This document discusses infinitives and gerunds in English grammar. It defines the infinitive as the basic form of verbs, usually structured as "to + verb root". Infinitives do not distinguish person, number, or time. Gerunds are non-finite verb forms that function as nouns, adverbs, or complements. They express simultaneous or prior action to the main verb. The document provides examples of different infinitive and gerund types, such as present, progressive, and perfect infinitives, and conjoint and absolute gerunds.

1. INFINITIVE AND GERUND
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO
POLITÉCNICO SANTIAGO MARIÑO
EXTENSIÓN PORLAMAR
ARQUITECTURA
INGLES II
ELABORADO POR:
ANASOPHIA GÓMEZ
C.I: 30.230.545
PORLAMAR, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DEL 2022

2. INFINITIVE

3. DEFINITION
• The infinitive is the basic form of verbs in English. It is usually
structured as follows: to + (root of the verb), for example, to talk
(to speak). However, there is also the form without to. It can
have different functions within a sentence among which are
opinions expressed or proposed.

4. CHARACTERISTICS
• -It does not distinguish person,
number or time (I am going to
go, they are going to go)
-Has a progressive or forward-
looking aspect
-Does not specify the
particular circumstances of the
action -has an abstract
character
-It is used as an
auxiliary verb

5. APPLICATIONS
• It is used to indicate an action that continued, continues, or will
continue while speaking.

6. TYPES AND EXAMPLES
• Present infinitive: It is the best known way. It is formed with the structure a + (root of
the verb) and works as a noun in a sentence. For example: Sleeping was a pleasure
(Sleeping was a pleasure).
• Negative infinitive: It is formed with not + the infinitive. It may or may not include the
to. As its name implies, it is to deny an action. For example: Try not to get mad (Try
not to get mad).
• Progressive infinitive: It is structured as follows: (to) be… -ing (the to may or may
not appear). It serves to indicate an action that continues, continues, or continues
while speaking. For example: It's nice to be talking to you (It's nice to talk to you).
• Perfect infinitive: Its structure is this: (to) have + past participle (the to may or may
not appear). It is usually common in the third conditional. For example: If I had known
you were coming, I would have prepared your favorite food (If I had known you were
coming, I would have prepared your favorite food). passive infinitive Its form is as
follows: (to) be + past participle (the to may or may not appear).

7. GERUND

8. DEFINITION
• The gerund is, in various languages, one of the non-finite
forms of the verb, that is, a verbal form that is not defined by
features such as time, mode, number, or person.

9. CHARACTERISTICS
• It must function as an adverb or as
a circumstantial complement or as
a verb.
• It expresses simultaneous
action or prior to that of the
main verb, or in such an
immediate way that it is
perceived as simultaneous.
• The subject of the gerund
is the same as that of the
main verb or has its own
subject.
• When it is with verbs of
physical perception the
subject can be the direct
object of the main verb.
• Function to form various
verb periphrases.

10. APPLICATIONS
• The uses of the gerund are: Express an action or event that happened
at the same moment as the main verb of the sentence. For example:
He opened the letter, thinking it was good news. State actions prior to
the core verb of the sentence. For example: Training every morning, we
would have won the race. Incorporated in exceptions, the gerund is
allowed as an adjective if the subordinate with which it changes the
desired meaning. For example: Boiling water. The subordinate clause
Agua que hileve does not have the same meaning as with a gerund. In
cases that are not exceptions, the uses of the gerund as an adjective
are incorrect. For example: Children eating apples. The correct
sentence is: Children who eat apples.

11. TYPES AND EXAMPLES
• Gerunds have two types that depend on whether or not they have a proper
subject: the conjoint gerund and the absolute gerund. The conjoint gerund
has the same subject as the verb in the personal form. It is written in the
sentence separated with commas, it can be placed before or inserted
between the subject and the main verb. Although the use of the comma is
always recommended, on some occasions, when the gerund is at the end,
it is possible to do without the comma. For example: Reading so many
novels, Don Quixote went crazy.Don Quixote, reading so many novels,
went crazy. The absolute or non-arranged gerund is the one that has its
own subject, different from the subject of the main clause and does not
coincide with the direct object. This type is separated by commas from the
rest of the sentence. For example: While the child is sleeping, the mother
also rests. The mother, while the child is sleeping, also rests.