1. INTEGRATEDPEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM)
By Amrinder Singh
Assistant Professor

2. W
e will learnin this Lecture…
 What is IPM?
 Tools or Components of IPM
 Cultural Method/Agronomic Practices
 Mechanical Method
 Physical Method
 Biological Control
 Host Resistance
 Behavioural Method
 Genetic/Biotechnology Method
 Regulatory/Legal Method
 Chemical Method

3. What is IPM?
Ecosystem - based strategy that focuses on long - term prevention of pests or their damage
through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation,
modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.
"Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to
managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical
tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks."
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1967) defined IPM as
"A pest management system, that in the context of associated environment and population
dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner
as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury.”

4. Tools or Components of IPM
6. Pruning or Thinning
7. Mixed Cropping
8. The use of resistant varieties
9. Fertilizer management
10. Water Management etc…
4. Mechanical traps
5. Trapping, Suction device, Collecting machines
iii.
4. Cold treatment
5. Sound
i. Cultural method or use of agronomic practices
1.Crop rotation
2. Sanitation or destruction of crop residues and weeds
3. Ploughing of cultivation of soil
4. Variation in time of planting and harvesting
5.Trap crop
ii. Mechanical method
1. Hand collection of insects
2. Hand Nets
3.Mechanical Barriers
Physical Method
1. Use of temperature
2. Humidity
3.Energy – light trap, irradiation, light regulation
iv. Biological Control Method
1. Conservation of Natural Enemies
2.For release Parasite/Parasitoids
3. Use of microbial pathogen
4. Use of Predators

5. V. Host Plant Resistance Method (Varietal Resistance)
3. Tolerance
4. Ecological Resistance
1. Antixenosis (Non-preference)
2. Antibiosis
VI. Behavioral Method
1.Pheromone
VII. Genetic/Biotechnology Method
1. Transgenic Plant
2. Release of genetically incompatible/sterile pests
VIII. Regulatory/Legal Control Method
1. Plant/Animal Quarantine
IX. Chemical Control
1. Natural Insecticides – Azadirachtin, Pyrethrum
2. Synthetic Insecticides – Organochlorines, Carbamates etc.
3. Attractants
2. Alchemical
3. Wide Hybridization
4. Somaclonal Variability
2. Eradication or Suppression Programme
4. Repellents
5. Insect Growth Inhibitors
6. Chemo-sterilants

6. Cultural Method

7. Cultural Method
Cultural control may be defined as control of a pest by slight variation, introduction suppression of
farm practices which are normally adopted in the cultivation of a crop.
1. Crop Rotation: - Crop rotation is one of the most frequently
recommended method of insect control. If a similar crop is grown year
after year on a large area insects of that crop predominate as they are
getting continuous food. But if the second crop is grown next year, the
insect dependent on the first crop may not be able to live on the second.
2. Sanitation or destruction of crop residues and weeds – Crop residues and other traces remaining in
fields after harvest provide food or shelter to many insect pests. The destruction of all stables after
harvest of crops like paddy, maize, jowar etc. would prevent the multiplication of borers and other pests.
The weeds growing around the cultivated field also serve as the host of many insects, like the spotted
bollworm in cotton, leaf roller develop on many weeds growing in and around orchard.

8. 3. Ploughing of cultivation of soil – Deep ploughing of fields is a good
method of controlling many insects particularly those which pass
some portion of their life cycle in soil. This method is recommended
for hairy caterpillars, cut worms, white grub, etc. Periodically
breaking up of field bunds is useful to destroy grasshopper's eggs.
4. Variation in time of planting and harvesting - By changing or carefully selecting the time when a crop
is planted, we may avoid the egg laying period of pest or get young plant well established before the
infestation start. Eg. Cucurbits vines sown early are better able to withstand the attack of red pumpkin
beetle than those that are sown late.
5. Trap crop - Sowing of trap crop is also another method to destroy
and check the infestation of insect pest. Eg.
Cotton – Okra crop reduce the infestation of red cotton bug.
Tomato/Cucumber – Marigold crop to attract tomato fruit borer.

9. 6. Pruning or Thinning – Proper pruning and thinning, conservation and regulation of soil moisture, good
preparation of seed bed and the judicious use of fertilizer offer possibilities of stimulating plant growth in
such a way to grow profitable le crop with minimum insect damage.
7. Mixed cropping – Due to sowing of mixed crop, the distance among
the same kind of plants is increased, therefore, insect does not reach
easily to them and thus resulting poor infestation. If jowar and bajra
are sown mixed the attack of jowar stem borer is not so severe.
8. The use of resistant varieties –

10. Mechanical Method

11. Mechanical Method
The reduction or suppression of insect population by means of especially designed machines or devices or by
manipulation of physical factors of the environment are included under this group of control.
1.Hand collection of insects – Hand picking of large sized immature or
mature stage of insect is the most ancient and effective method in the
collection of egg masses and larvae of such insect which lay eggs in
clusters and feed gregariously. Eg. Sugarcane top borer, Hairy
caterpillar, Pyrilla, Grubs of mustard saw fly etc.
2.Hand nets – Hand nets are usefully employed
against the flying insects. Eg. Grasshoppers,
Jassids, Bugs, Pyrilla and moths etc.

12. 3. Mechanical barriers – Barriers are used for preventing movement of insects which migrate from one
field to another.
a) Tree Banding – Adhesive or sticky band
around the tree trunks are used against those
insects which infest trees by climbing the
trunks. Eg. Mango mealy bug.
b)Fencing – It is possible to prevent invasion of a crop by migrating insect through the use of walls
around the field so that may not go to another fields.
c)Trenching – The crawling herds of army worms may be stopped by
constructing deep furrows around the fields against the marching ways.
d) other barriers – Paper or muslin bags over fruit to protect from
fruit flies, Anar butterflies etc., complete wrapping of tree trunk with
paper against the flat headed borers.
Tree Bending Fencing
Trenching

13. 4. Mechanical traps - Many injurious traps have been made to catch insects.
1.Adhesive traps – Many adhesive traps are used to kill insects and for
the purpose the piece of bags or cloths are dipped in gum solution or in
any other adhesive material having insecticides.
2.Hopper dozers or other dozers – Some commonly used hoppers are
hopper catcher, aphidozers, fly trap, moth trap etc.
3. Other traps –
1. Pheromone trap (Moths species specific)
2. Sticky trap (thrips, whiteflies)
3. Suction trap (whiteflies)
4. Methyl eugenol trap (fruit fly)
5. Water Pan trap (brown planthopper)
6. Pitfall traps (ants, antlion grubs and other soil insects)
AdhesiveTrap
Hopper Dozers

14. Physical Method

15. Physical Control Method
Modification of physical factors in the environment to minimize (or) prevent pest problems. Use of physical
forces like temperature, humidity or moisture, employ radiant energy etc. in managing the insect pests.
1.Use of temperature – Artificial heating or cooling of stored products. It is a common method of insect
control.
Low temperature – Nearly all insects become inactive at 40 – 60°F (4-15°C). Few insects are not killed at
these temperatures unless exposed to them for a considerable length of time.
High temperature – It has experimentally been shown that no insects can survive longer when
exposed to temperature of 140 – 150 °F (60-65°C).
 Sun drying the seeds to kill the eggs of stored product pests.
 Hot water treatment (50 - 55°C for 15 min) against rice white tip nematode.
 Flame throwers against locusts.
 Cold storage of fruits and vegetables to kill fruit flies (1 - 2°C for 12 - 20 days).

16. 2.Humidity or Moisture – Some crops can be protected from insect pests either by flooding or by
irrigation, at proper time. The drainage of marshy land and other standing water is the most effective
method of destroying mosquitoes and house flies.
 Alternate drying and wetting rice fields against BPH (Brown Plant Hopper).
 Drying seeds (below 10% moisture level) affects insect development.
 Flooding the field for the control of Cutworms, Termites and White Grub.
3.Light – The light has been used to attract the phototrophic insects into traps from which they cannot
escape. In general insects appear to be strongly attracted at about 3650 A°, hence UV lamps have been
used in some countries to trap the flying moth.
 Treating the grains for storage using IR light to kill all stages of insects.
 Providing light in storage go downs as the lighting reduces the fertility of Indian meal moth.
 Light trapping.

17. Light traps - Light traps are generally used against those insects which are
phototrophic i.e., attracted towards light. For this purpose, strong light
may be placed or hanged in the field above a container having kerosinised
water. A large number of insects attracted to light will be killed in the
kerosinised water.
4. Sound – The male mosquitoes are attracted by special types of sound and
made sterile by electric flash gun in Canada.

18. Biological Method

19. Biological Method
The study and utilization of parasitoids, predators and pathogens for the regulation of pest population
densities. Biological control can also be defined as the utilization of natural enemies to reduce the damage
caused by noxious organisms to tolerable levels.
1.Conservation of Natural Enemies - Conservation and enhancement of natural enemies should be of first
priority. If the natural enemies are properly conserved, the need of other control measures is greatly
reduced.
2.For release parasite/Parasitoids - For the effective control of the particular pests, the specific parasites
or parasitoids are released. This method is the most effective and economical against pests those have only
one or two discrete generation in a year.

20. a) Parasitoid - When an insect is itself a parasite, then it is called parasitoids. e.g. egg parasitoids of
Trichogramma chilonis and T. japonicum are used to control Tissue borers of sugarcane and Rice.
b) Primary parasite - Such parasite attacks on phytophagous insects.
c) Hyperparasite - Such parasite attacks on primary parasite. Hyperparasite is also known as sec. parasite.
d) Auto-parasite - In some species of insects it is found that male insect attacks on female insect of its own
species which is called Autoparasite.
3. Use of microbial pathogen - The microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, have the capacity to
affect the pests. D' Herelle utilized one bacteria named Cocobacillus acridiorum (Modern name – Cloaca
cloaca VAT acridiorum) for the control of locust. However, his work was not confirmed by later scientists
though he is known as Father of Microbial Control.
S. No. Predators Insect
1. Bacillus thuringiensis Lepidopterous larvae (Pectinofora gossyipella, Sugarcane stem borer)
2. NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera

21. 4. Use of Predators
Predators - Who hunts or kills other organisms for food, is called predator. The first insect scientifically
employed for any biological control programme was the Vadalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) brought
from Australia into California (USA) in 1888 to control the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) a
serious pest of citrus.
Due to increasing importance of biological control, many countries have now biological control
stations that collaborate with each other to solve their pest control problem through natural enemies
(biological control agents). The CIBC of India (Commonwealth Institute of Biological control) is the
unit of CAB (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau) with its headquarter at Trinidad (West Indies).
S. No. Predators Insect
1. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Citrus and grapevine mealy bug
2. Cytrohinus lipidepennis Brown plant hopper

22. Host Plant Resistance
Method

23. Host Plant Resistance Method (Varietal Resistance)
Host Plant Resistance - “Those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks
of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species” (Painter, R.
H., 1951).
 Mechanism of Resistance
1.Non-Preference/Antixenosis – Host varieties exhibiting this type of resistance are unattractive or
unsuitable for colonization, oviposition, or both by an insect pest. It involves various morphological
and biochemical features of host plants, which prevent insects form approaching, landing, settling,
feeding, or ovipositing. E.g.,
 Trichomes in cotton - resistant to whitefly
 Open panicle of sorghum - Supports less Helicoverpa

24. 2.Antibiosis – Antibiosis refers to an adverse effect of feeding on a resistant host plant on the
development and/or reproduction of the insect pests. Antibiosis affects the physiology of insects, and it
may influence different aspect of the life cycle. e.g., change in development period, fecundity, or
reproduction rate.
Manifested by larval death, abnormal larval growth, etc.
Antibiosis may be due to –
 Presence of toxic substances
 Absence of sufficient amount of essential nutrients
 Nutrient imbalance/improper utilization of nutrients
 Chemical factors in Antibiosis – Example
- American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
- Aphids, (Myzus persicae)
Gossypol (Polyphenol)
Sinigrin
 Physical factors in antibiosis
Thick cuticle, glandular hairs, silica deposits, tight leaf sheath, etc.

25. 3.Tolerance – Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by insect
pests. It is one of the general plant defence strategies against insect pests, the other being resistance,
which is the ability of plants to prevent damage. E.g.,
An insect tolerant variety is attacked by insect pest to the same degree as a susceptible variety, but at the
same level of infestation, a tolerant variety produces a larger yield than a susceptible variety.
Use of tolerance in IPM
 Tolerant varieties have high ETL - Require less insecticide
 Apply less selection pressure on pests - Biotype development is less
4.Ecological Resistance – It is also called apparent resistance and pseudo-resistance results from some
temporary shifts in the environmental conditions that enable a susceptible host to suffer less damage or
escape insect infestation.

26. Behavioral Method

27. Behavioral Method
1. Pheromones
2. Allelochemical
3.Pheromones – 'Pheromones' are such chemical substances produced by an organism exogenously which
influence the behaviour or physiology of other member of its own species. Pheromones are grouped as -
 Sex pheromones: such pheromones attract opposite sex.
 Trail pheromones: such activate others to follow.
 Aggregation pheromone: to get aggregation response.
 Alarm pheromone: to alarm
4.Allelochemical – Allelochemicals is a general term that describes “non-nutritional chemicals” produced
by an organism of one species, which affect growth, health, behaviour or population biology of another
species. These chemicals are of two basic types: (1) Allomones and (2) kairomones

28. I. Allomones - Allomones affect insect activities in such a way as to result in an adaptive advantage to
the plants. They may affect orientation of insects and force them to move away from plants, induce
increased walking or flying. Inhibit biting, piercing or feeding, interrupt egg-laying or disturb the
normal physiological processes of tissues be insects.
II. Kairomones – Kairomones affect insect behaviour and physiology in such a way that leads to well
as an adaptive advantage to the insect pests. Kairomones may attract the insect to the host plant and
help stem in locating the host from among nonhost plants. They may slow down insect movement
and promote pith colonization, evoke biting and piercing, enhance feeding, induce egg-laying or
favourably regulate the normal life processes of the insects.
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29. Biotechnology Method

30. Genetic/Biotechnology Method
Use of molecular biology techniques for the management of insect pests. The following are some strategies.
1) Wide Hybridization
2) Somaclonal Variability
3) Transgenic Plant
4) Male Sterile Technique
1.Wide hybridization - This technique involves transfer of genes from one species to other by conventional
breeding. The genes for resistance are transferred from a different species. e.g. WBPH resistant gene has
been transferred to Oryza sativa from Oryza officinalis.
2.Somaclonal variability - The variation observed in tissue culture derived progeny. e.g. Somaclonal
variants of sorghum resistant to Spodoptera litura has been evolved.

31. 3.Transgenic Plants - Transgenic plants are plants which possess one or more additional genes. This is
achieved by cloning additional genes into the plant genome by genetic engineering techniques. The added
genes impart resistance to pests. Transgenic plants have been produced by addition of one or more
following genes –
 Bt endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis
 Protease inhibitors
 Amylase inhibitors
 Lectins Enzymes
4. Male sterile Technique - Male Sterile technique of pest control is known as genetic control under
autocidal technique. The concept of genetic control was conceived by E.F. Knipling. For making male
insects sterile, y-radiation obtained from cobalt-60 and chemo-sterilants are used.

32. Regulatory or Legal
Method

33. Regulatory/Legal Control Method
Preventing the entry and establishment of foreign plant and animal pest in a country or area and
eradication or suppression of the pests established in a limited area through compulsory legislation or
enactment.
Pests Accidentally Introduced into India
 Pink bollworm - Pectinophora gossypiella
 Cotton cushion scale - Icerya purchase
 Wooly aphid of apple - Aphelinus mali
 San Jose scale - Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
The Destructive Insects & Pests Act, 1914 (DIPA) – An act to prevent the introduction into and the
transport from one state to another in India of any fungus, insect or other pests.

34. Quarantine
 Quarantine - Isolation to prevent spreading of infection.
Plant Quarantine - Legal restriction of movement of plant materials between countries and between
states within the country to prevent or limit introduction and spread of pests and diseases in areas where
they do not exist.
Note – 1914 - ‘Destructive Insects and Pests Act’ of India (DIPA)
1968 - ‘The Insecticides Act’
DIFFERENT CLASSES OF QUARANTINE
1.Foreign Quarantine - (Legislation to prevent the introduction of new pests, diseases and weeds from
foreign countries).
Phytosanitary certificate - is issued by State Entomologist and Pathologists to the effect that the plant
or seed material is free from any pest or disease.

35. 2. Domestic quarantine - (Within different parts of country).
3.Legislation to take up effective measures to prevent spread of established pests. Example: Cotton
stem weevil, Groundnut RHC, Coffee stem borer, Coconut black headed caterpillar (BHC), Sugarcane
top borer.
4.Legislation to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of insecticides and to determine the
permissible residues in food stuff.
5. Legislation to regulate the activities of men engaged in pest control
See detailed video on Plant Quarantine click here…

36. Chemical Method

37. Chemical Method
The chemicals which
either kill the insects
or repel them are used
in chemical control.
Insecticides are
included under this
group of control and
are those substances
which are used for
protecting plants from
harmful insects.

38. Thank You