The document discusses various insect pests that affect mangoes, including bark eating caterpillars, fruit piercing moths, mango stem borers, mango shoot caterpillars, mango leafhoppers, mango stem miners, mango fruit flies, red banded mango caterpillars, mango thrips, mango whiteflies, mango mealybugs, inflorescence midges, leaf webbers, shoot gall psyllas, and scale insects. It provides details on the damage caused by each pest as well as potential management strategies like pruning, destruction of infested plant parts, and chemical sprays to control pest populations and reduce damage.

2. Mango Injurious Insects
A
Lecture To ToT trainees (
FFS)
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Provincial Coordinator IPM
KPK

3. Bark Eating Caterpillar

 The caterpillar ( Indarbella quadrinotata ) is found to infest
a variety of plants including fruit trees and ornamentals in
India . Dense, old and neglected orchards are more prone
to attack of this pest. Larvae of this pest feed on the tree
bark and spin brown silken web which consist of its excreta
and wood pieces and make tunnels in the stem and
branches. Larvae generally feed from April to December
and have only one generation in a year. The population of
this pest can be reduced by keeping the orchard clean and
removal of webs from tree trunks and filling the insect
holes with emulsion of Monocrotophos (0.05%) or DVVP
(0.05%) and plugging with mud.

4. Fruit piercing moth
 Dmage :Major and sporadic. Several genera of
noctuid moths are fruit piercing but the most
damaging are Eudocima fullonia, E. materna, E.
jordani and E. salaminia.
 Moths feed at night by penetrating the skin of
the ripe or ripening fruit with their strong
proboscis and sucking the juice. Internal injury
consists of a bruised, dry area beneath the skin.
Secondary rots develop at the puncture site.
Secondary-moth feeders often visit fermenting
fruit, taking advantage of the access holes the
fruitpiercing moths drill. Early summer to early
autumn is the most important period.

5. Mango moth
Eudocima salaminia moth
resting on a fruit.
Eudocima fullonia with
wings pinned out.

6. Mango seed weevil
 DamageThe mango seed weevil is considered a minor pest
as it causes no significant economic damage to fruit. The
minute egg-laying scars are barely discernable at harvest
and the weevil is present only within the seed. The fine
tunnel in the flesh the young larva causes as it burrows
towards the seed heals, leaving no sign of its earlier
presence in the flesh. However there are quarantine
restrictions on the movement of mango fruit infested with
seed weevil into a number of markets.

7. Mango Weevil
Adult mango seed weevil
on a mango leaf.
Egg on mango fruit

8. Mango Stem borer
 Stem Borer
 Stem borer ( Bactocera rufomaculata ) is widely distributed in
India and attack a number of fruit trees including mango. The
grub of this pest feeds inside the stem, making tunnel upward
which results in drying of branches and in severe cases death of
tree. Eggs are laid either in the cracks of tree trunk or in the
cavities of main branches which covered with viscous fluid. Grub
pupates inside the stem and beetle emerges in July/August.
There is only one generation of this pest in a year. The pest can
be kept under check by maintaining the orchard clean and
applying propanophos (0.05%) or Imidaclopid (0.005%) or DDVP
(0.05%) in hole of insect and plugging with mud

9. Mango Shoot Caterpillar
Mango shoot caterpillar
(Penicillaria jocosatrix).

10. Mango leafhopper
 Three species of hoppers Idioscoynio chypeabis, I. nitidulus and Amritodus
atkintoni are the most important and found on panicles, leaves and stems,
respectively. The adult and nymphs of hoppers, suck the sap from tender parts
resulting in reduction of vigoure. Heavy infestation causes curling and drying of
infested parts. Inflorescence infestation results in complete loss of crop. The
hoppers after sucking, excretes sweet sticky substance which facilitate the
development of fungi, Maliola and Capnodium spp., commonly known as sooty
mould which gives black look to the trees and affects photosynthetic activity.
Hoppers are present round the year in the orchard but population used to be
high during February to April and June to August. The hoppers can be
managed by pruning of dense orchards in the month of December, orchard
sanitation and 3 sprays of Carbaryl (0.02%) or Propanophos (0.05%) or
Imidachlopid (0.005%) at early stage of panicle formation if, population
exceeds from 10 hoppers per panicle. The second spray should be given at full
length of panicle but prior to full bloom and third at pea stage of fruits. Nymph
predators Mallada boninensis and Chrysopa lacciperdaand egg
parasite Polynema sp., Gonatocerus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. are found
effective in nature against the hoppers. A fungus, Verticillium lacani has also
been found effective against this pest but under moderate climate. Spraying of
Nimbicidine (0.2 %) is effective at initial stage of hoppers management.

11. Figure 1: Mango leafhopper
adult (top) and nymph
Figure 2: Black sooty
mould and flower damage

12. Leaf Hopper

13. Mango stem miner
 Damage:
Where it attacks healthy trees in
commercial growing situations, mango
stem miner does not appear to adversely
affect flowering and fruiting. Limited
information from Thailand indicates that it
does not significantly affect production.

14. Leaf miner
Figure 1: Mango stem
miner larvae
Figure 2: Mango stem
miner damage

15. Mango fruit fly
 The oriental fruit-fly is one of the most important pests of mango and
considered to be a major hurdle in export of fresh fruits. The three species of
fruit-fly, i.e., Bactrocera dorsalis , B . zonatus and B. correctus are the most
common and causes severe damage to mature mango fruits. The female insert
eggs in small clusters inside the mesocarp of the mature fruits and after
hatching larvae feeds on the pulp which appears normal from outside but
finally drops down. The maggots pupate in soil and flies start emerging from
April onwards with maximum population during May to July which coincides
with fruit maturity. Collection and destruction of infested and dropped fruits
ploughing of orchards, use of trap bottle containing 100ml watery emulsion of
methyl euginol (0.1%) + Malathion (0.1%) during April-June) reduce the
infestation of this pest. Wooden traps prepared with sex hormone and
insecticide has also been found effective against the pest. Bait spray of
Carbaryl (0.15%) + protein hydrolysate (0.1%) or molasses at 21 day
intervals starting from first week of April found effective in control of adult
flies. Early harvesting of mature fruits, selective and need based bait spray and
hot water treatment of harvested fruits before storage showed promising
result.

16. Fruit Fly
Adult Queensland fruit fly
(Bactrocera tryoni).
Larvae of Queensland fruit fly with damaged
(darker) areas of fruit. Note the black
mouth parts in the head of each larva.

17. Red banded mango caterpillar
 An obvious external sign of infestation is the
presence of a liquid exudate from the mouth of a
tunnel chewed by the caterpillar through the
skin. It trickles down to the tip of the fruit and
accumulates. Although almost clear when fresh,
the liquid darkens and shows up as a dark streak
on the skin leading to a dark spot at the fruit tip.
 Early signs of infestation may not be as easily
seen and could include small darkened boreholes
on the fruit caused by entering larvae.
 Damaged fruit may be attacked secondarily by
fruit flies or various decaying organisms and may
fall from the tree prematurely

18. Red Banded Mango Caterpillars
The red banded mango caterpillar larvae
are plump, glossy and brightly banded
with a black collar near the head. The
larvae tunnel into the fruit, depositing
caterpillar frass at the tunnel entrance
Once inside the fruit, the larvae
eat the seed and cause the fruit
to rot and fall off the tree

19. Mango thrips
 Damage
Major and sporadic.
 Both immature and adult thrips suck sap from
cells. The preferred feeding site for thrips is the
tissue next to the midrib on the undersurface of
leaves, but in severe infestations fruit is also
attacked. The first sign of damaging is a silvering
of leaves and fruit.
 In severe infestations, the silvering develops a
pale yellow to brown discolouration, speckled
darkly with dried droppings. This insect causes
damage to mammey, cashew and mangosteen.

20. Thrips
Young mangosteen fruit damaged
(brown discolouration) by red-
banded thrips
Juvenile red-banded thrips
(Selenothrips rubrocinctus) hiding
underneath a mangosteen fruit
calayx

21. Mango whitefly
 Whiteflies feed on the undersides of foliage.
Heavily infested plants with very high whitefly
populations soon develop a black sooty
appearance from mould growing on the sugary
secretions that the whiteflies and their nymphs
produce. This sooty mould, in combination with
leaf damage, reduces the plant's ability to
photosynthesise. It also weakens, or in some
cases kills the plant. When its natural biological
agents are not present, spiralling whiteflies
multiply at a rapid rate, producing thousands of
individuals on a single plant.

22. Figure 1: Spiralling whitefly -
spirals, nymphs and adults on
banana leaf
Figure 2: Heavy
infestation on banana leaf

23. Mango Mealy bugs
 It is another major pest of mango in India and widely distributed along the
Indo-gangatic plain. The most common mealy bug is Drasicha mangiferae ,
which causes severe damage to mango crop through out the country. Adults
and nymphs both sucks the plant sap and reduce the plant growth, destroy
inflorescence and causes fruit drop. Mealy bug excretes honey dew, a sticky
substance, which facilitates the development of sooty mould fungi ( Maliola
mangiferae & Capnodium mangiferae ). The female insect crawls down in the
month of April/May to lay the eggs in soil. The eggs hatch in the following
month of November/December and crawls up the tree. Flooding the orchard in
the month of October and deep ploughing in November, fastening of alkathene
25 cm wide sheet (400 gauge) afterwards mud plastering of trunk at 30 cm
above the ground in the middle of December, loosening of soil around the tree
trunk and mixing of Chlorpyriphos dust (1.5%) @ 250 g per tree helps in
reduction of mealy bug population. This dust can also be applied below the
alkathene band on tree trunk and soil. Spraying of Propanophos (0.05%) or
Imidachlopid (0.005%) for control of nymphs already made the way up to tree.
The integrated approach (IPM) of above has been found effective in
management of mealy bug but spraying of neem products along with soil
application of Beauveria bassiana spores will be further useful in population
reduction of this pest. Apart from B. bassiana , coccinellid beetles
(predator), Minochillus sexmaculatus , Rodolia fumida andSuminus renardi are
natural bio-control agents of this pest.

25. Inflorescence Midge
 In recent years, the inflorescence midge ( Erosomyia indica ) became serious
in certain mango growing pockets particularly in Uttar Pradesh, affecting both
inflorescence and small fruits. It affects the crop at 3 stages, i.e., at floral bud
burst, fruit set and tender leaves particularly encircling the inflorescence. The
first phase is more damaging as the entire inflorescence destroyed before
flowering and fruit set. The inflorescence show stunting growth and its axis has
curve at the entry point of the larvae and ultimately die before fruit set. Its
attack on inflorescence could be recognized by presence of tiny black spots.
Apart from inflorescence midge, 2 other gall midges, Dasineura
amramanjarae and Procystiphora mangiferae have also been found infesting
mango inflorescence. The larvae of D. amramanjarae are red, while P.
mangiferae are orange in colour. Accordingly D. amramanjarae infected parts
are red whereas P. mangiferae are swollen and bigger (bud) in comparison to
normal. The pest can be managed by ploughing of orchards and spraying of
Propanophos (0.05%) or Imidachlopid (0.005%) at bud burst stage of
inflorescence.

26. Leaf Webber

 The leaf webber ( Orthaga euadrusalis ) infestation
starts from the month of April and continues up to
December. Eggs are laid singly or in clusters in the
webs on leaves. After hatching, the caterpillar feeds
on leaf surface and make web of tender shoots and
leaves together and feeds inside. Pupation also takes
place inside the web but last generation (December-
January) pupates in soil. Pruning and destruction of
infested shoots during April to May, ploughing of
orchards and loosening of soil around the trees in
January and spraying (2-3) with Carbaryl (0.2%) or
Propanophos (0.05%) or Imidaclopid (0.005%) at 15-
days interval reduces the population of this pest.

27. Shoot Gall Psylla
 The shoot gall psylla ( Apsylla cistallata ) is very serious on
mango in Tarai region of India , North Bihar and West Bengal .
Infestation of this pest results in formation of green conical galls
in leaf axis. The pest becomes active from the month if August
and galls dry after emergence of adults in the month of March.
The eggs are laid in the midrib as well as on lateral axis of new
leaves in March/April, nymphs emerges during August/September
and feeds on adjacent buds which later turn in to hard green
conical gall. Galls are more prominent during September/October
and infested plants usually devoid of flowers and fruits. There is
only one generation of this pest in a year The pest can be
managed by avoidance of new planting in humid region, removal
and destruction of infested plant parts and use of Monocrotophos
(0.05%) or Imidachlopid (0.005%) or Propanophos (0.05%) at
fortnightly intervals.

28. Scale Insects
 In recent years, scale insects ( Chloropulvinaria polygonata, Aspidiotus
destructor and Rastococcus sp) became serious on mango. The nymphs and
adults of pest suck the sap of leaves and other tender parts which results in
reduction of vigour of plants. Scale also secrets honeydew which facilitates in
development of sooty mould on different plant parts. Among these
scales, C . polygonata is posing threat to mango industry particularly in
Western Uttar Pradesh. Pruning and destruction of infested plant parts and
spraying with Monocrotophos (0.05) or Imidachlopid (0.005) or Propanophos
(0.05%) at an interval of 21-days found effective in population reduction of
this pest.
 Insect pests of mango, viz. mealy bug, hopper, midge, fruit fly could be
managed through IPM schedule involving banding of tree trunk with alkathene
(400 gauge) and drenching with Beauveria bassiana (2 g/l) during first week of
January and first spray with Neem Seed Kernel Extract (5%) in first week of
February followed by second spray of imidadoprid (0.005%) when panicles are
of 5 to 7 cm size and third need based spray with Propanophos (0.05%) after
fruit set.