Mega topic of bio informatics

1. MEGA
17361506-091
ALINA FATIMA
REPRESENTED TO: DR. KHALID HUSSAIN
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2. MEGA
 MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, is a freely available
software for conducting statistical analysis of molecular evolution and for
constructing phylogenetic trees.
 MEGA isan integrated tool for conducting :
• Sequence alignment
• Inferring phylogenetic trees
• Estimating divergence times
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3. Cont…
• Estimating rates of molecular evolution,
• Inferring ancestral sequences
• Testing evolutionary hypotheses.
 MEGA is used by biologists in a large number of laboratories for
reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species.
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Open Mega Page

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Step#01

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# SelectTypes of Sequence to be Align

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Sequence Retrieving

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Sequence Alignment Using ClustalW

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ClustalWParameters Setting

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Export Alignment to MEGAFormat

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Save MEGAformat File

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Construction Of Phylogenetic Tree Using
Maximum Likelihood Method

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Opening MEGAformat File which we Saved

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Parameter Setting ForPhylogenetic Tree

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Progressing Tree

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Rectangular Phylogenetic Tree

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CircularTree Construction From Rectangular Tree

21. REPRESENTED TO: DR. KHALID HUSSAIN
17361506-091
REPRESENTED BY: ALINA FATIMA
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22. Data Bases
 Data Bases:
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 A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is
accessible in various ways.
 Database isacollection of organized data, information and records.
 A collection of data
 represents some aspect of the real world
 logically coherent collection (not a random collection)
 designed, built & populated for a specific purpose
 Database management system: The software that manages the data

23.  Database is information that aperson needs in his personal, business,
social and religious life and the power and purpose of
information is not only in collecting and finding them but more
importantly in using them.
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Purpose of Database

24. Kinds of Databases
Structured Database
 It is also called the structured data in
which arecord or file of information
arranged in uniform format.
 These databases are usually storage of
information with similar entries such
asa list of persons born in a country,
a medical database of patients’ data,
an inventory database of a company
and many others.
Free-Form Database
 It is a loose collection of
information, such as those you will
find on the World Wide Web.
 A collection of your documents in
the computer made from several
programs can be considered as free-
form database.
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25. Types of Databases
Operational Databases
 It is a dynamic database that is
used by any organization in its
day-to- day operation.
 They are used to collect data,
maintain, modify and delete data.
Analytical Databases
 It is a static database, where data is
rarely modified.
 This database is often used to store
and track historical data to make
long term projections and
analysis.
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26. Structured Database Models
 Hierarchical Model
 This model can be visualized as a parent –
child relationship wherein a child may only
have one parent but parent can have several
other children.
 Another way of looking at this model is by
visualizing an inverted tree. The single table
acts as the root of the inverted tree and the
other tables act as branches.
 To access the data from one of the tables,
one has to pass through the root table. This
model was popular in the many IBM
Information Management Systems in the 1970s
using mainframe computers.
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27. Cntd…
 Network Model
 This model was developed to address in part the
problems of the hierarchical model.
 As with heirarchical model, it could be visualized as an
inverted tree; however, this model allows many inverted
tress sharing branches but are still part of the same
database structure.
 As with the parent-child model, the child is allowed to
have multiple parents.
 Unlike in the heirarchical model access data begins
from the root table.
 In the network model, it allows access of data from any
table . This model was eventually replaced by the
relational database model. 8/24/2021
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28. Relational Database Management System
 RDBMS is designed to create maintain,
manipulate,, modify and delete information
in a relational database.
 As previously mentioned, modern database
utilize the relational database.
 Today’s software caters to this type of
structured database.
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29. SQL
 The Structured Query Language (SQL) is the set of instructions used to interact
with a relational database.
 SQL has three main components:
 The data manipulation language (DML)
 The data definition language (DDL)
 The data control language (DCL).
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30. The things you can do with RDBMS
 Create a database
 Information storage
 Information retrieval
 Information management
 Information analysis
 Print and share information
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31. Cntd…
Advantages of DBMS
 Backup & recovery
 Data standard
 More information
 Data sharing & conflict control
 Productivity & accessibility
 Maintenance
Limitations of DBMS
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost
 Software
 Hardware
 Conversion
 Performance
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