The document discusses different citation styles used in academic writing. It explains that a citation gives credit to other authors and allows readers to locate sources. There are three major styles - MLA, APA, and Chicago. MLA and Chicago have notes and bibliography styles, while APA uses an author-date parenthetical system. Each style dictates how to format elements like author, title, publisher in both in-text citations and reference list entries.

1. M. A. Rehman

2. ▪ A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in
your work came from another source.
▪ It is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to support your research.
▪ It can also be used to locate sources and combat plagiarism.
▪ It gives readers the information necessary to find that source again,
including:
▪ information about the author
▪ the title of the work
▪ the name and location of the company that published the original material
▪ the date of publication
▪ the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

3. CITATION
▪ You must use citation whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need
to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost always
require citation:
✓whenever you use quotes
✓whenever you paraphrase
✓whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
✓whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
✓whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your
own ideas.

4. CITATION STYLE
▪ A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.
▪ There are three (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:
i. Modern Language Association (MLA)
ii. American Psychological Association (APA)
iii. Chicago/Turabian style

5. i. MLA CITATION STYLE
▪ MLA (Modern Language Association Style is widely used in the humanities,
especially in writing on language and literature.
▪ For citing a source, MLA suggests some general pieces of information.
▪ In citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:
✓Author.
✓Title of Source.
✓Title of Container,
✓Other Contributors,
✓Version,
✓Number,
✓Publisher,
✓Publication Date,
✓Location.
▪ Each element should be followed by the corresponding punctuation mark shown
above (in red).

6. MLA CITATION STYLE (cont.)
▪ Author: Author’s last name followed by a comma and the rest of the name as
presented.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.
▪ Title of source: depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in ilatlics or
quotation marks.
Book should be in italic.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Macmurray, 1999.
An individual webpage should be in quotation marks.
Lundman, Susan.“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow, www.ehow.com
A journal, magazine, newspaper article should be in quotation marks.
Baghchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern.” Tulsa
Studies in women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

7. MLA CITATION STYLE (cont.)
▪ Title of Container: Containers are the larger wholes in which the source is
located. For example, if a poem is to be cited, that is listed in a collection of poem,
then the individual poem is the source and the collection of poems is container.
Title of container should be italicized and followed by comma,
Kincaid, Jamaica. “Girl.” The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, by
Tobias Wolff,Vintage, 1994, pp.306-07.
▪ Other Contributors: In addition to authors, there may be other contributors to the
source who should be credited, such as editors, translators etc.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.
Translated by Richard Howard,Vintage Random House, 1988.
▪ Version: if the source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your
citation after the source title and followed by a comma, e.g. 3rd ed.,
▪ Number: if the source is part of numbered sequence, such as multi-volume book or
journal with volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy.” Social Work and Society: The
International Online Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, web address.

8. MLA CITATION STYLE (cont.)
▪ Publisher: The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public.
▪ Publication Date: Date of publication of source should be listed in your document.
▪ Location: An article in a journal or an essay in a book should include page
numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda N. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck,
Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.

9. ii. APA CITATION STYLE
▪ APA (American Psychological Association) style originated in 1929.
▪ APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and
consistent presentation of written material.
▪ It concerns uniform use of such elements as selection of headings, tone, and length,
punctuation and abbreviations, presentation of numbers and statistics, construction of
tables and figures, citation of references, and many other elements that are a part of a
manuscript.
▪ The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations.
The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these
items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind
of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.
▪ Direct quote from the text is written in inverted commas.
▪ For Example;
Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy change can be gradual or
abrupt. Developmental Psychology, 35, 127-145.
Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient than color cues in cotton-
top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology,
122, 441-444. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.441

10. iii. CHICAGO/TURABIAN STYLE
▪ Published by Chicago University Press since 1906.
▪ It incorporates rules of grammar and punctuation common in American English.
▪ It presents two basic documentation systems:
i. Notes and Bibliography
ii. Author-Date
▪ Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of
sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
▪ The Notes and Bibliography Style is preferred by many in the humanities,
including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic
information in notes and, often, a bibliography.
▪ The Author-Date Style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and
social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in
parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are
amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

11. NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE
▪ Print Book
Note Style: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma:A Natural History of Four
Meals (NewYork: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
Duplicate Note: 2. Pollan, Omnivore's Dilemma,3.
Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma:A Natural History of Four
Meals. NewYork: Penguin, 2006.
▪ Print Journal
Note Style: 1. Joshua I.Weinstein, "The Market in Plato’s Republic," Classical
Philology 104 (2009): 440.
Duplicate Note: 2.Weinstein, "Plato’s Republic," 452–53.
Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. "The Market in Plato’s Republic." Classical
Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.

12. AUTHOR-DATE STYLE
▪ Print Book
In-text Citation: (Pollan 2006, 99–100)
Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma:A Natural History of
Four Meals. NewYork: Penguin.
▪ Print Journal
In-text Citation: (Weinstein 2009, 440)
Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009.“The Market in Plato’s Republic.”Classical
Philology 104:439–58.