Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Pesticide use and toxicity A Presentation by Mr Allah Dad Khan Consultant NRM IUCN Pakistan
1.
2. Pesticide Use and Toxicity Down
• Conventional pesticide sales
down 3% per year between 1999
and 2006. (Crop Life, 2007)
• Use of broad spectrum
organophosphate and carbamate
pesticides down. (California DPR)
Miles to go…
• 94% of fish, 94% of surface water
and 33% of ground water
samples collected from 1992 and
2001 showed contamination with
one or more pesticides. (2006 U.S.
Geological Survey)
• Herbicide-resistant weeds,
invasive species, new drift
regulations, non-target including
pollinator impacts call for more
IPM…
Bald eagle nesting pairs increase
from 417 to 5,748 after DDT ban.
- Fish & Wildlife Service, 2003
3. IPM Reduces Pesticide Risk
• IPM is an systems-based approach designed to reduce environmental, health
and economic risks. IPM is implemented as an ongoing series of science-
based, pest management evaluations, decisions and interventions.
• IPM practitioners use knowledge of pest biology and environmental
conditions, and technology to Prevent, Avoid Monitor and Suppress (PAMS)
pests.
Basic IPM Practices
Scouting (sampling) crops for pests and pest damage, visually or
with devices.
Monitoring weather, other conditions.
Acting when pests approach economically damaging levels.
Advanced IPM Practices
Resolve: Why is the pest there?
Pest-resistant crop varieties.
Crop rotation, adjust planting times.
Reduced-risk pesticides, mating disruption,
companion crops, beneficial insects.
Pest Scouting
Pheromone
Disruptor
Suction Trap
4. Presentation Objectives
• Give a Working Definition of IPM
• Outline a few key pumpkin pests and related IPM control
strategies
• Translate IPM Practices into NRCS EQIP for Specialty
Crop Guidelines
• Conclusions
5. What is IPM?
• The comprehensive and coordinated use of cultural,
biological, and chemical tactics to reduce a pest
population below an acceptable threshold
• Cultural – non-chemical tactics, host plant resistance,
planting date, cover crops, traps, scouting, crop rotation,
sanitation, etc.
• Biological – natural enemy conservation & enhancement
• Chemical – pesticide selection and spray timing
6. Multiple Approaches to IPM
• PAMS
• Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression
VS.
• Seasonal
• Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest
VS.
• Discipline
• Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.
• Can couch IPM in various combinations or formats
7. Pre plant, At plant, In season IPM
Insect & Disease Management
• Key Pest(s): Striped cucumber beetle, may vector
Bacterial wilt
• (PP) Delay direct seeding until after 1st generation of
beetles decline
• (PP) Use transplants
• (AP) Use systemic insecticides in-furrow or seed
treatments
• (IS) Scout emerged seedlings, treat if cuke beetle
threshold is exceeded
10. In season and Post harvest IPM
Insect Management
• Key Pest: Squash vine borer
• (IS) Use pheromone trap to detect adults end of June to
mid July
• (IS) Based on flight activity treat plant crown w/
insecticide
• (PH) Destroy vines after harvest, kill SVB larvae & pupae
12. Pre plant and In season IPM
Disease Management
• Key Disease: Powdery mildew
• (PP) Select PM tolerant hybrids when possible
• (IS) Scout beginning mid July, treat as soon as PM
colonies found
• (IS) Rotate fungicide FRAC #’s to delay PM resistance
• (PP thru IS) Keep updated on most effective fungicides,
they do change over time
Hinweis der Redaktion
Go over monitoring, id, threshold, treatment/, and integrate practices knowledge&evaluation
Basically early season ipm, need to protect the plants from cotyledon to 4th leaf stage.
Mid to late season disease control all require scouting to determine if / when to begin fungicide program for individual diseases