Through this SlideShare you can understand about Pneumonia..
How it occurr, what are the etiology, how many types are there , what is the medicine for this disease conditions, how to recover from this disease conditions and how to prevent all this things...
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3. DEFINITION..
Pneumoniae is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that
involves the airways and parenchyma with consolidation ( it is a
state of being solid with exudate ) of the alveolar spaces.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both
lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material),
causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty
breathing.
4. INCIDENCE..
Occurs most commonly in infants and young children.
30% of children are admitted because of Pneumonia.
90% of deaths in respiratory illness are due to
Pneumonia.
According to WHO, this condition ( Pneumonia ) kills
an estimated 1.8 million children in every year.
5. Classification..
1. According to anatomical
distribution –
Lobar Pneumonia.
Broncho Pneumonia or
Lobular Pneumonia.
Interstitial Pneumonia.
6. • Lobar Pneumonia..
Lobular pneumonia is a
form of pneumonia
characterized by
inflammatory exudate
within the intra-alveolar
space resulting in
consolidation that affects
a large and continuous
area of the lobe of a
lung.
Cont..
7. Stages of lobar Pneumonia..
Congestion in the first 24 hours: This stage is characterized
histologically by vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, small numbers of
neutrophils, often numerous bacteria. Grossly, the lung is heavy and
hyperemic.
Red hepatization or consolidation: Vascular congestion persists, with
extravasation of red cells into alveolar spaces, along with increased numbers
of neutrophils and fibrin.
Grey hepatization: Red cells disintegrate, with persistence of the
neutrophils and fibrin. The alveoli still appear consolidated, but grossly the
color is paler and the cut surface is drier.
Resolution (complete recovery): The exudate is digested by enzymatic
activity, and cleared by macrophages or by cough mechanism. Enzymes
produced by neutrophils will liquify exudates, and this will either be coughed
up in sputum or be drained via lymph.
Cont..
9. • Interstitial Pneumonia..
interstitial pneumonia is a rare disorder that affects the tissue that
surrounds and separates the tiny air sacs of the lungs.
Cont..
10. Classification..
2. According to etiological distribution –
Viral Pneumonia – Viral pneumonia is one type of pneumonia that
develops as a result of a viral infection ( caused by viruses ) in the
Bacterial Pneumonia – Bacterial Pneumonia is one type of Pneumonia
which is caused by certain bacteria ( most common one is Streptococcus ).
Mycoplasma Pneumonia / primary atypical pneumonia – Mycoplasma
pneumonia is a form of bacterial pneumonia which is caused by the bacterial
species Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Cont..
11. Classification..
3. According to duration –
Persistent Pneumonia - when there is clinical and radiological evidence
of pneumonia for more than a month despite a course of adequate and
appropriate antibiotic therapy for 10 days.
Recurrent Pneumonia – Two episodes of pneumonia within one year or 3
or more episodes over any periods of time but with complete resolution of
clinical and radiological findings between acute episodes.
Cont..
12. Classification..
4. According to where or how it was acquired –
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia - This type of bacterial pneumonia is acquired
during a hospital stay.
Community Acquired Pneumonia – It refers to pneumonia contracted by a
person outside of the healthcare system ( may be hospital or nursing home ).
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia – Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a
lung infection that develops in a person who is on a ventilator. A ventilator is a
machine that is used to help a patient breathe by giving oxygen through a tube
placed in a patient’s mouth or nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck. An
infection may occur if germs enter through the tube and get into the patient’s lungs.
Cont..
13. Classification..
Aspiration Pneumonia –
Cont..
Aspiration pneumonia
occurs when food, saliva,
liquids, or vomit is breathed
into the lungs or airways
leading to the lungs,
instead of being swallowed
into the esophagus and
stomach.
14. Etiology..
Bacterial causes…
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Group A Streptococcus,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae,
Moraxella catarrhalis,
Gram-negative organisms.
Viral causes…
• Influenza,
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
• Coronaviruses,
• Rhinoviruses,
• Adenoviruses,
• Parainfluenza viruses,
• Enteroviruses,
• Human bocavirus.
Other causes – Aspiration of amniotic fluid, food, foreign body, etc.
15. Risk factors..
Low birth weight,
Vitamin deficiency,
Lack of breast feeding,
Passive smoking,
Family history of bronchitis,
Weak immune system, such as from cancer,
Ongoing (chronic) health problem, such as asthma,
Airway tract infection,
Hospitalized children.
17. Clinical manifestations..
Symptoms may be a bit different for each child. They may also depend on
what is causing the pneumonia.
Very fast breathing (in some cases, this is the only symptom)
Cough that produces mucus,
Cough pain,
Sore throat,
Vomiting or diarrhea,
Loss of appetite,
Tiredness (fatigue),
Fever,
Headache,
breathing with wheezing sounds.
• bluish or gray color to the fingernails or
lips
18. Diagnostic evaluation..
child’s healthcare provider can often diagnose pneumonia with a full health
history and physical exam.
They’ll check a child’s appearance, breathing pattern, and vital signs, and listen to
the lungs for abnormal sounds.
Doctor may include these tests to confirm the diagnosis:
✓ Chest X-ray - This test makes images of internal tissues, bones, and .
organs.
✓ Blood tests - A blood count looks for signs of an infection.
✓ Sputum culture - This test is done on the mucus (sputum) that is . . ..
coughed up from the lungs and into the mouth. . It
can find out if your child has an infection.
19. Diagnostic evaluation..
✓ Chest CT scan – This test takes images of the structure in .
V….. The Chest. It is very rarely done.
✓ Pulse Oximetry – measures the amount of oxygen in the
……….. blood.
Serological examination for cultural sensitivity…
INVASIVE PROCEDURES -
✓ Bronchoscopy - This procedure is used to look inside the …
Cont..
20. Treatment..
Antibiotic..
✓ Azithromycin,
✓ Clarithromycin,
Acetaminophen for fever and discomfort.
Medicine for cough / Cough Syrup..
✓ Benadryl.
Plenty of rest.
Getting more fluids.
Out-patient management…
• High-dose amoxicillin is used as a first- line agent for children
21. Treatment..
Antibiotics by IV (intravenous) or by mouth (oral) for bacterial infection.
IV fluids if the child is unable to drink well.
Frequent suctioning of the child’s nose and mouth to help get rid of
thick mucus.
Oxygen administration ( Oxygen hood, mask ).
Cont .
In- patient management…
22. Nursing care..
Assessment of a child and determine the causative organisms.
Administration of antibiotics.
Maintain patent airway.
Control of fever.
Monitor respiratory status and vital signs.
Promotion of rest.
Avoid over-the-counter (OTC) cough medicines.
Encourage the child to drink plenty of fluid.
Teach and practice good hand hygiene.
Teach the child to cover their nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing.
24. Prevention..
Keep vaccinations up-to-date.
Teach children to cover their noses and mouths with facial tissue
or a sleeve of their shirt when sneezing or Throw away tissues
after use.
Teach and practice good hand washing to maintain personal
hygiene.
Keep the home smoke free.
Avoid exposing the child to tobacco smoke or other irritants in
the air.
Give the child plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
