Climate change

1. Policy, legal framework and practices related to
climate justice
FORUMCC

2. 1.0 Definition and Introduction
2
Weather: the state of
atmosphere at a given time and
place, with respect to variables
such as temperature, moisture,
wind velocity and barometric
pressure.
Climate: average weather, or
more rigorously, as the
statistical description in terms of
the mean and variability of
relevant quantities over a period
of time ranging from months to
thousands or millions of years
(IPCC).

3. CLIMATE CHANGE
Introduction to Climate Change
> Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into
the atmosphere.
> Climate change is a global issue:
1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA.
> Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the
climate.
 Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by
about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100.
A few basic facts

4. Causes of Climate Change
Causes:

5. Why Climate is Changing?
Natural Causes

6. Why Climate is Changing?
Anthropogenic Causes: Huma induced

7. Climate Projections
Increased Incidence of Dry
Spells/Droughts & Increased Heat
Wave Duration
Increased/More Frequent Precipitation
Sea Level Rise
Increased Temperature

8. Effects …

9. Effects of Climate Change

10. Effects …

11. CC in Tanzania
• Tanzania is facing climate change impacts.
• 21 Meteorology stations have shown changes
in temperature and rainfall over the last 30
years.
• Overall temperature has increased for the last
30 years.

12. Climate change scenario
Temperature
• The overall change
/increase of
temperature
ranges from 0.2-
0.8 degrees Celsius
for the last 30
years.

13. Impacts of climate change
• The impacts of climate change in Tanzania are vivid.
• The impacts have been felt nearly in all sectors of the
economy.
• Study on the Economics of Climate Change for
Tanzania pointed out a loss of almost 2% of GDP
each year by 2030 as a result of CC.

14. Impacts of climate change
Infrastructure destruction:
• From 1980-2008, a total of 24 floods were reported. The worst 4
floods affected about 545 000 people.
– In 2009, Kilosa town was inundated, 23,980 people displaced.
TZS 329 billion (205.6 MU$) spent to restore infrastructure
and services.
– In 2011, 663 houses demolished, 2,942 submerged, 9,000
people displaced in Kilombero valley.
– Recent unusual heavy rainfall in March / April 2014 in central
part and DSM affected hundreds of people and destroyed
infrastructure. DSM was isolated for 3 days.

16. Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

17. Tourism and fisheries
• Destruction of access roads
• Drowning of wild animals e.g wildebeest
• In 2007 about 15 000 of animals drowned when
tried to cross river Mara at the start of their
journey back to the Serengeti.
• In lake Tanganyika temperatures have increased
by 0.6oC. Fish population has been reduced by
one third over the past 80 years.
• There has been a dramatic recession of 7km of
Lake Rukwa in the past 50 years, Lake Jipe.
• Coral reefs in the Indian Ocean experienced
bleaching in particular in Zanzibar.
Impact of Climate Change

19. Tourism and fisheries

20. Impacts of climate change
Energy
• Drought affected hydro power in 1992/93,
2005/06, 2009/10,2010/11 and 2011/12.
• Hydro contribution in the electricity mix has
decreased due to reduced reserve capacity.
• In 2006 the contribution was 61%; 2012 was 42.6
%;2013 was 35%.
• Impacts on energy have negative effects to other
economic sectors.

21. Impacts of climate change
Agriculture
• Agriculture is the main economic activity
accounting for 80% of the employed population
and contributing about 44.7% of GDP.
• Most of the poor people (80%) live in rural areas
where agriculture is the mainstay for subsistence.
• CC impacts to agriculture will reduce the national
GDP by 0.6 to 1% by 2030.
• In 2011 the real GDP grew by 6.4% compared to
7% observed in 2010 due to drought.
Impacts of climate change
Agriculture
— Cotton production dropped significantly particularly in
traditional areas due to temp. rise.
1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004
Source: InfoBridge 2007

22. Impacts of climate change
Agriculture
• Banana production is dropping.
1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004
Source: InfoBridge 2007

24. Some livelihood activities under threat

25. Impacts of climate change
Water
• Climate change will affect three major river
basins which have greater economic
importance i.e Ruvu, Pangani and Rufiji.
• The annual flow of river Pangani will be
reduced by of 6%-9% and to the river Ruvu
by 10% .
• Salt water intrusion in spring wells in
Bagamoyo District.
• Salt intrusion into Tanzania’s aquifers and
deltas e.g Rufiji delta.
• Water conflict has intensified between
different uses and users.

26. Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

27. Climate Change
CROP FAILURE
FUEL SHORTAGE
SHORTAGE OF SAFE,
CLEAN WATER
RESOURCE SCARCITY
NATURAL DISASTERS
DISEASE
DISPLACE-MENT
CIVIL WAR / CONFLICT
Impacts on women
Household food provision;
Increased agricultural work
Household fuel provision;
food-fuel conflicts
Household water provision;
exposure to contaminated sources
Economic drawbacks; lack of land tenure;
resource-dependent livelihoods; school
dropouts, early marriage
Greater incidence of mortality; reduction of
life expectancy
Lack of access to healthcare;
increased burden of caring for young, sick
and elderly
Loss of livelihoods; lack of adequate
shelter; conflicts
Loss of livelihoods and lives; sexual
violence and trauma
FORUMCC
The Impacts of Climate Change on
Women
Insecure
livelihoods:
i.e.reduced
crop yield
Increased burden
on household:
i.e.more time
collecting water,
food,fuel
Less time for
education,
income-generation
Unsustainable
coping strategies:
i.e.deforestation;
migration;conflict
Environmental
instabilities:
i.e.drought/
floods
Example of
exacerbated cycle
of poverty for
women
Climate Change Exacerbates the Cycle of
Poverty
FORUMCC2022

28. Existing facts
Women have extra roles and
responsibilities such as:
 collecting water and
 firewood,
 fetching and preparing
food,
 household chores,
 taking care of children
and the sick and Child
bearing.
Women are engaged in all
these roles throughout the
day while men have some
free time in which they
engage in income generating
activities
Existing facts-Gender & Climate change

29. Existing facts
Reduction of natural resources results in:
• more demand for labour and time from
women, reducing the quality and quantity
of time and labour required for farm
activities, income-generating activities,
food preparation and other services such
as education (to young girls)

30. EDUCATION
• In periods of crisis, girls are often the first to drop out of
school to help their families make money, do domestic
chores or look after their brothers and sisters.
CHILD MARRIAGE
• When families’ income and ability to survive are put at risk,
child marriage can be seen as a way to reduce the financial
burden of taking care of girls
VIOLENCE
• During and after extreme weather events, girls are at
increased risk of violence and exploitation, including sexual
and physical abuse, and trafficking.
These risks are heightened when collecting food, water and
the like
Climate change Effects are more acute to girls

31. Climate Change
CROP FAILURE
FUEL SHORTAGE
SHORTAGE OF SAFE,
CLEAN WATER
RESOURCE SCARCITY
NATURAL DISASTERS
DISEASE
DISPLACE-MENT
CIVIL WAR / CONFLICT
Impacts on women
Household food provision;
Increased agricultural work
Household fuel provision;
food-fuel conflicts
Household water provision;
exposure to contaminated sources
Economic drawbacks; lack of land tenure;
resource-dependent livelihoods; school
dropouts, early marriage
Greater incidence of mortality; reduction of
life expectancy
Lack of access to healthcare;
increased burden of caring for young, sick
and elderly
Loss of livelihoods; lack of adequate
shelter; conflicts
Loss of livelihoods and lives; sexual
violence and trauma
FORUMCC
The Impacts of Climate Change on Women

32. Paris Agreement
Implementation rules, methods,
processes
National implementation by
parties
Policy, law, regulations, economic
tools, awareness raising, etc.
Measures taken to address CC impacts
Bigger Picture

33. Measures taken to address CC impacts
Policy
Selected initiatives in addressing the challenges of climate change in
Tanzania:
• National Environmental Policy (2021)
https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1644923087-
NATIONAL%20%20ENVIRONMENTAL%20POLICY%202021%20new.pdf
• The Environmental Management Act (CAP.191) of 2021
https://www.nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/sw-1619095573-
GN%20NO.267%20THE%20ENVIRONMENTAL%20MANAGEMENT%20(RE
GISTRATION%20AND%20PRACTI.pdf
• National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 (2021)
https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1640772745-NCCRS%202021-
2026_%20Final_PK.pdf
• National Strategy on Gender and Climate Change; 2013 (Need Review)
https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2013_IUCN_Cli
mate-Change-Gender-Action-Plan-Tanzania.pdf

34. …Cont. Measures taken to address CC impacts
Policy
• National Climate Change Communication Strategy 2012-2017
(Expired, Need review)
https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/laws/4820.pdf
• Guidelines for integrating climate change adaptation into national
sectoral policies, plans and programmes; 2012. (Need Review)
https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1592644632-GUIDELINES-FOR-
INTEGRATING-CLIMATE-CHANGE-ADAPTATION-INTO-NATIONAL-SECTORAL-
POLICIES-PLANS-AND-PROGRAMMES-OFTANZANIA.pdf
• Development and implementation of Strategy for Urgent Actions on
Land Degradation and Water Catchments; 2006 (Review-still
relevant?)
https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/julyhls/pdf09/khijjah,%2014%20july.pdf

35. …Cont. Measures taken to address CC impacts
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan205462.pdf
• National Adaption Plans (NAPs) – In the making..
Strategy and road map for the NAP process in
Tanzania Jan – Apr 2013
Establishment of the NAP team
NAP development proposal to GCF

36. …Cont. Others initiatives include
Vision 2025 and
Five (5) Years Development Plans.
Opportunity: Mainstreaming Climate Change Issues
Initiatives at Sectorial level:
 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) incl. Guidelines for
implementation incl. demystified versions
 Water Sector
 Health National Adaption Plan (HNAP) 2018-2023

37. Mitigation: Law and policy implications?
• Regulations in emission areas and data
collection
• Long-term low emission strategy
• Forest protection, water management (carbon
sinks)
• Markets and carbon trading mechanisms,
carbon levies or trade measures
• GHG inventory biennial reporting (Art.13.7)

38. Adaption: Law and policy implications?
• System to document and report climate impacts
and adaptation action
• Planning, emergency preparedness, disaster risk
reduction etc.
• Adaptation action should follow a gender
responsive, participatory and fully transparent
approach taking into account vulnerable groups,
communities and ecosystems (Art.7.5)
• Define needs and plans including financial
implications (Art.7.10-12, 13.8)

39. National implications
• Engage with UNFCCC: e.g. templates,
nominate experts
• Build capacity
• Record national adaptation efforts, climate
impacts and loss and damage
• Streamlining reporting under MEAs
• National level coordination & cooperation
• Management of environmental data
• Stakeholder involvement

40. Policy Challenges, GAPs
• Low level of awareness and understanding of climate change issues
among stakeholders.
- Education & awareness raising (Art.12)
• Inadequate information on climate change impacts and vulnerability
• Inadequate capacity to address climate change impacts.
• Treating climate as one of multiple environmental issues means that it
remains sidelined in planning processes
• Inadequate coordination
PO RALG vs LGAs?
Adequate institutional Framework?
• Policy Alignment & Linkages
• Means of implementation: Finance, Technology and Capacity Building

41. Climate Finance: Sources
• National budget allocations
• Fees and charges
• International public climate finance (grants, loans
or contributions to the GCF and GEF. Others:
Adaptation Fund as well as dedicated financial
resources by multilateral development banks)
• International private finance (loans with an end-
use restriction, green or climate change bonds,
market mechanisms envisaged under Art.6 PA)
• Bilateral funding
? CSO mobilization

42. Climate Finance: Domestic law and policy
• Assessing costs of proposed climate change response
actions in the short and medium term – and resources
available;
• Potential entry points for relevant finance institutions;
Mobilizing climate finance via
– “financial mechanisms” such as loans, guarantees and
insurance, green investment banks, climate trust
funds, clean development mechanisms, carbon
pricing, green bonds etc.
– “facilitative modalities” are non-financial initiatives to help
indirectly mobilize private finance by enhancing capacity
building, knowledge transfer, governance structures,
prudential regulation, corporate reporting, etc.
• National efforts/mechanism to bundle and/or blend different
climate finance resources

43. Advocacy Entry Points
? Policy influence
? Actions on ground
? Facilitator (KR&D)
Policy Influence
• Policy & Regulatory Processes (at all
levels)
• Annual Planning and Budget Circles
• Climate policy ecosystem
Action on Ground
• Need based
• Solutions throughout value chain
• Empowering
Facilitator
• Knowledge, data & development
• Link and hook
• Climate Change is a
reality
• Global & local issue
• Environmental, Social &
Economic
• No quick fix
• No silver bullet
• Require Patience

44. Thank you for your attention…