Environmental Impact Assessment of Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment

΢ΤΜΒΟΤΛΟΙ ΠΟΛΔΟΓΟΜΙΑ΢ – ΠΔΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΣΟ΢ – ΚΤΚΛΟΦΟΡΙΑ΢
PLANNING – ENVIRONMENTAL AND TRANSPORT CONSULTANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF THE LARNAKA
PORT AND MARINA
REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Final Report
October 2011
VOLUME A: EIA REPORT

Environmental Impact Assessment of the Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment Project
ALA Planning Partnership 2011
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE LARNAKA PORT AND MARINA
REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
VOLUME A: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CONTENTS
1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 10
1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 10
1.2. Scope and Key works........................................................................................................ 10
1.2.1. Project Phasing ........................................................................................................ 11
1.3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Methodology.................................................... 11
1.3.1. Objective of the current Environmental Impact Assessment.................................... 11
1.3.2. Assessment Methods and Significance.................................................................... 11
1.3.3. Surveys..................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.4. Study Area................................................................................................................ 12
1.3.5. Baseline Environment............................................................................................... 12
1.4. Key issues identified in the Environmental Impact Assessment....................................... 13
1.4.1. Identification Method ................................................................................................ 13
1.4.2. Significant Positive Impacts during Construction ..................................................... 13
1.4.3. Significant Positive Impacts during Operation.......................................................... 13
1.4.4. Significant Negative Impacts during Construction.................................................... 15
1.4.5. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 18
2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 19
2.1. General.............................................................................................................................. 19
2.2. Short Description of the Proposed Project........................................................................ 20
2.2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2. Key Works (for all 3 Phases).................................................................................... 20
2.3. Project Phasing ................................................................................................................. 21
2.4. The Design Team.............................................................................................................. 22
2.5. Objective of the current Environmental Impact Assessment ............................................ 24
2.6. Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment ......................................................... 24
3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................... 25
3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 25
3.2. International Conventions and Protocols .......................................................................... 25
3.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)..... 25
3.2.2. Barcelona Convention: protecting the Mediterranean Sea ...................................... 27
3.3. European Guidelines......................................................................................................... 28
3.3.1. Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of
certain public and private projects on the environment ............................................................. 28
3.3.2. Directive 94/25/EC, on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative
provisions of the Member States relating to recreational craft (Amended by Directive
2003/44/EC)............................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.3. Directive 2008/56/EC of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community
action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)....... 29
3.3.4. Directive 2000/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27
November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues
(Amended by Directive 2002/84/EC, 2007/71/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1137/2008) .......... 30
3.3.5. Directive 2006/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February
2006 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic
environment of the Community (Codified version)..................................................................... 32
3.3.6. Directive 2002/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November
2002 amending the Directives on maritime safety and the prevention of pollution from ships . 33
3.3.7. Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September
2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties, particularly criminal
penalties, for infringements........................................................................................................ 33

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3.3.8. Regulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14
April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships................................................ 34
3.3.9. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May
2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe............................................................. 35
3.3.10. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October
2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy ..................... 36
3.3.11. Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of
waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources ...................................... 36
3.3.12. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats
and of wild fauna and flora......................................................................................................... 37
November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds..................................................................... 38
3.4. Laws and Regulations of the Republic of Cyprus ............................................................. 38
3.4.1. The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (N. 140(I)/2005)................................. 39
3.4.2. The Town and Country Planning Law (Law 90/72 and consequent amendments) . 40
3.4.3. Water and Soil Pollution Control Law (N.106(I)/2002) ............................................. 40
3.4.4. The Water Protection and Management Law of 2004 (N.13(I)/2004) ...................... 41
3.4.5. The Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Law (N. 153(I)/2003) ....... 41
3.4.6. The Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Amending Law (N.
131(I)/2006)................................................................................................................................ 41
3.4.7. The Safety and Health at Work Law (N. 89(I)/1996) and Amendment Laws........... 41
3.5. The Cypriot Health and Safety Regulations...................................................................... 42
3.5.1. The Safety and Health at Work (Protection from Asbestos) Regulations 2006 (Κ.Δ.Π
316/2006) 43
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY.............................................. 43
4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 43
4.2. Assessment Methods and Significance ............................................................................ 44
4.3. The Development Area ..................................................................................................... 45
4.4. Public Information and Consultation with Authorities........................................................ 46
4.4.1. Public Information..................................................................................................... 46
4.4.2. Consultation with Authorities .................................................................................... 46
4.5. Surveys ............................................................................................................................. 47
4.5.1. On Shore Ecological Survey..................................................................................... 47
4.5.2. Marine Surveys......................................................................................................... 47
4.5.3. Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Seawater......................................................... 49
4.5.4. Land Contamination Surveys ................................................................................... 49
5. DEFINITION OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................ 51
5.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 51
6. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING site, DEVELOPMENTS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE........................................................................................................................... 52
6.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 52
6.2. Port Area ........................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 53
6.2.2. The Existing Larnaka Port ........................................................................................ 53
6.2.3. Larnaka Port Facilities.............................................................................................. 54
6.2.4. Larnaka Port Users................................................................................................... 55
6.2.5. Current traffic and activities at port........................................................................... 55
6.2.6. Current Number of Employees at Port ..................................................................... 55
6.2.7. Infrastructure, Utilities and Services......................................................................... 56
6.2.8. Existing Port Security Measures .............................................................................. 57
6.3. Marina Area....................................................................................................................... 58
6.3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 58
6.3.2. The Existing Larnaka Marina.................................................................................... 58
6.3.3. Marina Capacity........................................................................................................ 59
6.3.4. Number of Employees at Marina.............................................................................. 59
6.3.5. Existing Marina Security Measures .......................................................................... 59
6.3.6. Infrastructure, Utilities and Services......................................................................... 59
6.4. Key Structures and Facilities............................................................................................. 61

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7. Proposed Developments and Infrastructure .............................................................................. 64
7.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 64
7.1.1. Basic Phasing Strategy ............................................................................................ 64
7.1.2. Building Areas........................................................................................................... 65
7.1.3. Works Schedule ....................................................................................................... 66
7.2. Detailed Scope of Works................................................................................................... 67
7.2.1. Zone “M”: Marina Zone Scope of Works .................................................................. 67
7.2.2. Zone “LD”: Land Development Zone Scope of Works ............................................. 71
7.2.3. Zone “PCa”: Port Cargo Zone Scope of Works........................................................ 72
7.2.4. Zone “PCr”: Port Cruise Zone Scope of Works........................................................ 72
7.3. Proposed Water, Electricity, Fuel and Sewage Services and Infrastructure .................... 74
7.3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 74
7.3.2. Potable Water........................................................................................................... 74
7.3.3. HVAC & Hot Water ................................................................................................... 75
7.3.4. Proposed Sewage Management System................................................................. 76
7.3.5. Proposed Storm Drainage Network.......................................................................... 78
7.3.6. Electricity Supply ...................................................................................................... 78
7.3.7. Telecommunications and Master Antenna T.V networks......................................... 79
7.3.8. Fire alarm & security system .................................................................................... 80
7.3.9. Service Pillars for supplying the boats with electricity, water and other services .... 80
7.3.10. Onshore and Offshore Fuel Stations........................................................................ 81
7.3.11. Energy Demand/Fuel Consumption ......................................................................... 82
7.3.12. Fire fighting Installation............................................................................................. 83
7.4. Proposed Traffic Management.......................................................................................... 83
7.4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 83
7.4.2. Site Access............................................................................................................... 84
7.4.3. Internal Circulation.................................................................................................... 84
7.4.4. Parking spaces ......................................................................................................... 85
7.5. BREAM Certification.......................................................................................................... 85
8. DEMOLITION AND CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED WORKS.............. 87
8.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 87
8.2. Demolition Works Methodology ........................................................................................ 87
8.2.1. Summary of Demolition Methodology ...................................................................... 87
8.2.2. Onshore Demolition.................................................................................................. 88
8.2.3. Proposed Action Regarding Existing Structures ...................................................... 90
8.2.4. Brief description of key buildings intended for demolition ........................................ 91
8.2.5. Existing Services ...................................................................................................... 92
8.2.6. Asbestos Removal.................................................................................................... 93
8.2.7. Estimated Amount of Demolition Debris................................................................... 94
8.2.8. Offshore Demolition Works....................................................................................... 94
8.3. Construction Works Methodology ..................................................................................... 95
8.3.1. Codes and Standards............................................................................................... 95
8.3.2. Design Life................................................................................................................ 95
8.3.3. Onshore construction methods and materials.......................................................... 96
8.3.4. Offshore Construction Works and Methods ............................................................. 96
9. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENT......................................... 104
9.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 104
9.2. Climate ............................................................................................................................ 104
9.2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 104
9.2.2. Temperature and precipitation................................................................................ 104
9.2.3. Wind........................................................................................................................ 107
9.2.4. Waves..................................................................................................................... 110
9.2.5. Tides....................................................................................................................... 110
9.3. Landscape, Coastal Topography and Bathymetry.......................................................... 111
9.3.1. Landscape .............................................................................................................. 111
9.3.2. Coastal Topography ............................................................................................... 112
9.3.3. Bathymetry.............................................................................................................. 114
9.4. Geology, Marine Sediments and Seismic Characteristics .............................................. 115

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9.4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 115
9.4.2. Geology and Soils .................................................................................................. 115
9.4.3. Soil Contamination Survey ..................................................................................... 118
9.4.4. Marine Sediment Analysis...................................................................................... 120
9.4.5. Seismic Characteristics .......................................................................................... 122
9.5. Hydrology ........................................................................................................................ 122
9.5.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 122
9.5.2. Rivers, Streams and Channels............................................................................... 123
9.5.3. Aquifers/Ground water bodies................................................................................ 123
9.5.4. Marine water quality ............................................................................................... 125
9.5.5. Nitrate Vulnerable Zones........................................................................................ 125
9.6. Air Quality........................................................................................................................ 126
9.6.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 126
9.6.2. Monitoring Stations................................................................................................. 127
9.6.3. Air Quality Data ...................................................................................................... 127
9.7. Ecology............................................................................................................................ 129
9.7.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 129
9.7.2. Terrestrial Flora and Fauna.................................................................................... 129
9.7.3. Marine Life.............................................................................................................. 131
9.7.4. Sensitive Environmental Areas............................................................................... 134
9.8. Human and Built Environment ........................................................................................ 141
9.8.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 141
9.8.2. Demographic Data.................................................................................................. 141
9.8.3. Economic Activities................................................................................................. 142
9.8.4. Planning Requirements and Characteristics .......................................................... 142
9.8.5. Land Use ................................................................................................................ 149
9.8.6. Integration of the Development .............................................................................. 150
9.8.7. Transport ................................................................................................................ 152
10. BENEFITS OF PROJECT implementation.......................................................................... 154
10.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 154
10.2. “Do Nothing Scenario” vs. Project Implementation......................................................... 154
10.2.1. Do Nothing Scenario .............................................................................................. 154
10.2.2. Project Implementation Scenario ........................................................................... 155
10.2.3. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 156
11. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES DURING
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT...................................... 157
11.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 157
11.2. Landscape and Coastal/Marine Topography.................................................................. 157
11.2.1. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction .......................................... 157
11.2.2. Impacts and Mitigation during Operation................................................................ 159
11.3. Terrestrial and Marine Water Resources ........................................................................ 162
11.3.1. Impacts and Mitigation during Demolition/Construction ......................................... 162
11.4. Atmospheric Quality ........................................................................................................ 175
11.4.1. Impacts and Mitigation during Demolition/Construction ......................................... 175
Mitigation .......................................................................................................................................... 180
11.5. Noise / Vibration.............................................................................................................. 184
11.5.1. Impacts and Mitigation during Construction ........................................................... 184
11.5.2. Impacts and Mitigation measures during Operation............................................... 188
11.6. Terrestrial Ecology .......................................................................................................... 190
11.6.1. Impacts and Mitigation during Construction ........................................................... 190
11.7. Marine Ecology................................................................................................................ 192
11.7.1. Impacts and Mitigation during Construction (including Demolition) ....................... 192
11.8. Socioeconomic Impacts .................................................................................................. 202
11.8.1. Impacts and mitigation measures during Construction .......................................... 202

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11.8.2. Impacts and mitigation measures during Operation............................................... 203
11.9. Planning and Land Use................................................................................................... 205
11.10. Transport, Infrastructure and Services ....................................................................... 206
11.11. Waste.......................................................................................................................... 210
11.11.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 210
11.11.2. Waste Generation during Construction .................................................................. 211
11.11.3. Waste Management during Construction............................................................... 213
11.11.4. Waste Generation during Operation....................................................................... 222
11.11.5. Waste Management during Operation ................................................................... 225
12. TABLE SUMMARISING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES. 230
12.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 230
12.1.1. Table summarising the results of the environmental impact assessment.............. 231
13. MANAGEMENT, MONITORING AND CONTROL.............................................................. 241
13.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 241
13.2. Types of monitoring......................................................................................................... 241
13.3. Benefits from an effective Environmental Monitoring Programme.................................. 242
13.4. Designing an effective monitoring programme for the Larnaka Port and Marina
redevelopment scheme................................................................................................................ 242
13.5. Key Aspects for the creation of the Larnaka Port and Marina Environmental Monitoring
Plan (EMP) ................................................................................................................................... 243
13.6. Actions if environmental parameters are breeched ........................................................ 245
14. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 246
14.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 246
14.2. The identification Methodology ....................................................................................... 246
14.3. Significant Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.......................................... 247
14.3.1. Significant Positive Impacts during Construction ................................................... 247
14.3.2. Significant Positive Impacts during Operation........................................................ 248
14.3.3. Significant Negative Impacts during Construction.................................................. 250
14.4. Conclusion of EIA............................................................................................................ 253
15. BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 255

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TABLE INDEX
Table 2.1: Estimated Project Phasing ................................................................................................ 22
Table 2.2: Relevant Reports, Briefs and Plans for the proposed project ........................................... 23
Table 3.1: Relevant Environmental Cypriot Legislation...................................................................... 38
Table 3.2: Safety and Health at Work Regulations ............................................................................ 42
Table 4.1: Magnitude-Sensitivity Matrix.............................................................................................. 44
Table 4.2: Parameters Analysed for each sediment and seawater sample....................................... 49
Table 6.1: Existing structures and facilities ........................................................................................ 61
Table 7.1: Overview of Development Areas....................................................................................... 65
Table 7.2: Phase 1 Scope of Works in the Marina Zone (Zone M).................................................... 67
Table 7.5: Total number of boats and minimum marina capacity ...................................................... 69
Table 7.6: Phase 1 scope of works (LD1) .......................................................................................... 71
Table 7.9: Phase 1 scope of works (PCa1)........................................................................................ 72
Table 7.10: Phase 1 scope of works (PCr1)....................................................................................... 72
Table 7.13: Composition and number of predicted passengers:........................................................ 73
Table 7.14: Number of calls and number of berths needed ............................................................... 74
Table 7.15: Annual Crude oil/diesel Consumption (m³).................................................................... 82
Table 7.16: Annual Gas Consumption (kg) ........................................................................................ 82
Table 7.17: Annual Electricity Consumption (kWh).......................................................................... 83
Table 7.18: Distribution of Parking Spaces ........................................................................................ 85
Table 8.1: Proposed action during demolition works.......................................................................... 90
Table 8.2: Estimated amounts of demolition debris by type of material............................................. 94
Table 8.3: Estimated amount of demolition/excavation debris........................................................... 94
Table 8.4: Codes and Standards........................................................................................................ 95
Table 8.5: Design life of proposed structures..................................................................................... 95
Table 8.6: Dredging Tolerances ....................................................................................................... 103
Table 8.7: Volume of dredged material ............................................................................................ 103
Table 9.1: Monthly precipitation (mm) 2000-2010............................................................................ 105
Table 9.2: Climatological data 2002 – 2010 ..................................................................................... 106
Table 9.3: Wind Speeds ................................................................................................................... 108
Table 9.4: Tidal levels referred to as Chart Datum........................................................................... 110
Table 9.5: Analytical results of soil samples (0-10cm), Optimum and Action Levels of the new Dutch
List .................................................................................................................................................... 118
Table 9.6: Soil Chemistry, Concentration for Chlorides and Sulphates and PH .............................. 119
Table 9.7: Analytical results of water sample and Optimum and Action Levels of the new Dutch List
.......................................................................................................................................................... 119
Table 9.8: Leachate Water Chemistry, Concentration for Chlorides and Sulphates and PH........... 119
Table 9.9: Sediment results.............................................................................................................. 121
Table 9.10: Marine water quality ...................................................................................................... 125
Table 9.11: Trees and Shrubs.......................................................................................................... 129
Table 9.12: Mammals ....................................................................................................................... 130
Table 9.13: Reptiles......................................................................................................................... 130
Table 9.14: Birds............................................................................................................................... 130
Table 9.15: Macrofauna Species...................................................................................................... 132
Table 9.16: Species identified in sublitoral community of the south quay breakwater..................... 133
Table 9.17: Distance between Natura 2000 protected areas and Site............................................. 135
Table 9.18: Demographic Data for Larnaka Municipality and surrounding Communities............... 141
Table 9.19: Economic Activities for Larnaka Municipality and surrounding Communities............... 142
Table 9.20: Planning Zones and Planning Demands....................................................................... 148
Table 11.1: Limits for human health defined in the EU Directive 2008/50/EC and the Cyprus Air
Quality Regulations 327/2010 .......................................................................................................... 176

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Table 11.2: Heavy Machinery and Vehicle Emission Rates............................................................. 178
Table 11.3: Propulsion engine emission limits according to Directives 94/25/EC and 2003/44/EC 182
Table 11.4: Limits which ensure people’s health and quality of life ................................................. 184
Table 11.5: Permitted Noise Levels according “BS 5228:84 Noise Control on Construction and Open
Sites"................................................................................................................................................. 184
Table 11.6: Typical equipment used during demolition/construction works and representative sound
power levels...................................................................................................................................... 186
Table 11.7: Limit values for noise emissions according to Directives 2003/44/EC and 94/25/EC.. 190
Table 11.8: Traffic generation Summary .......................................................................................... 209
Table 11.9: Solid Waste during demolition/construction stage ........................................................ 212
Table 11.10: Waste generated by onsite uses................................................................................. 223
Table 11.11: Waste generated by visitors ........................................................................................ 224
Table 12.1: Severity and characteristics of impacts before and after application of mitigation
measures including of any persistent residual impacts.................................................................... 230
Table 12.2: Environmental Impact and Mitigation Table .................................................................. 231
Table 13.1: Effective Environmental Monitoring Programmes ......................................................... 243
Table 13.2: Key Aspects for creation of Larnaka Port and Marina EMP.......................................... 244
FIGURE INDEX
Figure 2.1: Key works which constitute the Project............................................................................ 21
Figure 4.1: The Port and Marina Development Area (shown in red).................................................. 45
Figure 4.2: Marine Survey Sampling Locations.................................................................................. 48
Figure 4.3: Sample Locations............................................................................................................. 50
Figure 5.1: Development Area and Study Area.................................................................................. 51
Figure 6.1: The existing Port and Marina Areas of the proposed development site .......................... 52
Figure 7.1: Basic diagram of phasing strategy................................................................................... 64
Figure 7.2: Location of Developments................................................................................................ 66
Figure 7.3: Phase 1 Works Schedule................................................................................................. 66
Figure 7.4: M1 tentative boat mix ....................................................................................................... 70
Figure 8.1: A cutter suction dredger ................................................................................................. 102
Figure 9.1: Observed Wind Climate ................................................................................................. 109
Figure 9.2: Major Coastal Works in Larnaka Bay............................................................................ 113
Figure 9.3: Coastline Evolution, 1963-1992 .................................................................................... 113
Figure 9.4: Bathymetric Survey Points ............................................................................................. 114
Figure 9.5: Geological Map of Cyprus.............................................................................................. 117
Figure 9.6: Location of the Marine Sediment Surveys and dredging locations for Phase 1 ............ 120
Figure 9.7: 1896-2009 Seismicity and Seismic Zones in Cyprus..................................................... 122
Figure 9.8: Hydrogeological map of Cyprus ..................................................................................... 124
Figure 9.9: Nitrate Vulnerable Zones................................................................................................ 126
Figure 9.10: Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Cyprus..................................................................... 127
Figure 9.11: Air Quality Data recorded at Larnaka Traffic Station ................................................... 128
Figure 9.12: Natura 2000 protected areas in the wider region......................................................... 135
Figure 9.13: Planning Zones in the vicinity of the site...................................................................... 147
Figure 9.14: Land use pattern in the study area............................................................................... 150
Figure 11.1: The Eutrophication Process ......................................................................................... 167
Figure 11.2: The Waste Hierarchy.................................................................................................... 213
IMAGE INDEX
Image 6.1: Panoramic image of the Port............................................................................................ 53
Image 6.2: North Quay ....................................................................................................................... 54
Image 6.3: South Quay....................................................................................................................... 54
Image 6.4: Open drainage channel in port area................................................................................. 56
Image 6.5: Larnaka Marina................................................................................................................. 59
Image 6.6: Listed timber pier.............................................................................................................. 59

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Image 6.7: Utility service pillar............................................................................................................ 60
Image 6.8: Port Authority Administration building .............................................................................. 62
Image 6.9: Shed No.3 and Police Offices .......................................................................................... 62
Image 6.10: Old passenger terminal building..................................................................................... 62
Image 6.11: Workshop........................................................................................................................ 62
Image 6.12: Shed No. 2...................................................................................................................... 62
Image 6.13: Cranes in Port area ........................................................................................................ 62
Image 6.14: Marina pontoons and breakwater................................................................................... 63
Image 6.15: Marina repair centre ....................................................................................................... 63
Image 6.16: Marina Administration building ....................................................................................... 63
Image 6.17: Marina Facilities (washrooms, W.C................................................................................ 63
Image 8.1: Proposed type of plastic docks......................................................................................... 99
Image 9.1 and Image 9.2: Residential development to the west of port with a view towards the Site
.......................................................................................................................................................... 112
Image 9.3: Open channel drainage system in port area .................................................................. 123
Image 9.4: Washingtonia Filifera..................................................................................................... 130
Image 9.5: Posidonia oceanic .......................................................................................................... 133
NOTE: The Plans and Appendices of this EIA are presented in separate Volumes as follows:
Volume A: The Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Volume B: A3 Plans
Volume C: Surveys and Studies
Volume D: Miscellaneous Information
Volume E: Comprehensive Summary of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report in
Greek
Volume F: Personal Declarations of Project Team according to Κ.Δ.Π. 420/2008

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PROJECT TEAM
The following persons from ALA Partnership (Environment) Ltd., have been involved in the
preparation of the current Environmental Impact Assessment.
• Achilleas Kalopedis (Civil Engineer)
• Anna Caramondani (Civil Engineer and Town Planner)
• Alexandros Miltiadous (Geographer and Environmental Governance)
• Michalis Michael (Town and Regional Planner)
• Tasia Georgiou (Environmental Scientist)
Further input to the Environmental Impact Assessment was provided further to surveys or studies
carried out by the following persons.
• Antonis Petrou, AP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd
• Antonis Toumazis, Dion. Toumazis & Associates
• Andreas Shiathas, Geoinvest Ltd.
The above persons have all signed Personal Declarations according to Κ.Δ.Π. 420/2008 which are
included in Volume F.
Additionally, information for this EIA was provided by the following members of the Project Team
• Bouygues Bâtiment International
• Scott Brownrigg
• Lievense
• P.Papadopoulos
• Elemec &Yfantis
• Louis Group of Companies
• Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd.

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1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY
1.1. Introduction
The existing Larnaka Port and Marina, together with the surrounding area, are the subject of a
major regeneration initiative. As part of this effort, a large mixed-use development centred on
a new Marina and Port is being progressed. This is one of a number of proposed island-wide
‘marina-related’ developments, which are part of a general government strategy to promote
nautical tourism in Cyprus.
1.2. Scope and Key works
The development will be constructed in a highly responsible manner, using low energy
sustainable resources with a low energy life cycle. Efforts will be made so that all the
proposed buildings secure BREEAM sustainable certification, being the first development to
do so on the island. Thus, the scheme will act as a benchmark project of good environmental
practice and pave the way for future development on the island.
The proposed redevelopment scheme comprises the following key works:
• The expansion of the Marina’s current capacity to 900 berths by extending the
existing breakwater and installing new pontoons.
• A development of the marina’s onshore area to provide a new cultural & commercial
quarter including the construction of a new Marina ‘Yacht Club’ Operations building
with its extensive public space
• The refurbishment of the listed timber pier.
• The construction of a new Cruise Terminal building and Jetty in the port area to
accommodate cruise vessels
• The development of an area of up to 240,000m2
with mixed uses (residential, retail,
leisure, (including the large central waterfront park), with its potential as a community
space for outdoor theatre and classrooms, etc.
• The creation of new Marina and Public Car Parks.
• The expansive network of pedestrian and cycle paths, benefiting from the opened
waterfront.

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1.2.1. Project Phasing
The project will be implemented in 3 phases:
Port & Marina Phasing
• Phase 1: 2012 - Mid 2014
• Phase 2: 2020 - End 2022
• Phase 3: 2028 - End 2030
Land Development Phasing
• 1LD: End 2015 - End 2019
• 2LD: End 2021 - End 2029
• 3LD: End 2030 - End 2041
1.3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Methodology
1.3.1. Objective of the current Environmental Impact Assessment
The current Environmental Impact Assessment assesses the magnitude of potential benefits
and impacts on the natural and human environment, during the construction and operation of
the Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment Project. All short and long term, direct and
indirect impacts, including residual impacts that may persist after the application of the
proposed mitigation measures, were identified and analysed.
1.3.2. Assessment Methods and Significance
The approach to assessing and assigning significance to an environmental effect has relied
upon a Magnitude-Sensitivity matrix as well as expert judgement and reasoned argument;
consideration of any relevant International, European and Cypriot Legislation, Regulations,
Standards or Codes of Practice as well as the advice and views of relevant Governmental
Organisations.
1.3.3. Surveys
The following Surveys were carried out as part of the EIA:
• On Shore Ecological Surveys
• Marine Surveys
• Soil Contamination Surveys

12
1.3.4. Study Area
The study area was chosen after a preliminary assessment of the environmental
characteristics of the area and the identification of key issues arising from the construction
and operation of the development. This allowed for the detection of environmentally sensitive
receptors and the extent of the possible impacts associated with the scheme.
The preliminary assessment concluded that the majority of possible significant or permanent
impacts (e.g. from dredging) would be limited within a 500m radius from the site and would
mostly be concentrated within the marine and coastal regions (including Phinikoudes road and
promenade).
As a result, and in order to provide a more targeted assessment, the selected study area
extends approximately 500m to the north, east and south of the development whereas
Makariou Avenue which is a major arterial route marks its western edge. The study area also
encompasses the ships’ proposed turning circle to the east.
However, other impacts outside these boundaries, including substantial benefits at the city
and national scales were also identified in the current EIA and were assessed accordingly.
1.3.5. Baseline Environment
In order to establish the reference point from which to curry out the current impact assessment
the following human and natural environmental features were analysed:
• Climate: Temperature, precipitation, wind, wave, tides
• Landscape, Coastal Topography and Bathymetry
• Geology, Marine Sediments and Seismic Characteristics
• Hydrology: rivers, streams and channels, aquifers/ground water bodies
• Nitrate Vulnerable Zones
• Air Quality
• Ecology: terrestrial and marine flora and fauna, sensitive environmental areas
• Human and Built Environment: demographic data, economic activities, planning &
land use characteristics, and transport.

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1.4. Key issues identified in the Environmental Impact Assessment
1.4.1. Identification Method
A detailed analysis of identified impacts and proposed mitigation measures has been provided
in the current EIA while their magnitude and characteristics before and after the application of
mitigation measures has been given in Table 12.2. The profile of any persistent residual
impacts has also been included. Based on the Magnitude -Sensitivity Matrix the issues
considered as “Significant” for the purpose of the current EIA, are any environmental effects
(either positive or negative) which achieve a significance score of “Moderate-Major” or “Major”
after the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. These have been summarised
below.
1.4.2. Significant Positive Impacts during Construction
Benefits to the construction and consulting industry
The construction of the project will bring substantial economic benefits for the local
construction industry including increased employment opportunities for the local workforce.
The demand for food and everyday goods and services by the considerable number of
construction workers may also prove to be beneficial for local shops and services.
Multidisciplinary collaboration, the employment of foreign skilled scientists and the use of new
technologies and methods for the implementation of the scheme will result in transfer of
knowledge and skills to Cypriot industries in the related fields. The consequent increase in
experience may improve business opportunities for local companies in new fields.
Professional (office-based) workers are also likely to have enhanced employment prospects,
since they will be eligible for positions in other industries.
1.4.3. Significant Positive Impacts during Operation
Improvement of built environment and aesthetic character of landscape
Poor maintenance of the existing Port and Marina buildings and facilities in recent years have
considerably downgraded the built environment of the site to an almost “derelict” state. Vast
areas of unused space, inadequate green space, the old port cranes and other abandoned
equipment exacerbate the neglected feel and have result in significant aesthetic impacts
particularly for residents behind the port.
The major improvement of the urban and natural fabric of the development as proposed by
the regeneration scheme (including the use of soft harmonious organic architecture,
construction of “green” buildings, the refurbishment of the listed timber pier and creation of
large areas of public green space and central waterfront park), will significantly upgrade the

14
built environment and aesthetic profile of the landscape. Positive impacts will transcend the
boundaries of the site and extend to the wider region through the enhancement of micro and
macro views of the development and the Larnaka coastline. In addition, and unlike the existing
development, the buildings and facilities of the new development will be systematically
maintained to ensure high standards throughout the operational lifetime of the project.
Benefits to tourism and other related sectors
The Site consists of the existing marina and port and associated land, all of which is
underused and under productive in terms of its potential and position in the city and country.
However, together with Larnaka international airport, the re-development of Larnaka Port and
Marina will play a significant role in the advancement of Cyprus, and more specifically the city
of Larnaka, as a prime Mediterranean tourist destination. Thus, by increasing the tourism
industry’s potential for growth through the construction of the cruise terminal and the increase
in the marinas capacity to up to 945 berths (Phase 3), the scheme will provide a vital boost to
the local and national economy. Naturally, any increase in tourist numbers will result in trickle
down benefits in other sectors such as local shops and services.
Similarly, the proposed waterside residential developments and the new/upgraded marina are
expected to attract upmarket residents and yacht owners resulting in substantial benefits on
the local economy particularly through the increase in demand for luxury goods and services
and creating a broadened market offering for the city.
Improvement of public infrastructure and services
The proposed scheme will substantially improve the onsite availability of public infrastructure
and services through the provision of new public green space, cycle paths and walkways,
commercial and retail facilities, the refurbishment of the old wooden pier, public car parks,
sewerage network, etc.
In addition, by acting as a reference point, the new development may open up possibilities for
the establishment of an integrated network of public or tourist sites in the wider urban region
and the creation of new public infrastructure such as cycle routes, walkways, and public
transport services.
Improvements to quality of life
The project sets out a vision for the development of a low rise ‘green’ residential development
around the marina. It aims to add a new dimension to the marina itself by maximising the
affinity to the water, boats and quays along with building a community living “in” the marina.
Public buildings within the park will take a similar approach so as to be part of the building

15
family. The port developments (which will comprise of residential, commercial, retail and
leisure developments) will include ‘green’ tall buildings; soft, harmonious, organic sustainable
architecture.
All the above features will offer a place of both activity and tranquillity both for residents and
the visiting public to enjoy the port and marina waterfront. Consequently, together with the
improvement of public infrastructure and service availability, the development will act as a
focal point for social life in Larnaka and significantly improve the quality of life both of citizens
and visitors.
Impacts on land use
Inadequate maintenance and chronic neglect of the existing Port and Marina buildings and
facilities have downgraded the profile of the development and resulted in considerable
aesthetic impacts. The site’s poor physical conditions paralleled with the oil reservoirs to the
north, have acted as a major repelling force, constraining development particularly in the
region adjacent to the port entrance roundabout.
The regeneration project will result in direct positive impacts on the land use profile of the
actual site. Furthermore, the new development will act as a major pulling force for investment
and the establishment of new retail and commercial uses, thus benefiting the underused and
unproductive areas mentioned above.
1.4.4. Significant Negative Impacts during Construction
Deterioration of water quality as a result of dredging works
Impacts
Dredging will take place in 2 areas:
1. The Marina Area,
2. South of the Port for the construction of the cruise jetty
The proposed dredging activities will result in turbid water, and the development of a sediment
plume with likely adverse impacts on water quality. Dredging contaminated bottom sediments
may lead to the remobilisation and uncontrolled spreading of contaminants, nutrients and
other harmful substances bonded to the sediments resulting in reduced water oxygen content
and water pollution.
However, according to the Coastal Engineering Aspects study undertaken by Dion. Toumazis
& Associates the turbidity/sediment plumes resulting from the proposed dredging works

16
(including other marine works) will most likely be transported northwards, away from the
Larnaka bathing area and thus will not affect recreation activities. In addition, the proposed
use of the cutter suction dredger may further minimise the impacts described above.
Mitigation
• Measures to limit the lateral movement of turbid water If the sediment is contaminated
• Proper deployment of silt curtains
• No dredging in periods of rapid water movements or when trade winds are strong
• Monitoring and maintaining dredging equipment in proper state
• Use of appropriate dredging equipment for finer sediments
• Connection of a conical reflective shield to the outlet
• Establish a dredging monitoring and emergency response plan
• Establish a protocol which mandates the immediate cessation of dredging operations
until all equipment malfunctions have been addressed
• Contain dredge spills and implement redundancy and/or back-up solutions
Deterioration of water quality as a result of dumping dredged sediment
Impacts
Disposal of dredged materials may cause impacts similar to those associated with the
dredging operation. Consultation with the Department of Fisheries and Marine Research will
take place before a decision can be made on if and how the sediment will be re-used or
dumped.
Failing the identification of appropriate uses for the dredged material, and assuming the
Department of Fisheries and Marine Research is happy with the quality of the sediment, the
material can be dumped offshore at a location agreed with the relevant authorities.
The impacts associated with disposal of dredge material in the open sea include turbidity in
the water column and the scattered settlement of dredged material over a large area.
Mitigation
• Disposal of dredged material in accordance with the requirements of the Department of
Fisheries and Marine Research and the relative legal framework
• Handling and transport of dredged material using good practice procedure

17
Impacts on marine ecology from general offshore construction activities
Impacts
In-water construction activities such as piling, dumping of boulders, demolition and more
importantly dredging can result in turbid water while facilitating the suspension of sediment
(sediment plume).
The sediment plume created by the construction works eventually settles on the seabed as a
footprint. The sediment footprint may be larger than the excavation and have a spatially more
significant effect and therefore greater impact on the marine environment than the actual
dredging operations.
The sediment plume can lead to reduced light penetration, depletion of oxygen, irritation of
fish, reduction in visual acuity, changes in feeding patterns and reduced respiration efficiency.
Finally, marine construction works and particularly piling can produce high sound pressures
underwater which can be lethal to fish, and can harass marine mammals or turtles which can
be found in the area. In addition, the very high sound pressure levels could potentially prevent
fish and other marine life from reaching breeding or spawning sites, finding food, and
acoustically locating mates.
Mitigation
• Application of measures against dredging (see above)
• Noise/vibration mitigation techniques which use air to alleviate impacts from piling
• Impact piling operations should use a soft start to allow any animals to leave the area
Impacts on marine ecology due to dredging
Impacts
The physical removal of bed sediment by dredging will impact habitats and aquatic organisms
directly by removing them, or indirectly by removing their food sources or nursery grounds.
Additional significant impacts may be expected as a result of the sediment plume (see general
in water construction techniques above). Adverse impacts on bottom habitats and organisms
can also occur by unregulated disposal/ dumping of dredged material.
According to the AP Marine report, ecology within the marina area is generally poor, whereas
the port appears to be richer in biodiversity. The Area south of the port is characterised by

18
communities of hard and soft sublittoral zone and appear to form an artificial reef to a number
of species.
Consequently, the impact of the construction and dredging process on these areas is likely to
be major. However, these effects are expected to be reversible, since it is probable that once
the works are complete, the port breakwater and new jetty will be re colonised by various
Marine Species.
Mitigation
Application of measures against dredging and general in water construction techniques (see
above)
1.4.5. Conclusion
The current EIA has identified the environmental impacts arising during the construction and
operation stages of the proposed development. Both positive and negative environmental
effects with varying magnitudes and characteristics have been assessed.
The application of the proposed mitigation measures is expected to alleviate the majority of
impacts to the extent that no significant issues will remain. With regards to the more severe
negative environmental effects described above, the use of best practice construction and
management techniques in conjunction with the implementation of the proposed mitigation
measures should limit their effect within acceptable limits.
Based on the above assessment, and taking into account the significant and permanent
benefits associated with the implementation of the project at the local, regional and national
scales, the EIA Study Team supports the Redevelopment of the Larnaka Port and Marina
Area

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2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. General
The existing Larnaka Port and Marina, plus the surrounding area, are the subject of a major
regeneration initiative. As part of this effort, a large mixed-use development centred on a new
Marina and Port is being progressed. This is one of a number of proposed island-wide
‘marina-related’ developments, which are part of a general government strategy to promote
nautical tourism in Cyprus.
The Government’s objective is to transform this area into a major tourist destination through a
Public Private Partnership, by awarding a concession contract. The redevelopment and
operation of the marina and port will be undertaken using a ‘Design - Build – Finance -
Operate’ (DBFO) concession contract, with an appropriately qualified and experienced private
sector consortium.
The contract comprises of 3 main components:
1. The concession of the existing commercial port for 35 years, which will be
redeveloped to accommodate modern cruise vessels.
2. The concession of the existing Marina for a 35-year period, with its capacity increased
from the current estimated 400 berths up to 900 berths.
3. A 99-year lease for a 30 hectare site along the coast, with up to 240,000m²
approximately of residential development, and 15,000m² of commercial, retail and
leisure developments programmed to be developed during various stages of the
redevelopment project.
Consequently, bidders were invited to prepare proposals in July 2007, with the concession
awarded in July 2010 to the ‘Zenon Consortium’, for whom this report is being prepared. The
composition of the Zenon Consortium is set out below, and has the following shareholders:
• Bouygues Bâtiment International – 17.5% - International Developer and Design &
Build Contractor;
• Port of Amsterdam – 2% (jointly with Lievense) - Cruise & Commercial Port
Operations;
• Lievense Consulting Engineers - Port & Marina design;
• Louis Group of Companies – 22% - Cruise-ships, Hotels Owners & Operators;

20
• Costa Crociere – 10% - Largest Cruise Company in the Mediterranean (part of U.S.
Carnival Cruise Lines Group);
• Iacovou Brothers – 17.5% - Largest Main Contractor in Cyprus;
• General Construction Company – 5% - Cypriot Contractor;
• Petrolina – 17.5% - Leading gas and oil products distributor in Cyprus;
• Marinaman – 8.5% - Representing the local community of Larnaka.
2.2. Short Description of the Proposed Project
2.2.1. Introduction
The proposed redevelopment scheme will be implemented on the existing Larnaka Marina
and Port site in 3 Phases. The development will be constructed in a highly responsible
manner, using low energy sustainable resources with a low energy life cycle. Efforts will be
made so that all the proposed buildings secure BREEAM sustainable certification (see
Section 7.5).
Short descriptions of the key works which constitute the project have been given below and
are indicated on Figure 2.1 with a respective number. A comprehensive description of the
exact scope of the proposed project has been provided in Chapter 8. Detailed plans of the
proposed scheme (e.g site layout, scope of works, etc.) have been attached in Appendix B1
while detailed architectural and design drawings have been attached in Appendix B2.
2.2.2. Key Works (for all 3 Phases)
The project comprises:
1. The expansion of the Marina’s current capacity to 900 berths by extending the
existing breakwater and installing new pontoons.
2. A development of the marina’s land side area to provide a new cultural & commercial
quarter including the construction of a new Marina ‘Yacht Club’ & Operations building.
3. The refurbishment of the listed timber pier.
4. The construction of a new Cruise Terminal building and Jetty in the port area to
accommodate cruise vessels
5. The development of an area of up to 240,000m
2
with mixed uses (residential, retail,
leisure, (including the large central waterfront park), with its potential as a community
space for outdoor theatre and classrooms, etc.
6. The creation of new Marina and Public Car Parks.

21
In addition the project includes the creation of an extensive network of pedestrian and cycle
paths, benefiting from the opened waterfront.
Figure 2.1: Key works which constitute the Project
2.3. Project Phasing
The Zenon Consortium proposal for the port and marina project comprises the development of
the project in 3 phases as described below and shown in Table 2.1. Note that phases 2 and 3
presented below are preliminary and depend on revenues collected from the previous phase
(i.e. phase 1 and 2 respectively).
Phase 1 - which satisfies the minimum requirements of the Government objectives, with an
initial enlargement of the Marina including the development of the supporting Marina Cultural
and Commercial Quarter buildings, the provision of the necessary facilities and services to
accommodate cruise passengers within the Port, and the provisions of the necessary
infrastructure for the future development of the adjacent land (Phase 1 Land Development).
Phase 2 - is developed once the revenues collected from the Phase 1 Land Development are
sufficient to fund the further extension of the port and marina;
Phase 3 – is similarly developed once the Phase 2 land development is substantially
completed.
2
1
4
6
3
5

22
Table 2.1: Estimated Project Phasing
2.4. The Design Team
The Design Team for the project is as follows:
1. Project Managers: Bouygues Bâtiment International on behalf of Zenon Consortium
2. Architects: Scott Brownrigg
3. Marine Works Consultants: Lievense
4. External Works Consultants: P.Papadopoulos Consulting Engineers
5. Traffic and Environment Consultants: ALA Planning Partnership (Environment) Ltd
6. M&E Consultants: Elemec Engineering Consultants and Yfantis Engineering
The Design Team have prepared a comprehensive set of Reports, Briefs and Plans for the
project, a number of which have been assessed for the preparation of the current EIA and
which are listed in Table 2.2.
Port & Marina Phasing
Phase Start End
1 2012 Mid 2014
2 2020 End 2022
3 2028 End 2030
Land Development Phasing
Phase Start End
1LD End 2015 End 2019
2LD End 2021 End 2029
3LD End 2030 End 2041

23
Table 2.2: Relevant Reports, Briefs and Plans for the proposed project
Team Member Relevant Reports, Briefs and Plans
Bouygues Bâtiment
International
Project Brief
Scott Brownrigg Master Plans and Design Documents
Lievense
1. Report preliminary design boat ramp
2. Report preliminary design boat lift
3. Report preliminary design and verification quay walls marina
4. Functional requirements marine works cruise
5. Terms of reference preliminary diver survey
6. Functional requirements marine works marina
7. Design Offshore Facility Cruise
8. Floating pontoons
9. Tender specifications Port
10. Specification refurbishment existing wooded pier
11. Report breakwater Port and Marina
12. Report South Quay port
P.Papadopoulos
1. Larnaka Port & Marina Redevelopment Project: Status of
Existing Buildings
2. Larnaka Port & Marina Redevelopment Project: Building
Demolition Plan
3. Drainage & Sewage Systems Report
ALA Planning
Partnership
1. Traffic Impact Assessment
2. As part of the current Environmental Impact Assessment:
• Marine Biology Survey for the Larnaka Port and Marina
by AP Marine Consultants (see Appendix C1I)
• Larnaka Port and Marina Report on Preliminary
Contaminated Site Investigation by GEOINVEST Ltd.
(see Appendix C2)
• Environmental Impact Assessment Study – Coastal
Engineering Aspects by Dion Toumazis and Associates
(see Appendix C3)
Elemec &Yfantis
1. Technical Description of Electrical Installations
2. Fire Services - Preliminary Fire Strategy Report
3. Marina & Port MEP Installations – Phasing Strategy
4. Preliminary Load Calculations Note
5. Sustainable Design Matrix for the design team

24
2.5. Objective of the current Environmental Impact Assessment
The current Environmental Impact Assessment aims to assess potential benefits and impacts
on the natural and human environment, during the construction and operation of the Larnaka
Port and Marina Redevelopment Project.
All short and long term, direct and indirect and cumulative impacts during the construction and
operation of the Project, including those that may persist after the application of the proposed
mitigation measures, will be identified.
The completed Environmental Impact Assessment will be presented to the relevant Cyprus
authorities and will be used as a tool to assist the Zenon Consortium in securing the required
planning consent and all other relevant approvals.
It should be clarified that further to discussions regarding the scope of the current EIA with the
Department of Environment (DoE) and due to the fact that Phase 3 of the scheme is not
expected to begin before 2022, it was agreed with the DoE that the Environmental Impacts of
Phase 3 Developments will not be assessed in detail in the current EIA. A letter dated 18th
April from the DoE confirming the above is attached in Appendix D1.
2.6. Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment
The current Environmental Impact Assessment is presented in 4 Volumes as follows:
• Volume A: The Environmental Impact Assessment Report
• Volume B: Plans (Appendices B1 – B6)
• Volume C: Surveys and Studies (Appendices C1 – C3)
• Volume D: Miscellaneous Information (Appendices D1 – D4)
• Volume E: Comprehensive Summary of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report in
Greek
• Volume F: Personal Declarations of Project Team according to Κ.Δ.Π. 420/2008
These 6 Volumes make up the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Larnaka Port and
Marina Redevelopment Project. For information on the contents of the above Appendices,
please refer to the Contents Page at the beginning of each Volume.

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3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
3.1. Introduction
The following Sections in this Chapter present the International Conventions and Protocols,
European Directives and Cypriot Legislation relevant to the current EIA.
3.2. International Conventions and Protocols
3.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL)
The MARPOL Convention is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution
of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination
of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively and also includes the Protocol of 1997
(Annex VI). It has been updated by amendments through the years.
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was
adopted on 2 November 1973 at the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and covered
pollution by oil, chemicals, harmful substances in packaged form, sewage and garbage. The
Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (1978 MARPOL Protocol) was adopted at a Conference on Tanker Safety and
Pollution Prevention in February 1978 held in response to a spate of tanker accidents in 1976-
1977. As the 1973 MARPOL Convention had not yet entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL
Protocol absorbed the parent Convention. The combined instrument is referred to as the
International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified
by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), and it entered into force on 2
October 1983 (Annexes I and II). In 1997 a Protocol was adopted to add a new Annex VI.
The Convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimising pollution from ships -
both accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently includes six technical
Annexes. Special sections with strict controls on operational discharges are included in most
Annexes:
Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (entered into force 2 October
1983)
This Annex covers prevention of pollution by oil from operational measures as well as from
accidental discharges. The 1992 amendments to Annex I made it mandatory for new oil
tankers to have double hulls and brought in a phase-in schedule for existing tankers to fit

26
double hulls, which was subsequently revised in 2001 and 2003.
Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in
Bulk (entered into force 2 October 1983)
Annex II details the discharge criteria and measures for the control of pollution by noxious
liquid substances carried in bulk. Some 250 substances were evaluated and included in the
list appended to the Convention. The discharge of their residues is allowed only to reception
facilities until certain concentrations and conditions (which vary with the category of
substances) are complied with. No discharge of residues containing noxious substances is
permitted within 12 miles of the nearest land. More stringent restrictions applied to the Baltic
and Black Sea areas.
Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged
Form (entered into force 1 July 1992)
Annex III contains general requirements for the issuing of detailed standards on packing,
marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications
for preventing pollution by harmful substances. The International Maritime Dangerous Goods
(IMDG) Code has, since 1991, included marine pollutants.
Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (entered into force 27
September 2003)
Annex IV contains requirements to control pollution of the sea by sewage.
Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (entered into force 31
December 1988)
This Annex deals with different types of garbage and specifies the distances from land and the
manner in which they may be disposed of. The requirements are much stricter in a number of
"special areas" but perhaps the most important feature of the Annex is the complete ban
imposed on the dumping into the sea of all forms of plastic.
Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered into force 19 May 2005)
The regulations in this Annex set limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from
ship exhausts as well as particulate matter and prohibit deliberate emissions of ozone
depleting substances. Emission control areas set more stringent standards.

27
3.2.2. Barcelona Convention: protecting the Mediterranean Sea
The Barcelona Convention of 1976, amended in 1995, and the Protocols drawn up in line with
this Convention aim to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the
marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.
Decision 77/585/EEC enables the Community to accede to the Convention for the protection
of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution (Barcelona Convention) and the Protocol for the
prevention of pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by dumping from ships and aircraft. The
purpose of these two instruments, together with the protocols to which the Community has
subsequently acceded (by Decisions 81/420/EEC, 83/101/EEC and 84/132/EEC), is to limit
pollution in the Mediterranean region. They were signed in 1976 by all the Member States
(Greece, Spain, France, Italy) and non-member countries bordering on the Mediterranean (a
total of 21 countries). In 1999 the Council adopted a series of Decisions on amendments to
the Convention and two of the existing Protocols as well as a new Protocol concerning
specially protected areas and biological diversity in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, in 2002
the Community signed a sixteenth Protocol to the Barcelona Convention to which it acceded
through Council Decision 2004/575/EC.
Acts Drawn Up from the Barcelona Convention
The following are Acts (Council Decisions) drawn up from the Barcelona Convention.
• Council Decision 77/585/EEC of 25 July 1977 concluding the Convention for the protection of
the Mediterranean Sea against pollution and the Protocol for the prevention of the pollution of
the Mediterranean Sea by dumping from ships and aircraft.
• Council Decision 81/420/EEC of 19 May 1981 on the conclusion of the Protocol concerning
cooperation in combating pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by oil and other harmful
substances in cases of emergency.
• Council Decision 83/101/EEC of 28 February 1983 concluding the Protocol for the protection
of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based sources.
• Council Decision 84/132/EEC of 1 March 1984 on the conclusion of the Protocol concerning
Mediterranean specially protected areas.
• Council Decision 1999/800/EC of 22 October 1999 on concluding the Protocol concerning
specially protected areas and biological diversity in the Mediterranean, and on accepting the
annexes to that Protocol (Barcelona Convention).
• Council Decision 1999/801/EC of 22 October 1999 on accepting the amendments to the
Protocol for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based
sources (Barcelona Convention).
• Council Decision 1999/802/EC of 22 October 1999 on the acceptance of amendments to the

28
Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution and to the Protocol
for the Prevention of Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (Barcelona Convention).
• Council Decision 2004/575/EC of 29 April 2004 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European
Community, of the Protocol to the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the
Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, concerning cooperation in preventing pollution from
ships and, in cases of emergency, combating pollution of the Mediterranean Sea.
3.3. European Guidelines
The following European Directives are relevant to the construction and operation of the
Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment Project.
3.3.1. Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the
effects of certain public and private projects on the environment
Directive 85/337/EEC requires that prescribed environmental impacts be ascertained, stated
and considered prior to the issue of licences and permits through an Environmental Impact
assessment (EIA). Proposals for remediation are expected within any EIA although they are
not mandatory. An EIA is only compulsory for some operations but the current gas pipeline
operations fall within EIA requirements in-so-far as they would have a ‘significant effects on
the environment’. The EIA is the most widely cited legal instrument relating to the
environment. It is also technically and scientifically relied upon throughout the life of the
respective project.
3.3.2. Directive 94/25/EC, on the approximation of the laws, regulations and
administrative provisions of the Member States relating to recreational
craft (Amended by Directive 2003/44/EC)
Recreational craft marketed in the EU must comply with harmonised technical safety and
environmental requirements and meet a number of administrative obligations defined by
Directive 94/25/EC, as amended by Directive 2003/44/EC. These safety and environmental
requirements address the design and construction of the craft, and set limit values for their
exhaust and noise emissions.
The Directive also requires the manufacturer to keep a technical file of all relevant data and to

29
officially declare the conformity of his product. A CE marking must be affixed on the product
and the manufacturer has to provide users with detailed information about safe use and
maintenance.
Directive 94/25/EC applies to recreational craft measuring between 2.5 and 24 metres hull
length, regardless of the means of propulsion, and intended for sport and leisure purposes.
This includes:
• partly completed recreational craft, and
• specific components i.e. engine ignition systems, steering systems, fuel systems, etc as
referred to in Annex II of the Directive
Exclusions include canoes, surfboards, craft specifically intended to be crewed and to carry
passengers for commercial purposes, hydrofoils etc.
Directive 2003/44/EC extended the scope of the original Directive in terms of Design and
Construction by:
• including personal watercraft
• amending some of the essential requirements (e.g. modification of Design category D)
• introducing limits for exhaust emissions from propulsion engines intended for use in
recreational craft
• Introducing limits for noise emissions from recreational craft
3.3.3. Directive 2008/56/EC of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for
community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine
Strategy Framework Directive)
This directive establishes common principles on the basis of which Member States have to
draw up their own strategies, in cooperation with other Member States and third countries, to
achieve a good ecological status in the marine waters for which they are responsible.
These strategies aim to protect and restore Europe's marine ecosystems and to ensure the
ecological sustainability of economic activities linked to the marine environment.
The Directive also sets out eleven high level descriptors of Good Environmental Status. These
are:
1. Biological diversity is maintained. The quality and occurrence of habitats and the

30
distribution and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic,
geographic and climatic conditions.
2. Non-indigenous species introduced by human activities are at levels that do not
adversely alter the ecosystems.
3. Populations of all commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within safe biological
limits, exhibiting a population age and size distribution that is indicative of a healthy
stock.
4. All elements of the marine food webs, to the extent that they are known, occur at normal
abundance and diversity and levels capable of ensuring the long-term abundance of the
species and the retention of their full reproductive capacity.
5. Human-induced eutrophication is minimised, especially adverse effects thereof, such as
losses in biodiversity, ecosystem degradation, harmful algae blooms and oxygen
deficiency in bottom waters.
6. Sea floor integrity is at a level that ensures that the structure and functions of the
ecosystems are safeguarded and benthic ecosystems, in particular, are not adversely
affected.
7. Permanent alteration of hydrographical conditions does not adversely affect marine
ecosystems.
8. Concentrations of contaminants are at levels not giving rise to pollution effects.
9. Contaminants in fish and other seafood for human consumption do not exceed levels
established by community legislation or other relevant standards.
10. Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine
environment.
11. Introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely
affect the marine environment.
November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and
cargo residues (Amended by Directive 2002/84/EC, 2007/71/EC and
Regulation (EC) No 1137/2008)
The Directive pursues the same aim as the 73/78 Marpol Convention on the prevention of
pollution by ships, which all the Member States have signed. However, in contrast to the
Convention, which regulates discharges by ships at sea, the Directive focuses on ship
operations in European Union ports. It addresses in detail the legal, financial and practical
responsibilities of the different operators involved in delivery of ship-generated waste and
cargo residues.

31
This Directive covers all ships, whatever their flag, including fishing vessels and recreational
craft, putting in at a Member State port, apart from warships and ships belonging to or
operated by a State for non-commercial governmental purposes;
Port reception facilities
Member States must ensure that port reception facilities are provided which meet the needs of
the ships using them without causing abnormal delays. These facilities must be tailored to the
size of the port and to the categories of ship calling there.
Directive 2007/71/EC amends Annex 2 of Directive 2000/59/EC in order to improve port
reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues.
Waste reception and handling plans
A waste reception and handling plan must be drawn up in each port. These plans must be
approved and assessed by the Member State it relates to. The plans must be re-approved at
least every three years.
Notification
Captains of ships (other than fishing boats and recreational craft authorised to carry no more
than 12 passengers) bound for a Community port are required to notify certain information, in
particular the date and the last port in which ship-generated waste was delivered and the
quantity of waste remaining on board.
Delivery of ship-generated waste
Unless exempted, all ships are required to deliver their ship-generated waste before leaving a
Community port, unless the captain can prove that his vessel has adequate storage capacity.
Ships which do not deliver their waste without providing valid reasons for exemption are not
allowed to leave the port until such delivery has taken place.
Fees for ship-generated waste
Ports must establish cost recovery systems to encourage the delivery of waste on land and
discourage dumping at sea. All ships calling at a Member State port will bear a significant part
of the cost (which the Commission interprets as meaning at least 30%), whether they use the
facilities or not. This cost recovery system comprises this built-in, fixed element and, possibly,
a variable element according to the amount and type of waste actually delivered.
Inspections
Ships operating in an EU port may be inspected. There is a 25 % minimum inspection
requirement. Inspections are carried out on ships which have not complied with the notification
requirement and on those suspected of not having delivered their waste as a priority.

32
Where it is proven that a ship has put to sea without having delivered its waste and without
benefiting from an exemption, the next port of call is alerted. Moreover, the ship will not be
authorised to leave the second port without the situation having been assessed.
Accompanying measures
This Directive provides for a series of accompanying measures. In particular, it provides for
ships that have been unduly delayed owing to the inadequacy of reception facilities, while they
themselves meet the requirements to which they are subject, must receive compensation.
Evaluation
Every three years, Member States must send the Commission a status report on the
implementation of the Directive, following which the Commission must submit an evaluation
report on the operation of the system to Parliament and the Council.
February 2006 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances
discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community (Codified
version).
This Directive lays down rules for protection against, and prevention of, pollution resulting
from the discharge of certain substances into the aquatic environment. It applies to inland
surface water, territorial waters and internal coastal waters.
Two lists of dangerous substances have been compiled to combat pollution:
• discharge of substances in list I must be eliminated; while
• discharge of substances in list II must be reduced.
Pursuant to Annex IX of the Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC), quality
objectives and emission limit values are established by the “daughter directives” of Directive
2006/11/EC. Moreover, emission limit values for pollutants must be based on the best
available techniques in line with Article 10 of Framework Directive 2000/60/EC.
All discharges of substances included in list I of the Directive, require prior authorisation by the
competent authority in the Member State concerned. The authorisation is granted for a limited
period and lays down emission standards which may be more stringent than the thresholds
set by Community legislation, particularly to take account of the toxicity or persistence of the

33
substance in the environment into which it is discharged. It is up to the Member States to
ensure compliance with the emission standards.
For the substances on list II of the Directive, the Member States adopt and implement
programmes to preserve and improve water quality. All discharges are subject to prior
authorisation by the competent authority in the Member State concerned that lays down the
emission standards.
The Member States draw up an inventory of the discharges into the waters covered by this
Directive and may take more severe measures than those laid down by Community legislation
to reduce or eliminate pollution caused by dangerous substances.
The Directive lays down a procedure for revising and adding to the lists or transferring specific
substances from list II to list I.
November 2002 amending the Directives on maritime safety and the
prevention of pollution from ships
This Directive aims to improve the implementation of Community legislation on maritime
safety, on the prevention of pollution from ships and on shipboard living and working
conditions.
The Directive is closely linked to Regulation 2002/2099/EC establishing a Committee on Safe
Seas and the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and amending the Regulations on maritime
safety and the prevention of pollution from ships.
The aim is to simplify the committee procedures through the replacement of the various
committees set up under the Community legislation on maritime safety and the prevention of
pollution from ships with a single committee to be known as the Committee on maritime safety
and the prevention of pollution from ships.
September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of
penalties, particularly criminal penalties, for infringements
The current legislation states that ship-source polluting discharges constitute in principle a

Environmental Impact Assessment of Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment

Environmental Impact Assessment of Larnaka Port and Marina Redevelopment

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