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THE POST 9/11 WEST AND THE
CRISES OF MULTICULTURALISM
 DR
ALANA
LENTIN,
DEPARTMENT
OF
SOCIOLOGY
THE CRISES OF
WITH
GAVAN
TITLEY,
ZED
BOOKS
2011
OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
Post‐9/11
consensus
around
civilizational
threat

legitimizes
the
new
‘cultural
racism’.
OVERVIEW
Post‐9/11
consensus
around
civilizational
threat

legitimizes
the
new
‘cultural
racism’.

‘Home‐grown’
terrorism
points
theâ€©ïŹnger
at

‘excessive
western
tolerance’,
‘state
doctrine
of

multiculturalism’
(Cameron,
Merkel...)

OVERVIEW
Post‐9/11
consensus
around
civilizational
threat

legitimizes
the
new
‘cultural
racism’.

‘Home‐grown’
terrorism
points
theâ€©ïŹnger
at

‘excessive
western
tolerance’,
‘state
doctrine
of

multiculturalism’
(Cameron,
Merkel...)


The
‘crisis
of
multiculturalism’
is
the
contemporary

articulation
of
racism.
BACKGROUND
TOO DIVERSE: THE REAL
   PROBLEM WITH




            Entropa Installation: The Netherlands is seen as
               series of minarets submerged by a ïŹ‚ood
TOO DIVERSE: THE REAL
   PROBLEM WITH
 “Nas
@43
where
have
I

 mentioned
the
word

 ‘genetics’
or
the
word

 ‘race’?
My
problem
is

 with
Somali
culture
not

 Somali
genes.”

          CAULDRON —        Entropa Installation: The Netherlands is seen as
                               series of minarets submerged by a ïŹ‚ood
 ON 21ST AUGUST, 2009
           AT 11:41 AM
WWW.PICKLEDPOLITICS.CO
GOOD & BAD
GOOD & BAD
“In
the
European
shift
to
the

privatization
of
race,
the
shifting
border

between
good
diversity,
requiring

celebration
and
cultivation,
and
bad

diversity,
diverse
matter
recognized
as

of
out
place,
is
central
to
understanding

a
particularly
inïŹ‚uential
inïŹ‚ection
of

antiracialism.
How
can
there
be
racism

when
the
oïŹƒcial
commitment
to

diversity
is
so
manifest,
and
so

mediated?”
    The Crises of Multiculturalism
                    (Lentin and Titley)
‘Europeans
know
more
about
Arabic
calligraphy
and
kente
cloth
because
they
know
less
about

Montaigne
and
Goethe.
If
the
spread
of
Pakistani
cuisine
is
the
single
greatest
improvement
in

British
public
life
over
the
past
half‐century,
it
is
also
worth

noting
that
the
bombs
used
for
the

 failed
London
transport
attacks
of
July
21,
2005,

were
made
from
a
mix
of
hydrogen
peroxide

      and
chapattiâ€©ïŹ‚our.
Immigration
is
not

enhancing
or
validating
European
culture;
it
is

                        supplanting
it’
Christopher Caldwell 2009: 17
BATTLEGROUND:
BATTLEGROUND:

“White
Men
Saving
Brown

Women
from
Brown
Men”

GAYATRI SPIVAK, CAN THE
     SUBALTERN SPEAK?
CONCLUSION




     In memory of Baha Mousa (1977-2003)
CONCLUSION
“Why
is
a
book
that
makes
you

ashamed
for
its
author,
even

occasionally
ashamed
to
be
reading
it,

still
worth
reading?
Because
for
all
its

bigotry
and
paranoia,
all
of
its
ill‐
informed
dismissal
of
Islamic
history

and
culture,
“The
Rage
and
the
Pride”
is

a
bracing
response
to
the
moral

equivocation,
the
multi‐culti
political

correctness,
the
minimization
and

denial
of
the
danger
of
Islamo‐fascism
 In memory of Baha Mousa (1977-2003)
that
dogs
the
response
to
Sept.
11
and

to
the
ongoing
war
on
terrorism.”

 CHARLES TAYLOR ON ORIANNA

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The Post 9/11 World and the Crises of Multiculturalism: Sussex University 50th Anniversary Event

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. \n
  2. \n
  3. \n
  4. \n
  5. \n
  6. - Post-2004 (but building on critique of MC going back to 1980s) the hegemonic discourse - uniting left and right - is that MC is a failed experiment leading societies, as Trevor Phillips put it. ‘sleepwalking to segregation’.\n\n- Pictures represent some of the themes that come under the crisis discourse that emerges.\n\n- The main themes include:\n\n+ MC creates ghettoisation, disintegration, lack of social cohesion, minority white cities, permits illiberal minorities the upper hand...\n\n+ Key moments: recently Anders Behring Breivik Utøya killings, 7/7 bombings, banlieues riots, cartoon controversy, Theo Van Gogh murder, Swiss Minarets, expulsion of the Roma from France/Italy, Merkel’s announcement of a crisis in the wake of Sarrazin, Cronulla riots (Australia), Hijab and burka bans, use of sexuality in creating opposition between liberal and illiberal societies (Fortuyn, Hirsi Ali)...\n\n+ Key responses: focus on national values (citizenship tests, ceremonies), action against ‘radicalisation’ (e.g. Prevent), return of ‘positive’ teaching of colonial past (Ferguson), Cameron and Merkel’s speeches, immediate focus on race post-riots.\n\nParadoxically these are culturalised responses to what is construed as a cultural problem.\n\n+ Key characters: US shock jocks, European equivalents (e.g. Melanie Phillips), Caldwell, nouveaux philosophes, ‘liberal’ journalists (Nick Cohen, Fallaci), and more complexly, Trevor Phillips, Ni putes ni soumises et compagnie, academics such as Joppke.\n\nIn ‘The crises of multiculturalism’ we theorise the assertion that MC is broken in terms of circuits of beliefs and recited truths, as mediated and mediating - in danger of happening here because it is happening elsewhere - so the need for ‘honest debates’ about Islam/Muslims/terrorism/burka even in countries (e.g. Finland) without 2 Muslims to rub together.\n\nThe spectre of ever-present danger is racialised and given human form as what an artist friend, Tobaron Waxman calls, ‘fear of a bearded planet’. \n\nI want to focus here on the discourse around the crisis of multiculturalism as one very real outcome of the post 9/11 consensus (not that critique of MC didn’t exist before) but now 9/11 acts to legitimise the dismantling of any (limited) gains of multiculturalism.\n
  7. While the well-founded critique of MC policies as essentialising, often compounding communal hegemonies (e.g. patriarchal, heteronormative...) are well taken, the crisis of MC discourse needs to be seen as an attack not on prescriptive MC but on lived multiculture - the fact of ‘too much diversity’ (Goodhart).\n\nIt is a riff on the old story that blames different others for the ills of society at large.\n\nIndeed, the crisis of MC, can be seen as one of the main ways in which racism is articulated.\n\nHowever, because of the focus on culture rather than race, the charge of racism is both implicitly and sometimes explicitly denied.\n\n\n
  8. One of the main ways in which race is (not) talked about is through the use of the language of ‘diversity’ both as a code for racialised difference and as a purportedly more useful way of conceptualising multiculturalism. \n\nDiversity, as a replacement for MC, is acceptable even in places that have eschewed MC (e.g. France). It is seen as incorporating everyone and crucially as a positive discourse - not oppositional like anti-racism - not pointing out the failures of the past (e.g. colonialism, slavery...) but forward thinking.\n\nIn terms of policy it permits for racial equality to be weighed up against other forms of parity issues often - paradoxically - pitting marginalised groups against each other rather than stressing common points of shared diversity.\n\nHowever, as it is positive, it is also negative. In the book we describe this as good and bad diversity.\n\nGood diversity adds color and uniqueness to neoliberalised society. The mantra of free choice allows everyone to choose from a smorgasbord of cultural offerings (culinary, music, style...).\n\nThis form of diversity speaks to the push for everyone to be unique (what is your USP?) - a type of bennetonization of society in which we are united, in the sense of being uniformed, in our diversity.\n\nBad diversity is where difference becomes excessive and where, crucially, is threatens to transform hegemonic political culture. This is the diversity that spawned the ‘homegrown’ terrorists of 7/7...\n\n\n
  9. Example of bad diversity:\n\nCaldwell’s chapati flour e.g. \n\nMuslims are seen not just as dangerous terrorists, but also because ‘radical’ Islam questions the dominance of western culture. \n
  10. I want here to briefly make the connection between Foucault’s biopower and Yudice’s cultural power more concrete and, in doing so, link the three moments of the post-racial, the culturalist and the post-political.\n\nFoucault’s work on racism is unfortunately restricted to a few lectures in Society Must be Defended and a brief mention in the History of Sexuality. Nevertheless, it is instructive precisely because of the connection to biopower.\n\n1. The biopolitical state - as opposed to the sovereign state before it - sees its population as a single organism in a world of similarly constituted and competing organisms that must be kept alive.\n\n2. Racism enters the picture for Foucault in order to explain how a power whose function it is to ensure the survival of its population is nonetheless involved in killing. Whereas under sovereign rule, the death of one’s enemies ensured the population’s survival, under the biopolitical state their death allows one’s population to flourish. This is the difference between a political view of conflict and a biological or racial one.\n\nSo, for Foucault racism divides between those within the population who have the right to live and those who must die for the strength of the organism as a whole. \n\n3. Therefore, while under sovereignty, enemies were conceived of as being external, the biopolitical or racial view of enemies as biological means that they can be internal as well as external. Hence the rise of eugenics, for example.\n\n
  11. I want here to briefly make the connection between Foucault’s biopower and Yudice’s cultural power more concrete and, in doing so, link the three moments of the post-racial, the culturalist and the post-political.\n\nFoucault’s work on racism is unfortunately restricted to a few lectures in Society Must be Defended and a brief mention in the History of Sexuality. Nevertheless, it is instructive precisely because of the connection to biopower.\n\n1. The biopolitical state - as opposed to the sovereign state before it - sees its population as a single organism in a world of similarly constituted and competing organisms that must be kept alive.\n\n2. Racism enters the picture for Foucault in order to explain how a power whose function it is to ensure the survival of its population is nonetheless involved in killing. Whereas under sovereign rule, the death of one’s enemies ensured the population’s survival, under the biopolitical state their death allows one’s population to flourish. This is the difference between a political view of conflict and a biological or racial one.\n\nSo, for Foucault racism divides between those within the population who have the right to live and those who must die for the strength of the organism as a whole. \n\n3. Therefore, while under sovereignty, enemies were conceived of as being external, the biopolitical or racial view of enemies as biological means that they can be internal as well as external. Hence the rise of eugenics, for example.\n\n
  12. I want here to briefly make the connection between Foucault’s biopower and Yudice’s cultural power more concrete and, in doing so, link the three moments of the post-racial, the culturalist and the post-political.\n\nFoucault’s work on racism is unfortunately restricted to a few lectures in Society Must be Defended and a brief mention in the History of Sexuality. Nevertheless, it is instructive precisely because of the connection to biopower.\n\n1. The biopolitical state - as opposed to the sovereign state before it - sees its population as a single organism in a world of similarly constituted and competing organisms that must be kept alive.\n\n2. Racism enters the picture for Foucault in order to explain how a power whose function it is to ensure the survival of its population is nonetheless involved in killing. Whereas under sovereign rule, the death of one’s enemies ensured the population’s survival, under the biopolitical state their death allows one’s population to flourish. This is the difference between a political view of conflict and a biological or racial one.\n\nSo, for Foucault racism divides between those within the population who have the right to live and those who must die for the strength of the organism as a whole. \n\n3. Therefore, while under sovereignty, enemies were conceived of as being external, the biopolitical or racial view of enemies as biological means that they can be internal as well as external. Hence the rise of eugenics, for example.\n\n
  13. Conceiving of the relationship to one’s enemies as biological rather than political transforms politics, as Hannaford makes clear in this quote. \n\nThis new understanding of politics means that the interests of the state became subsumed to that of the race. So the state’s power becomes invested in internally rationalising its population and in justifying the rampant fight for imperialist domination. \n\n
  14. End with some brief comments about the gendered and sexualised politics of post 9/11\n\nTime cover of Aisha/Nazia demonstrates how brown/Muslim women’s bodies have been used as a battleground in the ideological consensus building post-9/11.\n\nWar in Afghanistan sold as a war to liberate Afghan women from Taliban although we know their plight is same/worse today\n\nWestern focus on honour killings and forced marriages portrays Muslims as diabolic - capable of worse crimes. So calling it honour killing rather than murder sets tis crime apart from other murders giving the impression that domestic violence is more prevalent amongst Muslims while statistically this is not the case. \n\nSexuality has also been used as a means for dividing between ‘liberal’ and ‘illiberal’ societies. We give in an example in the book (from Lisa Duggan) of mainstream gay organisations who “objected during the invasion of Afghanistan to the publication of an AP photograph of a US warhead emblazoned with the words ‘Hijack this Fags’ not because of opposition to the war but because ‘“the message equates gays with the enemy”’ and dishonours gay servicemen objected during the invasion of Afghanistan to the publication of an AP photograph of a US warhead emblazoned with the words ‘Hijack this Fags’ not because of opposition to the war but because ‘“the message equates gays with the enemy”’ and dishonours gay servicemen.”\n\nThis is what some theorists such as Jasbir Puar have referred to as ‘homonationalism’ in which homosexuality is normalised in western societies in opposition to non-western ones despite the fact that equality for gays is far from achieved.\n\nIt is always worth ventilating the hypocrisy of the politics of freedom; that, for example, while the Danish People’s Party champion gay rights in Denmark, it formed an alliance in the European Parliament in 2009 with, among others, the Italian Lega Nord, whose deputies have called for ‘an ethnic cleansing of faggots’.\n\nIn this country it is important to remember that the leading far-right movement, the EDL, has a sizeable gay wing.\n\nThe politics of anti-multiculturalism has pitted groups who would historically have been in solidarity against each other by hijacking the discourse of equality and turning it into something that we only deserve if we give up ‘bad diversity’ we find distasteful. The fact that all Muslims have become associated with a minority that perpetrated terrorist atrocities means that most people perceived as Muslims cannot escape the elements of bad diversity the west objects to even if they want to. It is in this sense that the homogenising ‘with us or with the enemies’ discourse of post-9/11 has become a racist one - for even those who wish to side ‘with us’ are by the very fact of their identification with ‘the enemy’ are excluded from doing so.\n
  15. This quote from the review of Fallaci’s book illustrates the mainstream consensus, apparent in the reaction to the atrocities permitted in the name of the ‘war on terror’ - extraordinary rendition, Guantanomo bay, detention without trial, racial profiling, etc. - is better than what could happen were we not to allow for this permanent state of exception. \n\nIn this sense, while 9/11 did not change the world it took us back. While racism was still very much a thing of the prsent (rather than the past) on 10 Sept. 2001, some significant gains had been achieved. The events of the last ten years (as I have sketchily attempted to show) have relegitimised forms of institutionalised racism on a global scale that many fought hard to overcome. \n