All necessary topics on hard landscaping are covered.

1. HARD
LANDSC
APE

2. WHAT IS HARD
LANDSCAPING?
Hard landscaping are the constructions of physica
lly hard materials to make architectural features i
n a garden design.
Pavements, walls, fences, pergolas, patios, deckin
g, water features, tunnels, retaining walls, seating
, bridges, outdoor kitchens, driveways, rock struct
ures, etc. are some of the elements of hard lands
caping.
Hard landscaping allows the formation of man ma
de landscaping features that would otherwise be
impossible due to various reasons like soil erosion
, etc.

3. ADVANTAGES OF HARD
LANDSCAPING-
1. Adds to the aesthetic beauty of the place.
2. It can be a solution for where growth of grass is not practically possible.
3. No much maintenance is required.
4. Allows formation of man made landscaping features.
5. Materials like gravel, etc. helps to avoid the need of watering, etc.
6. The soil stays wet for long periods of time.

4. DISADVANTAGES OF HARD LANDSCAPING-
1. Construction is quite expensive.
2. Elements like pergolas, bridges, etc. cannot be constructed in compact spaces.
3. More no. of skilled labour are required.

5. ELEMENTS OF HARD
LANDSCAPE-
1. Pavements
2. Fences
3. Retaining walls
4. Bridges
5. Seating

6. PAVEMENTS-
1. The construction of outdoor floor or superficial covering is generally term
ed as pavements.
2. Materials- (a) asphalt (b) concrete (c) stones like flagstone, cobblestone, s
etts, artificial stone, etc.
3. Uses- (a) sidewalks (b) road surfaces (c) patios (d) courtyard, etc.

7. FENCES-
1. It usually describes a structure that encloses an outdoor area.
2. Uses- (a) to connect boards, wire, rails, rails or netting. (b)
decorative purposes.
3. Materials- (a) wood (b) metal

8. RETAINING WALLS-
1. It is designed when the terrain is sloped and soil has to be restraine
d.
2. Makes the soil bound.
3. Materials- (a) boulder walls (b) stone walls (c) wood (d) concrete
4. Uses- used to retain the soil.

9. BRIDGES-
1. These are the structures built in landscape to allow movement acro
ss areas that are otherwise difficult to traverse.
2. Uses- when it has obstacles like steep topography, water, etc.

10. WATER FEATURES-
1. Water features are generally indoor or outdoor.
2. Example of water features- (a) fountains (b) pools (c) ponds (d) casc
ades (e) waterfalls (d) streams
3. Materials- (a) stone (b) granite (c) stainless steel (d) resin (e) iron (f)
glass.

11. SEATING-
1. Places to sit and relax.
2. Uses- (a) used in gardens (b) used to relax and read books, etc.
3. Materials- (a) metal (b) timber (c) bamboo (d) wicker rope (e) concr
ete.

12. THANK YOU.