Network security, Anti-DDoS and other Internet-side protections: Encryption in Transit (and when it’s needed), Shield, CloudFront and WAFn - Pop-up Loft TLV 2017
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Architecting for resilience doesn’t stop at spreading EC2 and VPC-based environments across multiple Availability Zones. We discuss and demonstrate a number of protective measures which can be put in place between the Internet and your AWS environments to mitigate DDoS and other varieties of attack, and measures that can be deployed on-instance to protect EC2 environments. We also discuss whether encryption in transit is necessary within a VPC, and for customers who consider it to be, how to manage distribution of key material and other secret credentials in autoscaling environments.
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Network security, Anti-DDoS and other Internet-side protections: Encryption in Transit (and when it’s needed), Shield, CloudFront and WAFn - Pop-up Loft TLV 2017
- 1. Network Security, Anti-DDoS (etc) Dave Walker Specialist Solutions Architect, Security and Compliance
- 2. Agenda • “DDoS 101” • Challenges in DDoS Mitigation • The AWS Approach • AWS Shield
- 3. What is DDoS? DDoS 101
- 4. What is DDoS? Distributed Denial Of Service
- 5. Types of DDoS attacks
- 6. Types of DDoS attacks Volumetric DDoS attacks Congest networks by flooding them with more traffic than they are able to handle (e.g., UDP reflection attacks)
- 7. Types of DDoS attacks State-exhaustion DDoS attacks Abuse protocols to stress systems like firewalls, IPS, or load balancers (e.g., TCP SYN flood)
- 8. Types of DDoS attacks Application-layer DDoS attacks Use well-formed but malicious requests to circumvent mitigation and consume application resources (e.g., HTTP GET, DNS query floods)
- 9. DDoS attack trends Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer
- 10. Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer DDoS attack trends SSDP reflection attacks are very common Reflection attacks have clear signatures, but can consume available bandwidth.
- 11. Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer DDoS attack trends Other common volumetric attacks: NTP reflection, DNS reflection, Chargen reflection, SNMP reflection
- 12. Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer DDoS attack trends SYN floods can look like real connection attempts And on average, they are larger in volume. They can prevent real users from establishing connections.
- 13. Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer DDoS attack trends DNS query floods are real DNS requests These can continue for hours and exhaust the available resources of the DNS server.
- 14. Volumetric State exhaustion Application layer 65% Volumetric 18% State exhaustion 18% Application layer DDoS attack trends Other common application layer attacks: HTTP GET flood, Slowloris
- 15. Challenges in mitigating DDoS attacks
- 16. Challenges in mitigating DDoS attacks Difficult to enable Complex set-up Provision bandwidth capacity Application re-architecture
- 17. Challenges in mitigating DDoS attacks Manual involvement Operator involvement to initiate mitigation Re-route traffic via distant scrubbing location Increased time to mitigate Traditional Datacenter
- 18. Challenges in mitigating DDoS attacks Traffic re-routing = Increased latency for users Traditional Datacenter
- 19. Challenges in mitigating DDoS attacks Expensive to use
- 20. AWS approach to DDoS protection
- 21. At AWS, our goal has always been to … Remove undifferentiated heavy-lifting Automatically protected against common attacks Ensure availability AWS services are highly available
- 22. DDoS protections built into AWS Integrated into the AWS global infrastructure Always-on, fast mitigation without external routing Redundant Internet connectivity in AWS data centers
- 23. DDoS protections built into AWS Protection against most common infrastructure attacks SYN/ACK Floods, UDP Floods, Refection attacks etc. No additional cost DDoS mitigation systems DDoS Attack Users
- 24. Customers keep asking … Does AWS protect me from DDoS attacks? What about large DDoS attacks? How can I get visibility when I get attacked? Does AWS protect me from application layer attacks? Scaling for DDoS attacks is expensive. I want to talk to DDoS experts.
- 25. AWS Shield A Managed DDoS Protection Service
- 26. AWS Shield Standard Protection Advanced Protection Available to ALL AWS customers at No Additional Cost Paid service that provides additional protections, features and benefits.
- 27. AWS Shield AWS Integration DDoS protection without infrastructure changes Affordable Don’t force unnecessary trade-offs between cost and availability Flexible Customize protections for your applications Always-On Detection and Mitigation Minimize impact on application latency Four key pillars…
- 29. AWS Shield Standard Layer 3/4 protection Automatic detection & mitigation Protection from most common attacks (SYN/UDP Floods, Reflection Attacks, etc.) Built into AWS services Layer 7 protection AWS WAF for Layer 7 DDoS attack mitigation Self-service & pay-as-you-go
- 30. AWS Shield Standard Better protection than ever for your applications running on AWS • Improved mitigations using proprietary BlackWatch systems • Additional mitigation capacity • Commitment to continuously improve detection and mitigation • Still at no additional cost
- 31. AWS Shield Advanced Managed DDoS Protection
- 32. AWS Shield Advanced Application Load Balancer Classic Load Balancer Amazon CloudFront Amazon Route 53 Available today on …
- 33. AWS Shield Advanced Available today in … US East (N. Virginia) us-east-1 US West (Oregon) us-west-2 EU (Ireland) eu-west-1 Asia Pacific (Tokyo) ap-northeast-1
- 34. AWS Shield Advanced Announcing AWS WAF for Application Load Balancer Application Load BalancerAWS WAF Valid users Attackers X
- 35. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 36. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 37. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 38. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 39. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 40. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 41. Always-on monitoring and detection Network flow monitoring Application traffic monitoring
- 42. Always-on monitoring and detection Signature based detection Heuristics-based anomaly detection Baselining
- 43. Always-on monitoring and detection Detects anomalies based on attributes such as: • Source IP • Source ASN • Traffic levels • Validated sources Heuristics-based anomaly detection
- 44. Always-on monitoring and detection Continuously baselining normal traffic patterns • HTTP Requests per second • Source IP Address • URLs • User-Agents Baselining
- 45. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 46. Advanced DDoS protection Layer 7 application protection Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection
- 47. Advanced DDoS protection Layer 7 application protection Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection
- 48. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection Advanced mitigation techniques Deterministic filtering Traffic prioritization based on scoring Advanced routing policies
- 49. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection Automatically filters malformed TCP packets • IP checksum • TCP valid flags • UDP payload length • DNS request validation Deterministic filtering
- 50. Low suspicion attributes Normal packet or request header Traffic composition and volume is typical given its source Traffic valid for its destination High suspicion attributes • Suspicious packet or request headers • Entropy in traffic by header attribute • Entropy in traffic source and volume • Traffic source has a poor reputation • Traffic invalid for its destination • Request with cache-busting attributes Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection Traffic prioritization based on scoring
- 51. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection • Inline inspection and scoring • Preferentially discard lower priority (attack) traffic • False positives are avoided and legitimate viewers are protected Traffic prioritization based on scoring High-suspicion packets dropped Low-suspicion packets retained
- 52. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection • See this in action at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9fSW6qMktA&feature=youtu.be&lis t=PLhr1KZpdzukfYBoBNGKS3axyHW9-JClQb Traffic prioritization based on scoring
- 53. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection • Distributed scrubbing and bandwidth capacity • Automated routing policies to absorb large attacks • Manual traffic engineering Advanced routing policies
- 54. Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection • Advanced routing capabilities • Additional mitigation capacity Additional protections against larger and more sophisticated attacks
- 55. Advanced DDoS protection Layer 7 application protection Layer 3/4 infrastructure protection
- 56. AWS WAF – Layer 7 application protection Web traffic filtering with custom rules Malicious request blocking Active monitoring and tuning
- 57. AWS WAF – Layer 7 application protection Three modes of operation Self-service Engage DDoS experts Proactive DRT engagement
- 58. AWS WAF – Layer 7 application protection AWS WAF included at no additional cost Self-service
- 59. AWS WAF – Layer 7 application protection 1. You engage the AWS DDoS Response Team (DRT) 2. DRT triages attack 3. DRT assists you with creating AWS WAF rules Engage DDoS experts
- 60. AWS WAF – Layer 7 application protection 1. Always-on monitoring engages the AWS DDoS Response Team (DRT) 2. DRT proactively triages DDoS attack 3. DRT creates AWS WAF rules (prior authorization required) Proactive DRT engagement
- 61. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 62. Attack notification and reporting Attack monitoring and detection • Real-time notification of attacks via Amazon CloudWatch • Near real-time metrics and packet captures for attack forensics • Historical attack reports
- 63. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 64. 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team Critical and urgent priority cases are answered quickly and routed directly to DDoS experts Complex cases can be escalated to the AWS DDoS Response Team (DRT), who have deep experience in protecting AWS as well as Amazon.com and its subsidiaries
- 65. 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team Before Attack Proactive consultation and best practice guidance During Attack Attack mitigation After Attack Post-mortem analysis
- 66. AWS Shield Advanced Always-on monitoring & detection Advanced L3/4 & L7 DDoS protection Attack notification and reporting 24x7 access to DDoS Response Team AWS bill protection
- 67. AWS cost protection AWS absorbs scaling cost due to DDoS attack • Amazon CloudFront • Elastic Load Balancer • Application Load Balancer • Amazon Route 53
- 68. • No commitment • No additional cost AWS DDoS Shield: Pricing • 1 year subscription commitment • Monthly base fee: $3,000 • Data transfer fees Data Transfer Price ($ per GB) CloudFront ELB First 100 TB $0.025 0.050 Next 400 TB $0.020 0.040 Next 500 TB $0.015 0.030 Next 4 PB $0.010 Contact Us Above 5 PB Contact Us Contact Us Standard Protection Advanced Protection
- 69. For protection against most common DDoS attacks, and access to tools and best practices to build a DDoS resilient architecture on AWS. AWS DDoS Shield: How to choose For additional protection against larger and more sophisticated attacks, visibility into attacks, AWS cost protection, Layer 7 mitigations, and 24X7 access to DDoS experts for complex cases. Standard Protection Advanced Protection
- 70. You get it automatically AWS Shield: Getting started Enable via the AWS Console Standard Protection Advanced Protection
- 71. More IDS / IPS (and, in fact, WAF)
- 72. AWS WAF • Not the world's intrinsically-smartest WAF • Understands XSS, SQLi, outssize packets But: • Located in CloudFront – so, closest to the Threat Actors • Highly programmable (by customers as well as our nice DRT folk) • ...
- 73. Enhancing AWS WAF Smartness, Option 1 • "Lambdafy All The Things!" • https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/how-to-import-ip-address- reputation-lists-to-automatically-update-aws-waf-ip-blacklists/ • aka "write a Lambda function to": • periodically query well-known Realtime Blackhole Lists (Spamhaus et al) • transform the list contents into AWS WAF rules • populate your AWS WAF instances with them • Pick another property, apply the same principles...
- 74. Enhancing AWS WAF Smartness, Option 2 • ...or have an AWS Marketplace product do it for you! • Currently, Imperva, Alert Logic, Trend Micro have AWS WAF integrations • (others are working on it) • Trend Micro have open-sourced their integration code: • https://github.com/deep-security/aws-waf
- 76. Where and Why? Across the Internet: of course • https session termination • in ELB / ALB? • in CloudFront? • in EC2 instances? • Within a VPC...? • HIPAA mandates it for in-scope services • PCI-DSS doesn't • Control 4 says "encrypt across public networks" • Audit reports assert a VPC isn't a public network...
- 77. Options • DIY (with S3 and KMS) • EC2 Systems Manager Parameter Store • Note: • "The Magic's in the Scoping" • In the following, KMS isn't in-scope for HIPAA and EC2 Systems Manager Parameter Store and Run Command have yet to integrate into our audit cycles at time of writing, but they don't touch PHI / CVV / PAN / other data defined as sensitive...!
- 78. Formerly the Only Option: DIY instances instance
- 79. instances instance instance Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 80. instances instance long-term security credential instance Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 81. instances instance AWS KMS long-term security credential data encryptionkey instance Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 82. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey long-term security credential data encryptionkey instance Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 83. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey long-term security credential bucket data encryptionkey instance Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 84. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey long-term security credential bucket data encryptionkey instance VPC Private Endpoint Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 85. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey role long-term security credential bucket data encryptionkey instance role VPC Private Endpoint Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 86. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey role long-term security credential bucket data encryptionkey instance role ARN of encrypted https key in S3 bucket ARN of data encryption key in KMS Instance UserData VPC Private Endpoint Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 87. instances instance AWS KMS dataencryptionkey role long-term security credential bucket data encryptionkey instance role ARN of encrypted https key in S3 bucket ARN of data encryption key in KMS Instance UserData VPC Private Endpoint Formerly the Only Option: DIY
- 88. EC2 Systems Manager Parameter Store
- 89. Parameter Store • Centrally store and find configuration and access data • Repeatable, automatable management (e.g. SQL connection strings) • Granular access control – view, use and edit values per parameter • Encrypt sensitive data at rest in-store using your own AWS KMS keys
- 90. Parameter Store – Getting started • Parameter: Key-value pair • Secure Strings: Encrypt sensitive parameters with your own KMS or default account encryption key • Reuse: In Documents and easily reference at runtime across EC2 Systems Manager using {{ssm:parameter- name}} • Access Control: Create an IAM policy to control access to specific parameter
- 91. Creating and using a parameter aws ssm put-parameter --name myprivatekey --type string --value “-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAzU6TMCsU2DtMUJf6Hc/bwilmWI6yOamzg...” aws ssm send-command --name AWS-DistributePrivateKey --parameters commands=[“echo {{ssm:myprivatekey}} > /etc/apache2/key.priv”] --target Key=tag:Name,Values=WebServer
- 92. Dave Walker davwal@amazon.com Your feedback is important to us!