2. Section 1 : Grouping texts
• Different ways of grouping your 7 texts such as:
• Lexis
• Grammar
• Phonology
• Graphology
• Pragmatics
• Purpose , Audience and Genre
3. Lexis
• In GCSE English language you have probably learnt about pronouns but in
A level English Language you are required to know about the classification
of pronouns here is a table explaining the classification of pronouns.
Types of pronouns Examples
Personal I , You , She/he and They
Possessive My , His/hers , Our , Their
Reflexive Herself , Myself and Ourselves
Demonstrative This , Those , These
Relative Whom , Whose , Who
4. Further Classification On Pronouns
Singular or Plural Subject Object Possessive
Singular I Me Myslef
Singular You You Yourself
Singular He/She His/Hers Herslef
Plural We Ours Ourselves
Plural He/She His/Hers Herself/Himself
Plural They Their Themselves
5. Nouns
Types of nouns Examples
Abstract Something that cannot be touched ,
mostly to do with thoughts or feelings i.e
love , bored , ill or even weather cloudy
sunny etc
Concrete Something that can be touched and felt ,
i.e chairs , tables , pens and pencils
Proper Names of people , places and things i.e
Harrogate , Emma etc
6. Classification on verbs
Verbs Examples
Material Hit , run , paint , eat etc
Mental Thoughts and feelings , such as lies , love ,
think
Relational Seems , to be , appears
Dynamic Something that appears to change
Stative Something that stays the same
7. Further classification on constant
groups
Types of verbs Examples
Fricatives F , Sh , s
plosives P , b
Affricatives Dj church judge
Nasals M,n
Approxamtives R,j,w
8. Lexical Connectors
Types of lexical connectors Examples
Addition Addition , and , also
Consequence Consequently , as a result ,
Comparative Therefore , similarly , however
Temporal Soon , afterwards etc
Enumeration Finally , then , firstly
Summative In conclusion , on the whole
9. Referencing
• Referencing : when lexical items replace those
already mentioned or about to be mentioned.
• Different types of referencing:
• Anaphoric Referencing : referring to a lexical
item already been stated
• Cataphoric referencing : referring to a lexical
item after mentioning a glimpse about it.
10. Basic word classes
Word class Description/Function Examples
Conjunction Joins words together And also because however
Determiner Put in front of nouns The , a , an
Preposition Shows relation in terms of
time
In , at , by , on
Pro noun Replaces nouns I , me , you
Idiolect : individual style of speaking or ‘’linguistic fingerprint’
Socialect: a defined use of language as a result of membership
approaches to reading
Dialect : Language use specific in that region i.e. Yorkshire accent
11. Adjectives
• Adjectives can be graded in order to show
comparison
• Pre modifying adjective : before the head noun
• Post modifying adjective : after the head noun
• Base : Small
• Comparative: Smaller
• Superlative: Smallest
12. Semantic relationship between lexical
items
• Synonymy : words defining the lexical item i.e
cry synonymy can be weep tears etc
• Antonym : Opposite of the synonymy i.e. war
the antonym would be peace , love
• Hyponymy : Hierarchy of super ordinate and
subordinate , higher up hierarchy the more
general the answer lower down the hierarchy
more specific the answer is subordinate
13. Verbs
• Modal auxiliary verbs : can could should
would ought may must might will shall
• Primary auxiliary verbs : be , do and have
• Epistemic modality : words showing degree of
possibility you could you might
• Deontic modality : you will , you must
• Active voice : includes actor or agent
• Passive voice : avoids actor or agent
14. Phonology
• Lexical onomatopoeia: crash and bang
• Non-lexical onomatopoeia:
vrrrrrooommm,grrrrrr
• Homophones words sound the same spelt
different
• Phonemic substitution: replacing certain
letters in words for comical effect
15. Graphology
• Typography: bold , italics , title
• Cultural models : ionic symbols such as flower
might connote love , romance however can
also connote gardens , types of flowers
16. Labov’s Narrative
• Abstract : starting of the narrative , gets the
readers attention
• Orientation : who , what when , why of the story
• Complication action : main body of the story
• Resolution : final events of the narrative rounding
off theme
• Evaluation : additional information not part of the
narrative
• Coda: sign that narrative is complete
17. Evaluation
• External evaluation : not usually part of the
sequence of events:
• This is an incredible story
• Anyway the best part is
• Internal evaluation : have occurred at the same
time of complicating action
• Intensifying : adding sounds i.e Fred ran into the
wall ouch!
• Explicative evaluation : reasons why of something
Fred was annoying because he was noisy
