Materi Kuliah Metode Pemuliaan Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian UGM

1. Reproduction in crop plants
Chapt. 2

2. Plant Breeding and reproduction
systems
• Seed propagated species
– self-pollinated
– cross pollinated
– self- and cross pollinated
• Vegetatively propagated species
• Why so interested in propagation
system???

3. Seed propagated species
Self-pollinated
• Barley, wheat, peanut
– cleistogamous flowering
– very uniform cultivars
– seed produced by simple selfing
– manual crossing needed to combine cultivars

4. Inbreeders need manual crossing
When you cross two barley
plants remember to remove
anthers from the female
flower.
If not you will have almost
only selfed offspring.

5. • Maize, grasses, cabbage, carrot
– monoecius (on the same plant, Maize) or
dioecious (on separate plants, Asparagus)
flowers
– self-incompatibility (cabbage, grasses)
– protandric (carrot) or protogynic flowering
– mechanical obstruction to selfing (Primula)
– mostly non-uniform cultivars
– seed from within cultivar cross-pollination
og hybrids
Seed propagated species
normally cross pollinated

6. Seed propagated species
both cross and self pollinated
• Cotton, oil seed rape
– if isolated behave like self-pollinated
– isolation with bags, tents, greenhouses or
distance
– uniform cultivars if well isolated during
breeding and seed production
– manual crossing needed in most cases.

7. Vegetatively propagated
• Potato, yams, many horticultural crops
– roots (cassava)
– tubers (potato)
– rhizomes (horse radish)
– grafting (apple)
– cuttings (pelargonias)
– in vitro systems (Saint Paulia)
– very uniform cultivars (clones)
– slow and expensive multiplication
– infection with virus and bacterial diseases

8. Apomixis
seed offspring without fertilisation
• Vivipari
– plantlets or bulbils from flowering organs
• Agamospermy (obligate or facultative)
– seed with unfertilized female embryos
• Uniform cultivars (clones)
• Seed multiplication by simple ”selfing”
• artificial crossing needed

9. Gene recombination in plant
breeding.
Chapt. 3

10. Variation
• How to measure ????
• Environmental variation
– Barley, wheat, maize F1 hybrid
• Genetic variation
– How to detect genetic variation??
– High vs low determination (effect on selection)
• Gene environmental interaction
– (disease resistence, plant height and N)

11. Traits with high heritability
Some traits like awn length
and row number in spike
are controlled almost
entirely by genes.
However, plant normally
six rowed may be more or
less two rowed in some
growing environments

12. Origin of genetic variation
• Mutations
– point mutations and chromosome mutations
• Gene recombination
– independent and linked assortment
• Variation in chromosome number

13. Recombination by hybridisation
• Why recombine plants ??
• Size of offspring populations
• Types of epistatic actions:
– additive effects: AB = long awns, Ab & aB =
medium awns, ab = awnless.
– complementary, modifying, inhibiting,
masking, duplicate actions (rarely used)
• Pleiotropic genes
– Genes in which mutations affect several traits
• Importance of linkage for recombination