The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) has served as the cornerstone of the nuclear regime since 1967. It successfully oversaw the reduction of over 70% of the global nuclear stockpile. Unfortunately, in recent years, little progress has been made in reducing the global nuclear stockpile, and new nuclear weapon states remain unrecognized preventing a meaningful conversation of nuclear reductions. The Pasadena High School Nuclear Nonproliferation Club will argue that the NPT ultimately proved to be a Successful Failed Experiment – while it prevented a catastrophic nuclear war during the critical period of the Cold War, it failed in preventing further nuclear proliferation and achieving nuclear disarmament. However, in recognition of its successes, the NPT can serve as a stepping stone to the proposed New NPT. Students will highlight critical areas of focus in the New NPT (FMCT, CTBT, Inclusion of New Nuclear Weapon States), outline further areas of need (Nuclear Terrorism, International Reprocessing Plants, Solution to Nuclear Spent Fuel Problem), emphasize the importance of the Humanitarian Initiative (Nuclear Education, Cooperation with NGOs), and provide a glimpse into a world that fails to adopt a serious approach to nuclear disarmament.

1. THE NPT: A SUCCESSFUL FAILED EXPERIMENT
Pasadena High School Nuclear Nonproliferation Club 2014-2015
Advisor: Andrew King
Students: Kyle Espiritu, Scott Lousen, Amadea Tanner

2. THE WORLD OF TODAY
• Today’s world faces a potentially greater risk of nuclear weapons detonation than during the time of the Cold War.
• More states in possession of nuclear weapons
• Greater potential for misunderstanding
Amanda Macias, Skye Gould and Michael B Kelley. "MAP: All 17,000 Of The World's Nukes." Business Insider. July 2, 2014.
Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.businessinsider.com/map-all-of-the-worlds-nukes-2014-7.

3. 2013 OSLO CONFERENCE
• Held on 4-5 of March, it
discussed the fact that
nuclear weapons could
potentially affect all states
- directly or indirectly.
• No nation is currently able
to cope with the
humanitarian emergence
posed by a nuclear weapon
detonation.
Overmyer, John. "News Art (by John Overmyer): Peacekeeping." News Art (by John Overmyer): Peacekeeping. Accessed March 8,
2015. http://www.newsart.com/jo/jo169.htm./.

4. • NWS spent $105 billion spent on fiscal costs in
2011
• More than 10,000 times greater than the UN
disarmament and non-proliferation budget
• One year of WMD funding is equal to 14 years
of peacekeeping
• MWD spending could be used to fund
humanitarian progress
• Mass death
• Destruction of infrastructure
• Agricultural disaster
• Displacement
• Economic fall-out
• Weather fluctuations
• Environmental catastrophe
• Species extinction
• Elimination of progress
• Governmental collapse
• Psychological distress
• Fear, panic, hysteria, chaos
HUMANITARIAN ARGUMENTS
Humanitarian Impact Fiscal Impact

5. PAST VS. PRESENT
• The effects of a nuclear blast
today would be much greater
than in the past.
• Our modern world is more
integrated and interdependent
compared 1945.
• Nuclear Devastation to one
country could potentially harm
all other countries due to
today’s extensive international
economic dependency.
"ISS Africa | Africa's Role in Mitigating the Catastrophic Humanitarian Consequences of Nuclear Weapons." ISS Africa.
Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.issafrica.org/events/africas-role-in-mitigating-the-catastrophic-humanitarian-consequence
of-nuclear-weapons.

6. 2014 NAYARIT CONFERENCE
• Held in February, it also
revealed that the existence
of nuclear threatens the
fate of humanity.
• “Simply banning" nuclear
weapons will not guarantee
elimination.
• Emphasizing a humanitarian
regime would force all nations
to participate.
• More plausibly achieves the
long-term goal of disarmament.
"Mexico Conference Marks Turning Point towards Nuclear Weapon Ban - Pressenza." Pressenza Mexico Conference Marks Turning
Point towards Nuclear Weapon Ban Comments. February 17, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.pressenza.com/2014/02/mexico-conference-marks-turning-point-towards-nuclear-weapon-ban/.

7. 2014 VIENNA CONFERENCE
• Held on December 8-9, it
addressed the additional
issues of deterrence and
international security
possible only through the use
of no WMDs.
• Aspirations for a nuclear
weapon free world will be
addressed further in the
upcoming 2015 NPT Review
Conference.
Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.monitor.upeace.org/printer.cfm?id_article=1077.

8. OPPOSITION TO HUMANITARIAN INITIATIVE
• All 5 NWS boycotted the humanitarian initiative
conferences.
• Discussion and focus would be diverted from the
sovereign goal of nuclear disarmament.
• These states proclaim devotion to NPT.
• Taking a humanitarian approach would undermine
the NPT's existing "step-by-step" process.
" Var SwitchTo5x=true;stLight.options({publisher: "ur-5db175ef-c6cd-5619-b3dd-b36676cbeca"});." Too Little on Nuclear Nonproliferation, Gandenberger, ABQ JR
May 2013. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.lasg.org/press/2013/ABQ_JRNL_Gandenberger_26May2013.html.

9. NWS RATIONALE
• The NWS further argue that they have accomplished unprecedented feats since the end of the Cold
War.
• They question why a new approach should be taken to reduce stockpiles further.
Keller, Jared. "The Cartoon Guide to Surviving a Nuclear Bomb Test." The Atlantic. May 24, 2011. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/05/the-cartoon-guide-to-surviving-a-nuclear-bomb-test/239384/.

10. SHORTCOMINGS
• What they fail to admit,
however, is that progress
has stagnated in recent
years.
• All NWS have been in a
state of dormancy for
nuclear weapons
reduction.
"Www.theage.com.au." Attack, or Learn to Live with It. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/attack-
or-learn-to-live-with-it/2006/10/11/1160246195469.html.

11. HOPEFUL PROSPECTS
• However, the UK and US did
attend the most recent
humanitarian initiative
conference in Vienna.
• While the remaining NWS of
Russia, China, and France failed
to attend, the presence of some
of the NWS represents a move
towards progress.
"Nuclear Disarmament: Beyond Iran." Common Dreams. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.commondreams.org/views/2013/12/12/nuclear-disarmament-beyond-iran.

12. THE NPT MIRRORS THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION

13. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
• First US constitution
• Established a limited government
• Philadelphia Conference held in 1787
to revise Articles
• Founding Fathers initially wanted
to make improvements
• Ended up writing a completely
new document.
• The US Constitution
"America Acknowledges God." The Foundation For Moral Law. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://morallaw.org/resources/america-acknowledges-god/.

14. NEW Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
THE NEW NPT

15. PREAMBLE
• Original NPT was a Successful, Failed Experiment
• Initiated Nuclear Reduction Treaties (SALT I & II, START, New
START, ABM Treaty, SORT)
• Lack of Progress with new actors
• Emphasis on Nuclear Education
• Inclusion of Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea as NWS
• Emphasis on Nuclear Terrorism
Image: John Overmeyer.“Open Letter to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Conference,” Nodutdol.org. April 27, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://nodutdol.org/index.php/news/archives/287/

16. ARTICLE I
• Purpose: Role and Responsibilities of NWS
• Inclusion of Israel, Pakistan, India, and
North Korea
• Cut-off date January 1, 2007
Image: Paul Lachine. “pa1430c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa110.htm

17. ARTICLE II
• Purpose: Responsibility of Non-Nuclear Weapon States
Image: John Overmeyer. “jo4910c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/jo/jo169.htm

18. ARTICLE III
• Purpose Nuclear Safeguards
• Revisions:
• Cessation of Fissile Material Development
for Nuclear Weapons
• Adoption of Fissile Material Cut-Off
Treaty
• Commitment to additional surveillance,
cooperation, and funding prevent nuclear
nonproliferation
• Additional support for IAEA to ensure
effective safeguards for nuclear energy and
nuclear weapons
Image: “Australia satisfied with India's nuclear safeguards: Trade Minister of Australia.” www.theindiatimes.com. September 2, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53480055_1_uranium-sale-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-trade-minister-andrew-robb

19. ARTICLE IV
• Purpose: Peaceful Nuclear Energy
• Additions:
• Development of an International Fuel Bank
• Development of an International Reprocessing
Plant
• Commitment to sharing nuclear technology to
promote safe nuclear power
(Fukushima/Chernobyl)
• Commitment to permanent international
solution for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel
Image: Paul Lachine. “pa4254c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa110.htm

20. ARTICLE V
• Purpose: Sharing of nuclear research and technology
• Addition:
• Complete Cessation of Nuclear Testing
• Adoption of Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Image: “Close the Door on Nuclear Testing.” www.ctbto.org. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.ctbto.org/specials/close-
the-door-on-nuclear-testing/

21. ARTICLE VI
• Purpose: Pursue nuclear disarmament and arms control
• Additions:
• Phased Reduction of Nuclear Weapons Every 10
Years (50%)
• US and RUS (2020)
• UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, and
North Korea (2070)
• Complete Elimination (2100)
• Phased reduction of Deployed, Delivery Vehicles,
Stockpiles
• Commitment to Diplomacy and confidence building
through progress
• Changing Nuclear Postures (no high alert weapons)
• Cessation of Nuclear Weapon Production &
Modernization
• Complete ban on nuclear weapons use
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Russia 8420 4210 2105 1053 526 263 132 66 0
USA 7650 3825 1913 956 478 239 120 60 0
France 300 300 300 300 300 150 75 38 0
China 240 240 240 240 240 120 60 30 0
United
Kingdom
225 225 225 225 225 113 56 28 0
Pakistan 110 110 110 110 110 55 28 14 0
India 100 100 100 100 100 50 25 13 0
Israel 80 80 80 80 80 40 20 10 0
North
Korea
10 10 10 10 10 5 3 1 0
Global
Stockpiles
17135 9100 5083 3074 2069 1035 517 259 0

22. ARTICLE VII
• Purpose: Regional Treaties (NWFZs)
Van Es, Chris. "News Art: Peacekeeping." News Art: Peacekeeping. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.newsart.com/ve/ve169.htm.

23. ARTICLE VIII
• Purpose:
• Emphasis on Nuclear Education
• Promote critical will
• Dispel stigma
• Develop competent nuclear workforce
Image: “US commits $5million for nuclear energy education.” www.energylivenews.com. May 13, 2014. Accessed
March 8, 2015. http://www.energylivenews.com/2014/05/13/us-commits-5m-for-nuclear-energy-education/

24. ARTICLE IX
• Purpose: Amendment and Review Conferences
Lachine, Paul. "News Art (by Paul Lachine): Peacekeeping." News Art (by Paul Lachine): Peacekeeping.
Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa169.htm.

25. ARTICLE X
• Purpose:
• Ratification Process and Designation of NWS and NNWS
Image: Paul Lachine. “pa2360c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa50.htm

26. ARTICLE XI
• Purpose: Withdrawal Procedures
• Revisions:
• Additional Protocols for Withdrawal
• 4 months
• Review, Verification, and Response to Withdrawal Statement
• Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation
• IAEA inspectors to visit all facilities
• Dismantle any facilities/devices obtained through NPT peaceful energy partnerships
Image: Paul Lachine. “pa2460c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa50.htm

27. ARTICLE XII
• Purpose: Translation of Treaty
Image: Tim Brinton. “tb1002.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.newsart.com/tb/tb169.htm

28. "Deviant Art." Nuclear Wasteland by XxHighfirexX on DeviantArt. Accessed March 9, 2015. http://xxhighfirexx.deviantart.com/art/Nuclear-Wasteland-180973184.