Dan Morrical

1. 8/19/2021
1
Minerals and their role in ruminant productivity and health
Dr. Dan Morrical
Premier 1 Production Specialist
515-460-1396
morrical@iastate.edu
My credentials
Hoosier by birth, Boilermaker by education
Small farm in Indiana
Attended Purdue
livestock judging and B&B
Graduate school NMSU
PhD Ruminant Nutrition
Sheep Specialist ISU (33 years)
Production specialist Premier 1 Supplies
Co-developer NSIP 1987
Co-developer Sheep Brands
Co-developer Goat Brands
Objective of Supplementation
Provide for animal needs
Low cost ($3-42/head per year)
Livestock do not read the labels
Types of Minerals
Macro Micro
Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Zn, Se, Co, Cu,
Na, Cl Mn, I, Fe, Mo
Required in PPM or mg/kg
.1 to .7% .3 to 50
Present Knowledge
NRC, 2007
NATIONAL SURVEY 353 FORAGE SAMPLES
Cattle Adequate Deficient Marginal
Copper 36% 14.2% 49.7%
Manganese 76% 4.7% 34.1%
Zinc 2.5% 48.6% 17.3%
Cobalt 34.1% 14.2% 49.7%
Selenium 19.7% 44.3% 19.3%
High antagonist
Iron 28%
Molybdenum 51%
Corah, KSU

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Ontario Feed Values
Suleiman etal. 1995
Macro Minerals Alfalfa Grass Corn Corn silage
Calcium, Ca 1.2% .64% .02% .24%
Phosphorous, P .20% .22% .29% .22%
Potassium, K 1.75% 1.87% .4% .82%
Magnesium, Mg .26% .2% .11% .18%
Sulfur, S probably short
Alberta Feed Value Survey 2018
Suleiman etal. 1995
Macro Minerals Alfalfa Brome Barley Corn Oats
Calcium, Ca 1.8% .57% .07% .06% .07%
Phosphorous, P .23% .16% .36% .32% .32%
Potassium, K 1.8% .54% .46% .50%
Magnesium, Mg .31% .15% .17% .14%
Sulfur, S .31% .16% .17%
Sodium, Na not reported but probably short
Alberta Feed values,
Micro Minerals Alfalfa Brome Barley Corn Oats
Zinc, Zn 27 21 40 24.8 34
Iron, Fe 213 167 88 74
Manganese, Mn 48 70 19 9 46
Copper, Cu 6.3 5.1 5.0 2.7 4.6
Molybdenum, Mo 3.0 2.2 1.4 1.7
Cobalt, Co 1.2 1.4 1.4 .19 2.0
Selenium, Se .33 .18 .15 .14 .10
Iodine, I not evaluated but probably deficient
IBC & ISWPB Micro Mineral Survey 2016
50 samples Aver SD Mark Shane
Copper 9.7 3.5 11.2 3.8
Iron 351 222 174 158
Zinc 26.4 8.0 37.7 10.8
Manganese 90.2 43.1 97.7 92.1
Molybdenum 1.9 1.1 2.2 6.8
Selenium .24 .21 .71 .32
Cobalt .44 .47 <.5 <.5
Iodine .35 .21 .31 .32
Do I have a problem?
Mineral Interactions
Copper
Sulfur
Molybdenum
Iron

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Mineral Interactions
Sulfur
Selenium
Biologically Critical Times
for Trace Minerals
Stress increases urinary excretion of Cu, Zn
Weaning, transport/shipping, parasitism, lactation and
cold stress
Reproduction (conception and fetal development, including fetal liver mineral
storage)
Immune response (vaccination titer response, neutrophil function, other
immune mechanisms?)
Requirements, 07 NRC
Stage of production
Other mineral levels
Age
Level of production
Ewe Lambs vs Ewes
Ewe lambs Ewes
E. Lactation Ca 8.6g 12g
E. Lactation P 7.9g 11g
Doing the math
Lactating ewes
4.5 lbs alfalfa hay and 2 lbs barley
4.5 X.24% P = .01 lb P
2.0 barley X .40%P = .008 lb P
.018 lb P X 454 g/lb = 8.2g provided vs 11g req.
Meeting animal needs
Mineral Consumption
Salt driven, but unfortified is big mistake
grain byproducts
molasses
Mineral Density
Se 10-90 PPM
controlled by FDA .69mg intake/d

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Comparison of Trace Mineral Sources
Gold SE/I BG TM Kelp
Se 90 88 90 .4
Zn 22.7K 21 6000 35
I 545 196 200 624
Mn 1454 15 520 1235
Mo 68 3.5 ?? 15.9
Co 60 4 30 12.3
Cu 2.6 0 0 6.4
Kelp feeding level suggested at 2% of ration or 1 ounce
Sheep Mineral Premix
Calcium 16%
Phosphorous 10%
Magnesium 6%
Salt %
Sulfur .35%
Magnesium 1%
Zinc 3040 PPM
short
Iron 5875 PPM
Iodine 69 PPM short
Cobalt 30 PPM okay
Selenium 60 PPM okay
Vitamin A 300K/KG
Vitamin D 100k/KG
Vitamin E 15K/KG = 150 IU/day
Activity level
.35 ounce
Mineral sources
Trace mineral salt
90-98% salt
only micro minerals
lower intake required
lower cost
approx. half price w/ lower intake
(mostly salt)
total cost of mineral supp. 25%
Water may also provide minerals
Premier 1 Supplies
Mineral Availability
Mineral form Absorption
Oxides (zinc oxide) low 20-40%
Sulfates (zinc sulfate) medium 40-60%
Chelates (selno yeast) higher 50-70%
Some research shows responses
Is it simply amount or improved availability
What should you do?
Test forages
Macro minerals
Micro MSU ($60 to $150)
Monitor mineral intake
put out set amounts, ex. Week’s supply
monitor how long it lasts

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BMP Selenium
Read mineral tag
Monitor mineral intake
Add to grain mix and force feed
Eliminates animal to animal variation
Needed year round
Pre-caution, some is good more may not be better. Toxic at 2 ppm
High S decrease absorption (DDGS)
also heavy metals
Copper Toxicosis
Prevention
Sheep specific feeds
No additional copper
Feed some Mo
CU & MO are both toxic
CU:MO ratio range 6-1 up to 10-1
Deficiency is possible with high Molybdenum
Milk Fever/Hypocalcemia
Miss diagnosed with ketosis, rapid response, pupil dilation
Treat with CMPK gel
Treat with calcium borogluconate
Excess potassium may increase incidence
Cation anion balance. Na and K positive ions
Chloride and sulfur are negatives (NH4Cl and MgS04)
,
Urinary Calculi
Calcium phosphorous ratio
Excess magnesium (.3)
Excess phosphorous (>.4)
Water management
Salt 10-20 pounds per ton
Ammonium chloride 10 pounds per ton
,
Vitamins in mineral sources
Vitamins are inactivated during storage
Half life 30 days
Do not count on them to help.
EX. 10 IU E per pound of mineral
Use Premier ADE premix with mineral
ISU Results - Serum E levels in ewes
ISU,900 IU injected weekly
Con E-G E-GL E-L
Pretreatment 1.27 1.26
Pre-lambing 1.51a 1.91b
Post-lambinga .93a 1.13b
Mid-lactation .97a .95a 1.28b 1.37b
Milk e at 3 days 10.8 15.1
a,b Row means with different superscripts differ (p<.05).
Base ration was excellent alfalfa hay and corn

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Results - Serum E lambs
Age Con E-G E-L E-GL
3 days 1.08 1.08
28 days .41 .38 1.33 1.33
BMP Vitamin E
Feed ewes or Nannies >100 IU/hd/d
late gestation and lactation
Creep feed minimum 60K IU/ton
Up to 100K IU per ton
Do not count on E in mineral
Concentration is way too low.
Grazing on green grass no problem
Late gestation
Stressful which leads to reduced immunity
Cold stress
Milk fever
inadequate calcium or too much other minerals
cation-anion imbalance, see Dairy Nutritionist
occurs in late, late gestation mostly
Reduced immunity leads to more health issues,
(mastitis, respiratory, uterine infections)
Reallocation of nutrients
On farm vitamin fortification
50 ewes free choice mineral with .5 ounce intake
Premier ADE premix 2 million A, .2 million D and 60,000 E / lb
Ewes need 3500 IU A and 150-300 IU E daily
3 pounds of E and 2 pounds of ADE
What should You do?
Harvest kidney and liver from deads.
Sample forages
Trace minerals are around $35-50/sample
Read mineral tags
Monitor mineral intake
Plain salt is not enough
Sheep have zero nutritional wisdom
Consult a nutritionist/veterinarian
Dietary Supplements ASI Lets Grow
Good Scales

7. 8/19/2021
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Questions?
DGM:ISU:2007
Questions