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© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Elastic Load Balancing: Deep Dive
and Best Practices
Pratibha Suryadevara
General Manager
Elastic Load Balancing
N E T 4 0 4 R
Will Rose
Sr Security Engineer
Netflix
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Elastic Load Balancing automatically
distributes incoming application traffic across
multiple targets, such as Amazon Elastic
Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances,
containers, and IP addresses
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
SecureElastic Integrated Cost effective
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
EC2
Instance
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Load balancer used to
route incoming requests
to multiple EC2
instances, containers,
or IP addresses in your
VPC.
ELB
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Layer 7 (application)Layer 4 (network)
Supports TCP
Incoming client connection bound to
server connection
No header modification
Source IP is preserved in the
header or Proxy Protocol prepends
source and destination IP and ports
to request
Supports HTTP and HTTPS
Connection terminated at the load
balancer and pooled to the server
Headers may be modified
X-Forwarded-For header contains
client IP address
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
The Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) family
Application Load Balancer Network Load Balancer Classic Load Balancer
TCP Workloads
(VPC)
Previous generation
for HTTP, HTTPS, TCP
(Classic network)
HTTP & HTTPS (VPC)
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Application Load Balancer
Advanced request routing with support for
microservices and container-based applications
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Feature rich, layer 7 load-balanced platform
Content-based routing allows requests to be
routed to different applications behind a single
load balancer
Path- and host-based routing
Support for microservices and container-based
applications, including deep integration with
Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon
ECS)
Application Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Support for WebSockets and HTTP/2
Improved health checks and additional
Amazon CloudWatch metrics
Load balancer API deletion protection
Improved performance for real-time and
streaming applications
Improved Elastic Load Balancing API
Application Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 API Model
 Routing
 Security
 Availability
 Scalability & Integration
 Monitoring : Metrics & Access Logs
 Pricing
 Migration
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Load Balancer
Target Group #1
Health Check Health Check Health Check
EC2 EC2 EC2 IP IP IP ECS ECS ECS
Listener Listener
Target Group #2 Target Group #3
Rule (default) Rule (*/img/*) Rule (default)
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IPasatarget
Use any IPv4 address from the load balancer’s
VPC CIDR for targets within load balancer’s
VPC
Use any IP address from the RFC 6598 range
(100.64.0.0/10) and in RFC 1918 ranges
(10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and
192.168.0.0/16) for targets located outside the
load balancer’s VPC (this includes Peered
VPC, EC2-Classic, and on-premises targets
reachable over Direct Connect or VPN)
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Content-based routing
Route based on path or host field in the
HTTP header
Support multiple domains using a single
load balancer
Route each path or host name to a
different target group
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Amazon EC2 instances
registered behind a
Classic Load Balancer
ELB
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Running two separate
services with Classic
Load Balancer
ELB
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
ELB
EC2
instance
orders.example.com
images.example.com
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ELB
/orders
example.com
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
/images
Application Load
Balancer allows for
multiple services to be
hosted behind a single
load balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2017, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved.
HTTP://example.com to HTTP://example.org:8080H T T P t o H T T P r e d i r e c t s
Redirects in ALB
H T T P t o H T T P S r e d i r e c t s HTTP://example.com to HTTPS://example.com
HTTP://example.com:443 to HTTPS://example.com:40443
H T T P S t o H T T P S r e d i r e c t s HTTPS://example.com:443 to HTTPS://example.com:40443
U s e c a s e s
1
2
3
E x a m p l e s
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Fixed response
You can control which of the client requests should
be served by the application fleet
Load balancer can auto respond to HTTP requests
based on any criteria supported by content-based
routing rules
You can configure HTTP response codes and
custom error messages to be returned to the clients
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Slowstart
Slow start allows adding new targets without
overwhelming them with a flood of requests
Load balancer linearly increases the number of requests
sent to a new target up to its fair share
Allows targets to warm up before receiving their fair
share of requests
Useful for applications that depend on cache warming
for optimal performance
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
NativeIPv6support
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ManagingTLS
Legacy Model
instances
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
Certificate
Authority
Admin
Cert Request
Signed Cert
Deploy
To Hosts
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
UsingApplication Load Balancer
instances
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
Certificate
Authority
Admin
Cert Request
Signed Cert
Deploy
To ALB
Application
Load Balancer
IAM
Upload to AWS
Identity and
Access
Management
(IAM)
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Application Load Balancer &AWSCertificateManager
(ACM)
instances
Amazon
Route 53
users
Application
Load Balancer
AWS
Certificate
Manager
(ACM)
HTTPS
Admin
Cert Request
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Predefined security policies
ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-1-2017-01 – Supports TLS 1.1
and above
ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-2-2017-01 – Strictly supports
TLS1.2
ELBSecurityPolicy-2016-08 – New default policy -Same
as Classic Load Balancer default policy
Windows XP Security Policy
ELBSecurityPolicy-FS-2018-06 – Supports ciphers that
ensure Forward secrecy
ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-2-Ext-2018-06 –
Strictly supports TLS 1.2 protocol
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Application Load Balancer withAWSWAF
Monitor web requests and protect web
applications from malicious requests at the load
balancer
Block or allow requests based on conditions such
as IP addresses
Preconfigured protection to block common attacks
like SQL injection or cross-site scripting
Set up web ACLs and rules from AWS WAF
console and apply them to the load balancer
X
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ServerName Indication (SNI)
Host multiple TLS secured applications, each
with its own TLS certificate
Bind multiple certificates to the same secure
listener on your load balancer
ALB will automatically choose the optimal
TLS certificate for each client
Support for both the classic RSA algorithm
and the newer, faster Elliptic-curve based
ECDSA algorithm
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2017, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved.
Authenticate users accessing
applications
Native integration with any OIDC
compliant IDPs
Authenticate with Social Identities
Integration with Amazon Cognito
Authenticate with Enterprise IDPs with
SAML
Authentication in ALB
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
whoami
Will Rose
Senior Security Engineer
Netflix Information Security
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
NetflixIdentityPlatform
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Landscape
Hundreds of applications, growing daily
With Great Freedom comes
Great Variability
Languages and Frameworks galore
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IdentityChallenges
Just use Client Libraries to Federate!
Always playing catch-up to new languages
and frameworks
Open source options of varying quality
and completeness
Developer friction around configuration
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IdentityChallenges
Ok, then just use Authenticating Proxies!
Additional critical infrastructure to maintain
Potential bottlenecks and new failure modes
to address
Additional infrastructure cost to operate
Proxy Layer
Application Layer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Pleaseselectone
C. None of the above
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
CrazyTalk
Auth == Undifferentiated Heavy Lifting!
Why not Application Load Balancers!?
Let’s talk to Amazon!
Please
?
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
AlphabetSoup
Ingredients
1 x AWS
1 x ALB
1 x OIDC
Simmer for 6 months
Serves: everyone
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Under theHood
Identity Headers
X-Amzn-OIDC-Identity: will.rose@domain.com
X-Amzn-OIDC-Access-Token: 1waGF…YW50
X-Amzn-OIDC-Data: eyJhbG...y4MbQQ
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Adoption
Native Spinnaker integration
Fully self-service with only a few clicks
No new infrastructure required
Identical integration experience across all languages
Our recommended integration path for all applications
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Thank
you!
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Filtering by TAGs in console
Filter load balancers and target groups
by tags
Enables you to view only the resources
that you or your group is responsible
for
Reduces human errors of making
changes to a wrong load balancer or
target group
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Resourcelevel and tag based permissions
Implement fine-grained access controls
on load balancer resources using IAM
policies
Create policies either based on resource
ARNs or specific tags on resources
Create access control policies for load
balancer, listener, rule, or target groups
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Requests distributed evenly across multiple Availability Zones
Load balancer absorbs impact of DNS caching
Eliminates imbalances in backend instance utilization
No additional bandwidth charge for
cross-zone traffic
Enabled on all ALBs by default
Cross-zone load balancing
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Healthchecks allow for traffic
to be shifted away from failed
instances
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ELB
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
EC2
instance
Health checks ensure
that request traffic is
shifted away from a
failed instance
Health checks
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Support for HTTP and HTTPS health checks
Customize the frequency and failure
thresholds
Consider the depth and accuracy of your
health checks
Customize list of successful response codes, for
example 200-300
Details of health check failures are now returned
by the API and Management Console
Health checks
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Amazon EC2AutoScaling
instance
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
Auto Scaling group
instance
instance
Application
Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
instance
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
Auto Scaling group
instance
instance
instance
instance
instance
Launch
Configure
Serve
=
Minutes
Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
Application
Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
instance
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
Elastic Container Service
instance
Amazon Elastic Container Service
Application
Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Containers: ALB integration with Kubernetes / EKS
ALB Ingress Controller – Enabling host or path based routing to Kubernetes cluster.
• ALB fronts multiple services and act as a “smart router” or entry
point into the Kubernetes cluster
• Rich Layer 7 routing features of ALB
https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-alb-ingress-controller
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ALB w/Amazon ECS||Amazon EKSScaling
instance
Amazon
Route 53
users
HTTPS
instance
Start
Run
=
Seconds
Application
Load Balancer
Elastic Container Service
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
CloudWatch metrics provided for each load
balancer
Provide detailed insight into the health of the load
balancer and application stack
CloudWatch alarms can be configured to notify or
take action should any metric go outside the
acceptable range
All metrics provided at the 1-minute granularity
AmazonCloudWatch metrics
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Provide detailed information on each
request processed by the load balancer
Includes request time, client IP address,
latencies, request path, and server
responses
Delivered to an Amazon S3 bucket every
5 or 60 minutes
Access logs
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Exampleloadbalancer.com
Amazon
Route
53
users
AWS
Certificate
Manager
HTTPS
AWS
WAF
permissions
Amazon
Cognito
ECS
container
VPC
peering
EU-WEST-2
Application
Load Balancer
ECS
container
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Application Load Balancer pricing
With the Application Load Balancer, you only pay for what you use. You are
charged for each hour or partial hour your Application Load Balancer is running
and the number of Load Balancer Capacity Units (LCU) used per hour
• $0.0225 per Application Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour)
• $0.008 per LCU-hour (or partial hour)
Hourly charge is 10% less expensive than
Classic Load Balanacerthan Classic Load
Balancer; reducing the cost for the virtually all
of our customers
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Load balancer capacity units
An LCU measures the dimensions on which the Application Load Balancer
processes your traffic (averaged over an hour). The four dimensions measured
are as follows:
• New connections: Up to 25 new connections per second
• Active connections: Up to 3,000 active connections
• Bandwidth: Up to 2.22 Mbps (1 GB per hour)
• 1000 Rules Evaluation
You are charged only on the dimension with the highest
usage over the hour
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Migrating to Application Load Balancer
Publishing LCU Metrics for Classic Load Balancer which allows customers
to estimate pricing if they migrate from Classic to ALB
Migration is as simple as creating a new Application
Load Balancer, registering targets, and updating
DNS to point at the new CNAME
Classic Load Balancer or Application Load
Balancer migration utility
https://github.com/aws/elastic-load-balancing-tools
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Network Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
New, layer 4 load-balancing platform
Connection-based load balancing
TCP protocol
High performance
Can handle millions of requests per sec
Static IP support
Ideal for applications with long running
connections
Network Load Balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Improved Elastic Load Balancing API
Listeners
Target groups
Targets
Resources same as ALB
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 Static IP
 Preservation of Source IP
 Availability
 Monitoring : Metrics & Flow Logs
 Pricing
 Migration
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Static IP
Automatically gets assigned a single IP per
Availability Zone
Assign an EIP per AZ to get Static IP
Helps with white-listing for firewalls and
zero dollar billing use cases
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
AssignElasticIP addresses
Network Load
Balancer
EC2 instance
EC2 instances
EC2 instance
EC2 instances
Assigning Elastic IP
provides a single IP
address per Availability
Zone per load balancer
that will not change.
1a
1b
TargetGroup 1
34.214.45.162
54.69.111.179
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Preserve source IP
Preserves client IP to backends
Can be used for logging and other
applications
Removes need for Proxy Protocol
Support for Proxy Protocol V2 when load
balancing to IP addresses
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Firewall example with NLB
External facing NLB uses fewer addresses
Used for firewalls, proxies, or third-
party load balancers
Preserves source IP helping firewalls with
features like Geo-IP blocking
Internal NLB doesn’t change IPs
Allows firewalls, WAFs, and proxies
to maintain a single addresses for NAT
FW FWFW FW
External facing
Network Load
Balancer (NLB)
Internal Network Load
Balancer (NLB)
Auto Scaling
Auto Scaling
Web Servers
inside.domain.com
outside.domain.com
Internet
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Supports both network and application target
health checks
Network health checks
Based on overall response of yourtarget to
normal traffic
Will fail unresponsive targets in millisecond
Application level health checks
HTTP, HTTPS and TCP HC
Customize frequency, failure thresholds
Health checks
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Availability Zone fail-over
Customer VPC
EC2
InstancesNLB
NLB
EC2
Instances
us-west-1aus-west-1b
Amazon
Route 53
TargetGroup 1
Health Check
Health Check
34.214.45.162
54.69.111.179
34.214.45.162
54.69.111.179
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Availability Zone fail-over
Customer VPC
EC2
InstancesNLB
NLB
us-west-1aus-west-1b
Amazon
Route 53
TargetGroup 1
Health Check
Health Check
54.69.111.179
34.214.45.162
34.214.45.162
54.69.111.179
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
CloudWatch metrics provided for each load
balancer.
Provide detailed insight into traffic and capacity,
errors and backend health for the Network Load
Balancer
CloudWatch alarms can be configured to notify or
take action should any metric go outside the
acceptable range
All metrics provided at the 1-minute granularity
AmazonCloudWatch metrics
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Traffic and capacity metrics
ActiveFlowCount - Total number of
concurrent TCP flows (or connections)
from clients to targets
NewFlowCount - Total number of new
TCP flows (or connections) established
from clients to targets
ProcessedBytes - Total number of bytes
processed by the load balancer
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ResetCounts
TCPClientResetCount – Number of reset
(RST) packets sent from a client to a target
TCPELBResetCount – Number of reset
(RST) packets generated by the load
balancer
TCPTargetResetCount – Number of reset
(RST) packets sent from a target to a client
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Backend health
HealthyHostCount – Number of targets
that are considered healthy
UnHealthyHostCount – Number of
targets that are considered unhealthy
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Captures the network flow for a
specific quintuple, for a specific
capture window
Packets
Bytes
Capture window start and end
Action - Accepted or Rejected
status
Log status
Flow logs
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Network Load Balancer pricing
With the Network Load Balancer, you only pay for what you use. You are
charged for each hour or partial hour your Network Load Balancer is running
and the number of Load Balancer Capacity Units (LCU) used per hour
• $0.0225 per Network Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour)
• $0.006 per LCU-hour (or partial hour)
Hourly charge is 10% cheaper than Classic Load
Balancer; Data Processing charge is 25%
cheaper than Classic and Application Load Balancer;
reducing the cost for virtually all of our customers
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Load balancer capacity units - TCP
An LCU measures the dimensions on which the Network Load Balancer
processes your traffic (averaged over an hour). The three dimensions measured
are as follows
• New connections: Up to 800 new connections per second
• Active connections: Up to 100,000 active connections
• Bandwidth: Up to 2.22 Mbps (1 GB per hour)
You are charged only on the dimension with the highest
usage over the hour
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Migrating to Network Load Balancer
Migration is as simple as creating a new Network
Load Balancer, registering targets, and updating
DNS to point at the new CNAME
Classic Load Balancer to Network Load Balancer
migration utility
https://github.com/aws/elastic-load-balancing-tools
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Which load balancer should I pick?
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Application Load Balancer Network Load Balancer Classic Load Balancer
Protocol HTTP, HTTPS,HTTP/2 TCP TCP, SSL, HTTP, HTTPS
SSL offloading and
Encryption to Backend-
server
✓ ✓
IP address as a target
✓ ✓
Path-based routing, Host-
based routing
✓
Static IP and Elastic IP
✓
WebSockets
✓ ✓
Preserve client IP
✓
Container support
✓ ✓
User Authentication
✓
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
For TCP in VPC, use Network Load
Balancer
For all other use cases in VPC , use
Application Load Balancer
For Classic networking, use Classic Load
Balancer
Thank you!
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Pratibha Suryadevara
suryadp@amazon.com
Will Rose
wrose@netflix.com
© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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[REPEAT 1] Elastic Load Balancing: Deep Dive and Best Practices (NET404-R1) - AWS re:Invent 2018

  • 1.
  • 2. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Elastic Load Balancing: Deep Dive and Best Practices Pratibha Suryadevara General Manager Elastic Load Balancing N E T 4 0 4 R Will Rose Sr Security Engineer Netflix
  • 3. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances, containers, and IP addresses
  • 4. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. SecureElastic Integrated Cost effective
  • 5. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. EC2 Instance
  • 6. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Load balancer used to route incoming requests to multiple EC2 instances, containers, or IP addresses in your VPC. ELB EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance
  • 7. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Layer 7 (application)Layer 4 (network) Supports TCP Incoming client connection bound to server connection No header modification Source IP is preserved in the header or Proxy Protocol prepends source and destination IP and ports to request Supports HTTP and HTTPS Connection terminated at the load balancer and pooled to the server Headers may be modified X-Forwarded-For header contains client IP address
  • 8. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. The Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) family Application Load Balancer Network Load Balancer Classic Load Balancer TCP Workloads (VPC) Previous generation for HTTP, HTTPS, TCP (Classic network) HTTP & HTTPS (VPC)
  • 9. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Application Load Balancer Advanced request routing with support for microservices and container-based applications
  • 10. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Feature rich, layer 7 load-balanced platform Content-based routing allows requests to be routed to different applications behind a single load balancer Path- and host-based routing Support for microservices and container-based applications, including deep integration with Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) Application Load Balancer
  • 11. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Support for WebSockets and HTTP/2 Improved health checks and additional Amazon CloudWatch metrics Load balancer API deletion protection Improved performance for real-time and streaming applications Improved Elastic Load Balancing API Application Load Balancer
  • 12. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.  API Model  Routing  Security  Availability  Scalability & Integration  Monitoring : Metrics & Access Logs  Pricing  Migration
  • 13. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 14. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Load Balancer Target Group #1 Health Check Health Check Health Check EC2 EC2 EC2 IP IP IP ECS ECS ECS Listener Listener Target Group #2 Target Group #3 Rule (default) Rule (*/img/*) Rule (default)
  • 15. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. IPasatarget Use any IPv4 address from the load balancer’s VPC CIDR for targets within load balancer’s VPC Use any IP address from the RFC 6598 range (100.64.0.0/10) and in RFC 1918 ranges (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16) for targets located outside the load balancer’s VPC (this includes Peered VPC, EC2-Classic, and on-premises targets reachable over Direct Connect or VPN)
  • 16. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 17. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Content-based routing Route based on path or host field in the HTTP header Support multiple domains using a single load balancer Route each path or host name to a different target group
  • 18. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Amazon EC2 instances registered behind a Classic Load Balancer ELB EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance
  • 19. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Running two separate services with Classic Load Balancer ELB EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance ELB EC2 instance orders.example.com images.example.com
  • 20. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ELB /orders example.com EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance /images Application Load Balancer allows for multiple services to be hosted behind a single load balancer
  • 21. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © 2017, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved. HTTP://example.com to HTTP://example.org:8080H T T P t o H T T P r e d i r e c t s Redirects in ALB H T T P t o H T T P S r e d i r e c t s HTTP://example.com to HTTPS://example.com HTTP://example.com:443 to HTTPS://example.com:40443 H T T P S t o H T T P S r e d i r e c t s HTTPS://example.com:443 to HTTPS://example.com:40443 U s e c a s e s 1 2 3 E x a m p l e s
  • 22. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Fixed response You can control which of the client requests should be served by the application fleet Load balancer can auto respond to HTTP requests based on any criteria supported by content-based routing rules You can configure HTTP response codes and custom error messages to be returned to the clients
  • 23. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Slowstart Slow start allows adding new targets without overwhelming them with a flood of requests Load balancer linearly increases the number of requests sent to a new target up to its fair share Allows targets to warm up before receiving their fair share of requests Useful for applications that depend on cache warming for optimal performance
  • 24. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NativeIPv6support
  • 25. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 26. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ManagingTLS Legacy Model instances Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS Certificate Authority Admin Cert Request Signed Cert Deploy To Hosts
  • 27. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. UsingApplication Load Balancer instances Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS Certificate Authority Admin Cert Request Signed Cert Deploy To ALB Application Load Balancer IAM Upload to AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
  • 28. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Application Load Balancer &AWSCertificateManager (ACM) instances Amazon Route 53 users Application Load Balancer AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) HTTPS Admin Cert Request
  • 29. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Predefined security policies ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-1-2017-01 – Supports TLS 1.1 and above ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-2-2017-01 – Strictly supports TLS1.2 ELBSecurityPolicy-2016-08 – New default policy -Same as Classic Load Balancer default policy Windows XP Security Policy ELBSecurityPolicy-FS-2018-06 – Supports ciphers that ensure Forward secrecy ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-2-Ext-2018-06 – Strictly supports TLS 1.2 protocol
  • 30. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Application Load Balancer withAWSWAF Monitor web requests and protect web applications from malicious requests at the load balancer Block or allow requests based on conditions such as IP addresses Preconfigured protection to block common attacks like SQL injection or cross-site scripting Set up web ACLs and rules from AWS WAF console and apply them to the load balancer X
  • 31. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ServerName Indication (SNI) Host multiple TLS secured applications, each with its own TLS certificate Bind multiple certificates to the same secure listener on your load balancer ALB will automatically choose the optimal TLS certificate for each client Support for both the classic RSA algorithm and the newer, faster Elliptic-curve based ECDSA algorithm
  • 32. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © 2017, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved. Authenticate users accessing applications Native integration with any OIDC compliant IDPs Authenticate with Social Identities Integration with Amazon Cognito Authenticate with Enterprise IDPs with SAML Authentication in ALB
  • 33. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. whoami Will Rose Senior Security Engineer Netflix Information Security
  • 34. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NetflixIdentityPlatform
  • 35. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Landscape Hundreds of applications, growing daily With Great Freedom comes Great Variability Languages and Frameworks galore
  • 36. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. IdentityChallenges Just use Client Libraries to Federate! Always playing catch-up to new languages and frameworks Open source options of varying quality and completeness Developer friction around configuration
  • 37. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. IdentityChallenges Ok, then just use Authenticating Proxies! Additional critical infrastructure to maintain Potential bottlenecks and new failure modes to address Additional infrastructure cost to operate Proxy Layer Application Layer
  • 38. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Pleaseselectone C. None of the above
  • 39. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 40. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. CrazyTalk Auth == Undifferentiated Heavy Lifting! Why not Application Load Balancers!? Let’s talk to Amazon! Please ?
  • 41. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. AlphabetSoup Ingredients 1 x AWS 1 x ALB 1 x OIDC Simmer for 6 months Serves: everyone
  • 42. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Under theHood Identity Headers X-Amzn-OIDC-Identity: will.rose@domain.com X-Amzn-OIDC-Access-Token: 1waGF…YW50 X-Amzn-OIDC-Data: eyJhbG...y4MbQQ
  • 43. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Adoption Native Spinnaker integration Fully self-service with only a few clicks No new infrastructure required Identical integration experience across all languages Our recommended integration path for all applications
  • 44. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Thank you!
  • 45. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Filtering by TAGs in console Filter load balancers and target groups by tags Enables you to view only the resources that you or your group is responsible for Reduces human errors of making changes to a wrong load balancer or target group
  • 46. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Resourcelevel and tag based permissions Implement fine-grained access controls on load balancer resources using IAM policies Create policies either based on resource ARNs or specific tags on resources Create access control policies for load balancer, listener, rule, or target groups
  • 47. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 48. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Requests distributed evenly across multiple Availability Zones Load balancer absorbs impact of DNS caching Eliminates imbalances in backend instance utilization No additional bandwidth charge for cross-zone traffic Enabled on all ALBs by default Cross-zone load balancing
  • 49. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Healthchecks allow for traffic to be shifted away from failed instances
  • 50. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ELB EC2 instance EC2 instance EC2 instance Health checks ensure that request traffic is shifted away from a failed instance Health checks
  • 51. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Support for HTTP and HTTPS health checks Customize the frequency and failure thresholds Consider the depth and accuracy of your health checks Customize list of successful response codes, for example 200-300 Details of health check failures are now returned by the API and Management Console Health checks
  • 52. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 53. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Amazon EC2AutoScaling instance Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS Auto Scaling group instance instance Application Load Balancer
  • 54. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. instance Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS Auto Scaling group instance instance instance instance instance Launch Configure Serve = Minutes Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling Application Load Balancer
  • 55. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. instance Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS Elastic Container Service instance Amazon Elastic Container Service Application Load Balancer
  • 56. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Containers: ALB integration with Kubernetes / EKS ALB Ingress Controller – Enabling host or path based routing to Kubernetes cluster. • ALB fronts multiple services and act as a “smart router” or entry point into the Kubernetes cluster • Rich Layer 7 routing features of ALB https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-alb-ingress-controller
  • 57. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ALB w/Amazon ECS||Amazon EKSScaling instance Amazon Route 53 users HTTPS instance Start Run = Seconds Application Load Balancer Elastic Container Service
  • 58. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 59. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. CloudWatch metrics provided for each load balancer Provide detailed insight into the health of the load balancer and application stack CloudWatch alarms can be configured to notify or take action should any metric go outside the acceptable range All metrics provided at the 1-minute granularity AmazonCloudWatch metrics
  • 60. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Provide detailed information on each request processed by the load balancer Includes request time, client IP address, latencies, request path, and server responses Delivered to an Amazon S3 bucket every 5 or 60 minutes Access logs
  • 61. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Exampleloadbalancer.com Amazon Route 53 users AWS Certificate Manager HTTPS AWS WAF permissions Amazon Cognito ECS container VPC peering EU-WEST-2 Application Load Balancer ECS container
  • 62. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 63. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Application Load Balancer pricing With the Application Load Balancer, you only pay for what you use. You are charged for each hour or partial hour your Application Load Balancer is running and the number of Load Balancer Capacity Units (LCU) used per hour • $0.0225 per Application Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour) • $0.008 per LCU-hour (or partial hour) Hourly charge is 10% less expensive than Classic Load Balanacerthan Classic Load Balancer; reducing the cost for the virtually all of our customers
  • 64. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Load balancer capacity units An LCU measures the dimensions on which the Application Load Balancer processes your traffic (averaged over an hour). The four dimensions measured are as follows: • New connections: Up to 25 new connections per second • Active connections: Up to 3,000 active connections • Bandwidth: Up to 2.22 Mbps (1 GB per hour) • 1000 Rules Evaluation You are charged only on the dimension with the highest usage over the hour
  • 65. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 66. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Migrating to Application Load Balancer Publishing LCU Metrics for Classic Load Balancer which allows customers to estimate pricing if they migrate from Classic to ALB Migration is as simple as creating a new Application Load Balancer, registering targets, and updating DNS to point at the new CNAME Classic Load Balancer or Application Load Balancer migration utility https://github.com/aws/elastic-load-balancing-tools
  • 67. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Network Load Balancer
  • 68. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. New, layer 4 load-balancing platform Connection-based load balancing TCP protocol High performance Can handle millions of requests per sec Static IP support Ideal for applications with long running connections Network Load Balancer
  • 69. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Improved Elastic Load Balancing API Listeners Target groups Targets Resources same as ALB
  • 70. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.  Static IP  Preservation of Source IP  Availability  Monitoring : Metrics & Flow Logs  Pricing  Migration
  • 71. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Static IP Automatically gets assigned a single IP per Availability Zone Assign an EIP per AZ to get Static IP Helps with white-listing for firewalls and zero dollar billing use cases
  • 72. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. AssignElasticIP addresses Network Load Balancer EC2 instance EC2 instances EC2 instance EC2 instances Assigning Elastic IP provides a single IP address per Availability Zone per load balancer that will not change. 1a 1b TargetGroup 1 34.214.45.162 54.69.111.179
  • 73. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Preserve source IP Preserves client IP to backends Can be used for logging and other applications Removes need for Proxy Protocol Support for Proxy Protocol V2 when load balancing to IP addresses
  • 74. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Firewall example with NLB External facing NLB uses fewer addresses Used for firewalls, proxies, or third- party load balancers Preserves source IP helping firewalls with features like Geo-IP blocking Internal NLB doesn’t change IPs Allows firewalls, WAFs, and proxies to maintain a single addresses for NAT FW FWFW FW External facing Network Load Balancer (NLB) Internal Network Load Balancer (NLB) Auto Scaling Auto Scaling Web Servers inside.domain.com outside.domain.com Internet
  • 75. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 76. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Supports both network and application target health checks Network health checks Based on overall response of yourtarget to normal traffic Will fail unresponsive targets in millisecond Application level health checks HTTP, HTTPS and TCP HC Customize frequency, failure thresholds Health checks
  • 77. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Availability Zone fail-over Customer VPC EC2 InstancesNLB NLB EC2 Instances us-west-1aus-west-1b Amazon Route 53 TargetGroup 1 Health Check Health Check 34.214.45.162 54.69.111.179 34.214.45.162 54.69.111.179
  • 78. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Availability Zone fail-over Customer VPC EC2 InstancesNLB NLB us-west-1aus-west-1b Amazon Route 53 TargetGroup 1 Health Check Health Check 54.69.111.179 34.214.45.162 34.214.45.162 54.69.111.179
  • 79. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 80. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. CloudWatch metrics provided for each load balancer. Provide detailed insight into traffic and capacity, errors and backend health for the Network Load Balancer CloudWatch alarms can be configured to notify or take action should any metric go outside the acceptable range All metrics provided at the 1-minute granularity AmazonCloudWatch metrics
  • 81. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Traffic and capacity metrics ActiveFlowCount - Total number of concurrent TCP flows (or connections) from clients to targets NewFlowCount - Total number of new TCP flows (or connections) established from clients to targets ProcessedBytes - Total number of bytes processed by the load balancer
  • 82. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ResetCounts TCPClientResetCount – Number of reset (RST) packets sent from a client to a target TCPELBResetCount – Number of reset (RST) packets generated by the load balancer TCPTargetResetCount – Number of reset (RST) packets sent from a target to a client
  • 83. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Backend health HealthyHostCount – Number of targets that are considered healthy UnHealthyHostCount – Number of targets that are considered unhealthy
  • 84. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Captures the network flow for a specific quintuple, for a specific capture window Packets Bytes Capture window start and end Action - Accepted or Rejected status Log status Flow logs
  • 85. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 86. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Network Load Balancer pricing With the Network Load Balancer, you only pay for what you use. You are charged for each hour or partial hour your Network Load Balancer is running and the number of Load Balancer Capacity Units (LCU) used per hour • $0.0225 per Network Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour) • $0.006 per LCU-hour (or partial hour) Hourly charge is 10% cheaper than Classic Load Balancer; Data Processing charge is 25% cheaper than Classic and Application Load Balancer; reducing the cost for virtually all of our customers
  • 87. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Load balancer capacity units - TCP An LCU measures the dimensions on which the Network Load Balancer processes your traffic (averaged over an hour). The three dimensions measured are as follows • New connections: Up to 800 new connections per second • Active connections: Up to 100,000 active connections • Bandwidth: Up to 2.22 Mbps (1 GB per hour) You are charged only on the dimension with the highest usage over the hour
  • 88. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  • 89. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Migrating to Network Load Balancer Migration is as simple as creating a new Network Load Balancer, registering targets, and updating DNS to point at the new CNAME Classic Load Balancer to Network Load Balancer migration utility https://github.com/aws/elastic-load-balancing-tools
  • 90. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Which load balancer should I pick?
  • 91. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Application Load Balancer Network Load Balancer Classic Load Balancer Protocol HTTP, HTTPS,HTTP/2 TCP TCP, SSL, HTTP, HTTPS SSL offloading and Encryption to Backend- server ✓ ✓ IP address as a target ✓ ✓ Path-based routing, Host- based routing ✓ Static IP and Elastic IP ✓ WebSockets ✓ ✓ Preserve client IP ✓ Container support ✓ ✓ User Authentication ✓
  • 92. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. For TCP in VPC, use Network Load Balancer For all other use cases in VPC , use Application Load Balancer For Classic networking, use Classic Load Balancer
  • 93. Thank you! © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Pratibha Suryadevara suryadp@amazon.com Will Rose wrose@netflix.com
  • 94. © 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.