What does the browser pre-loader do?
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Slides from talk at London Webstandards (Sept 2014) on what the browser preloader is, how it works and why we need it
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What does the browser pre-loader do?
- 1. https://www.flickr.com/photos/benjreay/14713228051 What does the browser pre-loader do? @andydavies Sept 2014
- 2. The Preloader! A.K.A.! look-ahead or speculative pre-parser
- 3. What if you could make your pages load 20% faster? https://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisjohnbeckett/10446312055
- 4. preloading is the single biggest performance improvement browsers have ever made Steve Souders, April 2013 https://hacks.mozilla.org/2013/03/capturing-improving-performance-of-the-adaptive-web/comment-page-1/#comment-2060698 www.stevesouders.com/blog/2013/04/26/i/
- 5. most destructive “performance enhancement”! I think there’s ever been Matt Wilcox, creator of Adaptive Images, March 2013 Matt’s point is a bit more nuanced than this, read the full discussion:! https://hacks.mozilla.org/2013/03/capturing-improving-performance-of-the-adaptive-web/comment-page-1/#comment-2060698
- 6. What’s our greatest enemy? https://www.flickr.com/photos/54459164@N00/5218183788
- 7. The browser that just won’t die?
- 8. The explosion in device diversity? http://opensignal.com/reports/2014/android-fragmentation/
- 9. … or maybe latency is our greatest enemy https://www.flickr.com/photos/jjvaca/728072059
- 10. At best network packets travel at roughly 2/3 speed of light https://www.flickr.com/photos/98640399@N08/9287370881
- 11. London to New York Round Trip Time = 56ms over fibre! https://www.flickr.com/photos/https://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/6979975029 dpapworth/482125035
- 12. (TCP Segments) TCP and the Lower Bound of Web Performance John Rauser Might take more than one round trip 285kB 214kB 143kB 71kB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Round Trips Size
- 13. So what’s this got to do with the preloader?
- 14. Let’s pretend we’re a browser (with the preloader switched off) https://www.flickr.com/photos/mozillaeu/11171168996
- 15. Two key rules to remember Constructing CSS Object Model (CSSOM) blocks JavaScript execution! ! JavaScript blocks DOM construction
- 18. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 19. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 20. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> GET /styles.css HTTP/1.1 <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 21. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 22. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html> GET /more-styles.css HTTP/1.1
- 23. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 24. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> GET /script.js HTTP/1.1 <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 25. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 26. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html> Must wait for:! 1. CSS download and OM construction! 2. JS download and execution
- 27. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 28. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html> GET /another-script.js HTTP/1.1
- 29. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 30. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> Must wait for:! <body> 1. JS download and execution <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 31. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 32. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html> GET /image.jpg HTTP/1.1
- 33. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
- 34. example.html <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="more-styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <script src="another-script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> <p>Some more text and another picture! <img src="image-2.jpg"/></p> </body> </html> GET /image-2.jpg HTTP/1.1
- 35. What does the waterfall look like? scripts download in series WebPagetest - IE7, Cable, Korea
- 36. What if we decouple resource discovery from DOM construction? When DOM construction is blocked ! ! e.g. waiting for script to download and execute! ! Search rest of document for external resources! ! e.g. <link rel=“stylesheet”…>, <script src=…>, <img src=…>! ! Download and cache discovered resources ready for DOM construction
- 37. IE 7 (doesn’t have a preloader) IE 11 (has a preloader) scripts download in series parallel download, execution still in series
- 38. What gets preloaded? link rel=“stylesheet” ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ <script src= ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ <img> ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ @import ✓ ✓ ✓ <video poster> ✓ <picture> <img> ✓ ✓ http://yoavweiss.github.io/preloader-velocity-nyc-talk
- 39. Script inserted resources aren’t discoverable <script type="text/javascript"> function() { Browser won’t discover script until outer script inserts it into DOM var js = document.createElement('script'); js.async = true; js.src = 'script.js'; var e = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.parentNode.insertBefore(js, first); })(); </script>
- 40. Non-blocking loading using async attribute ! <script async src="script.js"></script> Widely supported (82%) and discoverable by preloader
- 41. Limits to what preloader can discover HTML CSS DOM CSSOM Render! Tree JavaScript Layout Paint
- 42. Limits to what preloader can discover HTML CSS DOM CSSOM Render! Tree Fonts and background images discovered when render tree builds JavaScript Layout Paint
- 43. Possible workarounds? dataURIs (will make CSS larger)! HTTP/2 or SPDY server push! <link rel=“subresource… (Chrome only and effectively broken)
- 44. Download order != Document order https://www.flickr.com/photos/add1sun/4993432274
- 45. Browsers can prioritise download order Based on:! ! Resource type - CSS, JS, image etc.! ! Visibility! ! Element attributes e.g. <script async, defer! ! W3C Resource Priorities
- 46. W3C Resource Priorities - adds lazyload attribute (also look at Ilya Grigorik’s proposal for Resource Hints)
- 47. Prioritisation sometimes has unexpected consequences Major UK retailer’s site in Chrome
- 48. Prioritisation sometimes has unexpected consequences These JS resources are at the foot of the body! (perhaps they should merge them into fewer resources but…)
- 49. Prioritisation sometimes has unexpected consequences Downloading the JS blocks the hero image
- 50. Some edge cases you might come across
- 51. Watch out for the parser restarting
- 52. Watch out for the parser restarting Content-Type: text/html ! charset isn’t specified in HTTP response so IE9 assumes ISO 8859-1 ! As it parses the HTML it then finds ! <meta charset=“utf-8"> ! Similar issues can occur with <base>
- 53. Do odd things and you may get odd behaviour! <html> <head> <script> var file = window.innerWidth < 1000 ? "mobile.css" : "desktop.css"; document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/' + file + '"/>'); </script> </head> <body> <img src="img/gallery-img1.jpg" /> <img src="img/gallery-img2.jpg" /> <img src="img/gallery-img3.jpg" /> <img src="img/gallery-img4.jpg" /> <img src="img/gallery-img5.jpg" /> <img src="img/gallery-img6.jpg" /> </body> </html> This is based on a suggested Stack Overflow answer!
- 54. Do odd things and you may get odd behaviour! IE 9 Download of CSS blocked by images
- 55. Can use Cuzillion to test simple scenarios https://www.stevesouders.com/cuzillion/
- 56. Latency is web performance enemy #1! Preloader helps hide the latency! Can only ‘see’ resources in markup! May not load resources in order we intend! Getting methods to hint our intent to browsers
- 57. https://www.flickr.com/photos/auntiep/5024494612 ! @andydavies! ! andy.davies@nccgroup.com ! ! http://slideshare.net/andydavies!