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- 2. Agenda History Bretton Woods Agreement IMF Organization IMF aims Membership Gold Standard Special Drawing Rights
- 3. IMF History Great Depression of the 1930s Breakdown in International Monetary Cooperation
- 4. The Bretton Woods Agreement (BWA) IMF was formed through the BWA: BWA was conceived in July 1944 International Monetary Fund (IMF) formal existence was in December 1945 Par value system
- 5. The End of the BWA End of Bretton Woods system (1972–81) : The system dissolved between 1968-1973. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been free to choose any form of exchange arrangement they wish
- 6. IMF Becoming an Universal Institution The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 Expansion to fulfill responsibilities Soviet Block Transition Debt relief for poor countries
- 7. IMF Organization MF is an organization of 185 countries Their primary purpose is to preserve the stability of the international monetary system Helps the governments of these countries manage economic difficulties and benefit from opportunities of globalization
- 8. What Does IMF Do? Surveillance Lending Technical assistance
- 9. IMF How Do They Do? Keeps track of the economic health of its member countries through its economic surveillance Alerts them to risk on the horizon and provide policy advise Lends to countries in difficulty Provides technical assistance and training to help improve economic management
- 10. IMF Membership IMF has 188 member countries Its members are represented through a quota system broadly based on their relative size in the global economy Charter It is a specialized agency of UN having its own Finance Governing structure
- 11. The IMF works with other international org. to promote growth and poverty reduction It also interacts with think tanks, civil society and the media on a daily basis IMF Collaboration
- 12. When a country can borrow from IMF? A member country may request from IMF financial assistance if it has a balance of payments need when it can not find sufficient financing on affordable terms to meet its net international payments. An IMF loan eases the adjustment policies and reforms that a country must make to correct its balance of payments problem and restore conditions for strong economic growth.
- 13. The gold standard The gold standard essentially involved a commitment by the participating countries to fix the price of their currencies in terms of a specific amount of gold • The price was maintained by buying/ selling gold at that price The value of gold relative to other goods does not change much over long period of time, that helps in maintaining monetary discipline & ensures long run price stability • Concept of fat money – gold standard
- 14. The gold standard from 1925 -1944 The gold standard broke down during World War I, and was briefly re-instated between 1925-31 as gold exchange standard Under this system, only US & Britain were allowed to hold gold reserves while other could hold both gold, dollars &/ or pound reserves 1931 – Britain departed from Gold standard due to high influx of gold & capital, this led to devaluation of many currencies which in turn led to trade wars, some economists even blame the protectionist regimes of triggering the great depression
- 15. Special Drawing Right (SDR) The IMF supplemented its foreign exchange by creating a new reserve asset, (named SDR). It serves as the IMF’s unit of account It is a weighted average of the currencies of five nations (US, Germany, France, Japan & Great Britain) The weights, which are based on the relative importance of each country in international trade are updated periodically
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Great Depression of the 1930s, countries attempted to shore up their failing economies by sharply raising barriers to foreign trade, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export markets, and curtailing their citizens' freedom to hold foreign exchange. These attempts proved to be self-defeating. World trade declined sharply (see chart below), and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries. This breakdown in international monetary cooperation led the IMF's founders to plan an institution charged with overseeing the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to buy goods and services from each other. The new global entity would ensure exchange rate stability and encourage its member countries to eliminate exchange restrictions that hindered trade.
- The IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 countries meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation, to be established after the Second World War. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression. The IMF came into formal existence in December 1945, when its first 29 member countries signed its Articles of Agreement. It began operations on March 1, 1947. Later that year, France became the first country to borrow from the IMF. The IMF's membership began to expand in the late 1950s and during the 1960s as many African countries became independent and applied for membership. But the Cold War limited the Fund's membership, with most countries in the Soviet sphere of influence not joining. The countries that joined the IMF between 1945 and 1971 agreed to keep their exchange rates pegged at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a "fundamental disequilibrium" in the balance of payments, and only with the IMF's agreement. This par value system—also known as the Bretton Woods system—prevailed until 1971, when the U.S. government suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold.
- The system dissolved between 1968 and 1973. In August 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon announced the "temporary" suspension of the dollar's convertibility into gold. While the dollar had struggled throughout most of the 1960s within the parity established at Bretton Woods, this crisis marked the breakdown of the system. An attempt to revive the fixed exchange rates failed, and by March 1973 the major currencies began to float against each other. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been free to choose any form of exchange arrangement they wish (except pegging their currency to gold): allowing the currency to float freely, pegging it to another currency or a basket of currencies, adopting the currency of another country, participating in a currency bloc, or forming part of a monetary union.
- The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 enabled the IMF to become a (nearly) universal institution. In three years, membership increased from 152 countries to 172, the most rapid increase since the influx of African members in the 1960s. In order to fulfill its new responsibilities, the IMF's staff expanded by nearly 30 percent in six years. The Executive Board increased from 22 seats to 24 to accommodate Directors from Russia and Switzerland, and some existing Directors saw their constituencies expand by several countries. The IMF played a central role in helping the countries of the former Soviet bloc transition from central planning to market-driven economies. This kind of economic transformation had never before been attempted, and sometimes the process was less than smooth. For most of the 1990s, these countries worked closely with the IMF, benefiting from its policy advice, technical assistance, and financial support. By the end of the decade, most economies in transition had successfully graduated to market economy status after several years of intense reforms, with many joining the European Union in 2004. Debt relief for poor countries During the 1990s, the IMF worked closely with the World Bank to alleviate the debt burdens of poor countries. The Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries was launched in 1996, with the aim of ensuring that no poor country faces a debt burden it cannot manage. In 2005, to help accelerate progress toward the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the HIPC Initiative was supplemented by the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
- Surveillance:It is an assessment of economic and financial developments, which provides a framework that facilitates the exchange of goods, services, and capital among countries and sustains sound economic growth. It consists in: Focusing on assessing whether countries' policies promote external stability It is to be remembered that surveillance is a collaborative, candid, and evenhanded process between the Fund and its members Lending:IMF lending enables countries to rebuild their international reserves; stabilize their currencies; continue paying for imports; and restore conditions for strong economic growth. IMF does not lend for specific projects. It eases the adjustment policies and reforms that a country must make to correct its balance of payments problem and restore conditions for strong economic growth. Technical assistance:It supports the development of the productive resources of member countries by helping them to effectively manage their economic policy and financial affairs. About 90 percent of IMF technical assistance goes to low and lower-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.