5,1976 –Transmitters at Nagpur and Indore were upgraded.
1976 –Inaguration of 6 new radio stations at Darbhanga,Rohtak,Chhattarpur
Udipi,Ambikapur
1977 –Radio station at Jagadalpur, Ratnagiri,Rewa was established
July 1977 –FM transmitters was commissined at Madras.
March,1977 –B.G.Verghese committee was set up to ensure free,fair and objective
functioning of AIR AND Doordarshan.
Feb 24,1978 –Submitted the report.National Broadcast Trust(Akash Bharti) to be formed .
12. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
1980 -85 –AIR’s sixth five year plan
The four main objectives are as follows –
a. Consolidation and expansion of the existing regional service
b. Strengthening of the external services
c. Development of a dedicated national broadcasting channel
d. Introduction of local broadcasting
The major objective of radio broadcasting development of the eighties should be that
people in all parts of the country should have access to at least two radio program
channels viz. regional, national ,commercial or local.
Problems –a.increasing demand for broadcasting in different languages and dialects for
specific groups and tastes.
b.Lack of office accomodation or studio facilities.
Budget alloted –Rs.151.91 crores.
Upgradation and addition of auxiliary centgres.Mainly to cover uncovered pockets the
sixth year plan projected radio stations at Gangtok,Tura,,Goalpara,Kokrajhar,Tezpur
,Dhanbad ,Surat in Assam,Orissa, Mharashtra,Bihar,Gujrat repectively.
Establishment of 6 local radio(Rs.3 crore)-
1.Adilabad –Andhra Pradesh,Diphu –Assam,Keonjhar –Orissa,Kota –Chambal,Nagarcoli –
Tamil Nadu,6.Sholapur –Maharashtra
13. EVOLUTION OF RADIO in INDIA
When India attained Independence in 1947, AIR had a network of six stations
and a complement of 18 transmitters. The coverage was 2.5% of the area and
just 11% of the population. Rapid expansion of the network took place post
Independence.
AIR today has a network of 229 broadcasting centres with 148 medium
frequency(MW), 54 high frequency (SW) and 168 FM transmitters. The
coverage is 91.79% of the area , serving 99.14% of the people in the largest
democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146 dialects in home
services. In Externel services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10
foreign languages.
AIR today is a national service planned, developed and operated by the
Prasar Bharati Broadcasting Corporation of India
14. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
Radio as a tool of communication is creating a revolution and
taking the nation by storm
Broadcasting in India is speedily shifting it’s profile from
government monopoly to highly commercialized broadcasting
Reason for the resurgence : Conducive FDI’s and Privatization of
the industry.
Broadcasting Tiers -1.AIR
2.Private FM Radios
3.Community Radio
15. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
Industry size –
The estimated size of the Indian Radio Industry is INR -20billion
The industry is estimated to grow 20%carg till 2015 from the
current base
Radio registered a growth rate of 24% in the past year
Radio is estimated to have a share of 4% of the total
advertisement revenue in India.The above findings have projected
that this volume will increase considerably over the next 5 to 10
yrs.
Recent RAM surveys revelaed of increased FM Penetration for
Delhi/Mumbai/Bangalore.Kolkta almost standstill
16. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
LIBERALIZATION OF RADIO :
Phase -1 –
•In March 2000,the government invited private sector into FM radio Broadcasting by
opening up the frequencies in FM Band.
•They were invited to bid a 10 yr license to set up and operate FM radio stations.
•The original plan was to set up 108 FM radio frequencies across 40 cities.
•101 bids were received ,aggregating to a license fee of approximately Rs.4.25 billion.
•The unusually high license structure hampered the FM Growth leading to revenue
losses. .
•21 channels were operational zed in various states in Phase -1.
17. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
•Phase -2 –
Phase -2-of privatization of FM Radio is an initiative in line with roadmap laid out in line
with Phase -1.
•A total of 338 channels in 91 cities across the country would be made available for
bidding by private companies.236 channels were operationalized in Phase -2.
•Lifting restrictions on airing news and current affairs,permitting licensees to own multiple
licenses,Improving HR practices,expansion of listenership and impending base for were
among a host of issues being taken care of.
•This phase saw the issuance of 245 licences by the government
Phase -3 –
• FM radio's phase III expansion is not likely to take off until the new radio channels that
earned licences under phase II bidding start beaming programmes and turn in their
balance sheets.
•The phase -3 is expected to bid over than 600 licenses in 200 cities
• News and current affairs ,electronic auction,increase in FDI (from 20 -26%)opening up
multiple frequencies in radio,political advertisements,15 yrs license period,network
sharing,permission to relay news from prasar bahratiensure more number of local players
and adding a regional flavor ……………. tops the phase -3
18. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
Phase -1
Number of licenses available 338 in 91 cities
Number of licenses bid for 280 licenses
Number of bidding companies 37
Number of licenses allotted 245 licenses in
87 cities
Highest average bid for a city Mumbai
244.65million
Highest bid in northern region Chandigarh
130.61 million
Highest bid in the southern region Cochin -
95.76million
Highest bid in western region Mumbai
244.65 million
Highest bid in eastern region Patna
51.3 million.
20. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
•FM service of AIR has two channels –
1. FM Rainbow
2.FM Gold.
• There are 12 FM Rainbow channels and 4 FM Gold Channels.
• The program me content of these channels is mainly popular Indian and Western
music, compared in a vivacious and contemporary style and therefore highly popular
with the urban youth.
• A sort of News bulletins and current affairs programmes are also broadcast from
these channels.
22. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
The following trends that have supported the growth
and Mass Penetration of FM in India –
1.liberalization of laws
2.Commercialization
3.Privatization of radio
4.Consumer preferences towards music.
5.Growth of youth as potential target group.
6.Boom of mobile and automobile industry
7.Affordable price of radio sets
8.Strong promotional activities
23. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
Challenges
1.Incapability to generate significant amount of listenership(higher
recall achieved by good amount of branding has failed to develop
higher listenership)
1.High license fee is deterrent for new entrants .
2.The high licence fee has reportedly put a question mark on the
sustainability of many FM Radio stations.
3.Failure of FM stations to reach the smaller towns.
4.Failure of FM Stations from attracting much advertisers (specially
local retailers)
5.Lack of suitable differentiation among FM Stations.
6.Bitter relationship with music companies. (steep royalties being
charged by the music companies)
7.High programming and manpower cost leading to the creation of
a people –cost structure which is incompatible with the present size
and revenue earning capacity
24. EVOLUTION OF RADIO:FM
Possible Revamp Strategy –
•To attract advertising revenues through nische marketing, market
segmentation and differentiation of one FM channel to that of another.
•Each FM station to earn a distinct identity of it’s own.
FM stations to encourage participation of local retailers.
Boost up listenership by promoting national events,reality shows,interviews
etc.
•Though music companies remain the primary format,much experimentations
have been carried out with radio genres like:Mythology/Reality show/comedy
/Horror
•Cutting short manpower and programming costs by creating intellectual
property which share library value and can be reused in future and
syndicated across channels.A right mix of live and recorded programmes can
help reduce production and salary costs.Hiring part timers rather than full
timer RJ’s can also reduce costs.
•Good cordial relationships with the music industries.
•Developing loyal listener base by catering all the specified needs of the
listeners through more innovative programme
