A complete report on "Transparent Electronics" for which a ppt is already uploaded in my uploads,

1. TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS
by
Name
Branch (Year)
Roll No.:
Submitted to the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Branch
Logo
College Name
University
(Month,Year)
Student Name:
Name
Student SignaturNe:
0|Page
Seminar Guide Name:
Name
Seminar Guide Signature:

2. Logo
Department of Electronics Engineering
College
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that seminar report entitled ―TRANSPARENT
ELECTRONICS” being submitted by <Student Name> of 3rd year
(Electronics and Communication Engineering), under the guidance of
<Guide Name>(Seminar Incharge).
Guide Name
(Seminar Incharge)
1|Page
HOD Name
(Head of Department)

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the B.Tech.seminar report
undertaken during B. Tech. 3rdYear. I owe special debt of gratitude to respected
<Guide Name>for her constant support and guidance throughout the course of my
work. Her sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for me. It is only her cognizant efforts that mine endeavorhave seen
light of the day.
I am very grateful to <HOD Name>, Head of the Department, for giving me
a chance to present this seminar.
I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution
of all dignitary Staff-members of <College Name> for their kind assistance and
cooperation during the development of my Seminar report. Last but not the least, I
acknowledge my friends for their contribution in the completion of the
seminarreport.
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of this project depends largely on
the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this report.
Student Name
B.Tech.
Branch- Year
Roll No. -
2|Page

4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction
5
Chapter 2 Pre- History
7
2.1. Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs)
7
2.2. Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs)
7
Chapter 3 How transparent electronics devices work?
9
3.1 Oxides play key role
Chapter 4Advancements made in Transparent Electronics
Chapter 5 Applications of Transparent Electronics
5.1 Imaginative Examples of use of Transparent Electronics
Chapter 6 Market of Transparent Electronics
11
13
18
19
20
6.1 Three Factors That Can Lead to the Commercial 22Awakening of
Transparent Electronics
6.1.1 Aesthetics
22
6.1.2 Integration
22
6.1.3 Improved Economics
23
6.1.4 Non-transparent aspects of transparent materials
23
Chapter 7 Future Scope
24
Chapter 8 Conclusion
25
Chapter 9 References
26
3|Page

5. LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHS
Fig 1.1 Transparent Computer (Artist‘s Imagination)
5
Fig 1.2 Transparent iPhone
6
Table 2.1 Electrical properties of common transparent conducting
7
oxides (TCOs).
Fig 2.1 Fabrication of a bottom-gate TFT with a SnO2 channel layer.
8
Fig 2.2 Structure of layered TFT
8
Fig 3.1 Typical ZnO-TFT characteristics
10
Fig 3.2 Development of ZnO and a-IGZO Semiconductors
11
Fig 3.3 Graph showing variation of transmittance and wavelength of 12
Substrate.
Fig 4.1 Characteristics other than Transparency.
14
Fig 4.2 Fabrication of fully transparent aligned SWNT transistors.
15
Fig 4.3 Generation of Transparent Electronics
16
Fig 5.1 Examples of Transparent Electronics Devices (Illustrative)
19
Fig 6.1 Forecast of Transparent Electronics Products by Application
20
Fig 7.1Graphene is transparent and can be used as material.
Fig 8.1 Usage of Transparent Electronics devices in future
4|Page
24
25

6. Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Transparent electronics (also called as invisible electronics) is an emerging
technology that employs wide band-gap semiconductors for the realization of
invisible circuits. This monograph provides the first roadmap for transparent
electronics, identifying where the field is, where it is going, and what needs to
happen to move it forward. Although the central focus of this monograph involves
transparent electronics, many of the materials, devices, circuits, and processintegration strategies discussed herein will be of great interest to researchers
working in other emerging fields of optoelectronics and electronics involving
printing, large areas, low cost, flexibility, wearability, and fashion and design.
Fig 1.1 Transparent Computer (Artist’s Imagination)
Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field focused
onproducing ‗invisible‘ electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices.
Applications include consumer electronics, new energy sources, and
transportation; for example, automobile windshields could transmit visual
information to the driver. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an
electronic device, possibly improving security systems or offering transparent
displays. In a similar vein, windows could be used to produce electrical power.
Other civilian and military applications in this research field include realtime
5|Page

7. wearable displays. As for conventional Si/III–V-based electronics, the basic device
structure is based on semiconductor junctions and transistors. However, the device
building block materials, the semiconductor, the electric contacts, and the
dielectric/passivation layers, must now be transparent in the visible –a true
challenge! Therefore, the first scientific goal of this technology must be to
discover, understand, and implement transparent high-performance electronic
materials. The second goal is their implementation and evaluation in transistor and
circuit structures. The third goal relates to achieving application-specific properties
since transistor performance and materials property requirements vary, depending
on the final product device specifications. Consequently, to enable this
revolutionary technology requires bringing together expertise from various pure
and applied sciences, including materials science, chemistry, physics,
electrical/electronic/circuit engineering, and display science.
During the past 10 years, the classes of
materials available for transparent electronics
applications have grown dramatically. Historically,
this area was dominated by transparent conducting
oxides (oxide materials that are both electrically
conductive and optically transparent) because of
their wide use in antistatic coatings, touch display
panels, solar cells, flat panel displays, heaters,
defrosters, ‗smart windows‘ and optical coatings.
Fig 1.2 Transparent iPhone
All these applications use transparent conductive oxides as passive electrical
or optical coatings. Oxide semiconductors are very interesting materials because
they combine simultaneously high/low conductivity with high visual
transparency.The field of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials has been
reviewed and many treatises on the topic are available. However, more recently
there have been tremendous efforts to develop new active materials for functional
transparent electronics. These new technologies will require new materials sets, in
addition to the TCO component, including conducting, dielectric and
semiconducting materials, as well as passive components for full device
fabrication.
6|Page

8. Chapter-2
PRE- HISTORY
The two technologies which preceded and underlie transparent electronics
are Transparent Conductive Oxides(TCOs) and Thin- Film Transistors (TFTs).
2.1 Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs)
TCOs constitute an unusual class of materials possessing two physical
properties- high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity. They are
generally considered to be mutually exclusive (Hartnagel et al 1995). This peculiar
combination of physical properties is only achievable if a material has a
sufficiently large energy band gap so that it is non-absorbing or transparent or
transparent to visible light, i.e., > ~3.1 eV and also possesses a high enough
concentration > ~1019 cm-3, with a sufficiently large mobility > ~1 cm2V-1s-1, that the
material can be considered to be a ‗good‘ conductor of electricity.
The three most common TCOs are indium oxide In2O3, tin oxide SnO2 and
zinc oxide ZnO2. All these materials have band gaps above that required for
transparency across the full visible spectrum.
Table 2.1 Electrical properties of common transparent
conducting oxides (TCOs). Conductivities reported are for bestcase polycrystalline films
Bandga
Electron
Materi
Conductivity
Mobility
p
Concentratio
-1
al
(Scm )
(cm2V-1s-1)
-3
(eV)
n (cm )
In2O3
3.75
10,000
>1021
35
21
ZnO2
3.35
8,000
>10
20
20
SnO2
3.6
5,000
>10
15
2.2Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs)
The thin-film transistor is another technologyunderlying transparent
electronics, since it is a bridge between passive electrical and active electronic
applications. Although TFTs were the subject of the earliest transistor patents, the
7|Page

9. first realization of a TFT was reported in 1961 by Weimer and fabricated via
vacuum evaporation using CdS as a channel layer. None of these undertakings
involved an attempt to realize a fully transparent TFT.
Fig 2.1Fabrication of a bottom-gate TFT with a SnO2 channel layer.
(a) Photo-resist is patterned by bottom exposure, using the aluminum
gate as a mask. (b) After photo resist development, a metal blanket
coating is evaporated. (c) Final TFT device structure after lift-off.
Fig 2.2 Structure of layered TFT
8|Page

10. Chapter-3
HOW TRANSPARENT ELECTRONIC
DEVICES WORK?
The challenge for producing "invisible" electronic circuitry and optoelectronic devices is that the transistor materials must be transparent to visible light
yet have good carrier mobilities. This requires a special class of materials having
"contra-indicated properties" because from the band structure point of view, the
combination of transparency and conductivity is contradictory.
Transparent electronics are nowadays an emerging technology for the next
generation of optoelectronic devices. Oxide semiconductors are very interesting
materials because they combine simultaneously high/low conductivity with high
visual transparency and have been widely used in a variety of applications (e.g.
antistatic coatings, touch display panels, solar cells, flat panel displays, heaters,
defrosters, optical coatings, among others) for more than a half-century.
Transparent oxide semiconductor based transistors have recently been
proposed using as active channel intrinsic zinc oxide (ZnO). The main advantage
of using ZnO deals with the fact that it is possible to growth at/near room
temperature high quality polycrystalline ZnO, which is a particular advantage for
electronic drivers, where the response speed is of major importance. Besides that,
since ZnO is a wide band gap material (3.4 eV), it is transparent in the visible
region of the spectra and therefore, also less light sensitive.
Transparent oxide semiconductor based transistors have recently been
proposed using as active channel intrinsic zinc oxide (ZnO). The main advantage
of using ZnO deals with the fact that it is possible to growth at/near room
temperature high quality polycrystalline ZnO, which is a particular advantage for
electronic drivers, where the response speed is of major importance. Besides that,
since ZnO is a wide band gap material (3.4 eV), it is transparent in the visible
region of the spectra and therefore, also less light sensitive.
9|Page

11. (a)
(b)
Fig 3.1 Typical ZnO-TFT characteristics (a) transfer and (b) output
characteristics, with the channel layer deposited at room temperature by rf
magnetron sputtering produced at FCT-UNL.
10 | P a g e

12. 3.1 Oxides Play Key Role:
One major reason why there has been such interest and activity in
transparent electronics recently is that there has been a sharp jump in the carrier
mobility of transparent semiconductors, which determines transparent TFT
characteristics. This now exceeds the carrier mobility of materials such as lowtemperature poly-Si (LTPS) and amorphous Si used in LCD panels.
Fig 3.2 Development of ZnO and a-IGZO Semiconductors Takes Off
Researchers have been interested in ZnO and InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO)
transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors in the last few years. Carrier
mobility of ZnO transistors was 7cm2/Vs in 2003, rising to 70 cm2/Vs in 2006,
and to 250 cm2/Vs in 2007. Several manufacturers have plans to use a-IGZO
in products. While there are remaining problems, transparent oxide p-type
semiconductors have also been in development.
Even better, it means lower cost. Transparent semiconductors such as GaN
and diamond are already known, but they come at high cost (materials,
manufacturing, etc) which makes them impossible to use in transparent electronic
devices demanding relatively large screens, such as displays. The candidate
materials attracting the most interest can be broadly divided into two oxide
categories. The first group is zinc oxide (ZnO), and the second is amorphous
oxides with heavy metal content, such as amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO). Both
11 | P a g e

13. pass visible light and are almost completely transparent. The carrier mobility of a
TFT made with ZnO is 250cm2/Vs, significantly higher than the 100cm2/Vs
achieved by LTPS. A TFT made with a-IGZO ranges from 1cm2/Vs to
100cm2/Vs, again significantly higher than the 1cm2/Vs max that amorphous Si
provides. The pace of R&D has been accelerating in the last few years, with
growth in ZnO carrier mobility especially rapid and manufacturers actively
developing applications based on a-IGZO. Announcements like that of LG
Electronics at E-MRS 2007 are based on a-IGZO.
A comparison of ZnO and a-IGZO shows that ZnO has the lead when it
comes to carrier mobility. At present, though, a-IGZO is the material of choice for
large-area displays, electronic paper utilizing low-temperature processing, etc.
There are even some organic transparent semiconductor materials, but even the
best only achieve a carrier mobility of around 5cm2/Vs. Organic semiconductors
are therefore limited to applications with larger area where the lower cost can be
leveraged.
Fig 3.3 Graph showing variation of transmittance (denoting
reflection) and wavelength of Substrate.
12 | P a g e

14. Chapter-4
ADVANCEMENTS MADE IN
TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS
Significant advances in the emerging science of transparent electronics,
creating transparent "p-type" semiconductors that have more than 200 times the
conductivity of the best materials available for that purpose a few years ago. This
basic research is opening the door to new types of electronic circuits that, when
deposited onto glass, are literally invisible. The studies are so cutting edge that the
products which could emerge from them haven't yet been invented, although they
may find applications in everything from flat-panel displays to automobiles or
invisible circuits on visors.
Most materials used to conduct electricity are opaque, but some invisible
conductors of electricity are already in fairly common use, the scientists said. More
complex types of transparent electronic devices, however, are a far different
challenge - they require the conduction of electricity via both electrons and
"holes," which are positively charged entities that can be thought of as missing
electrons.
These "p-type" materials will be necessary for the diodes and transistors that
are essential to more complex electronic devices.Only a few laboratories in the
world are working in this area, mostly in Japan, the OSU scientists. As recently as
1997, the best transparent p-type transparent conductive materials could only
conduct one Siemens/cm, which is a measure of electrical conductivity. The most
sophisticated materials recently developed at OSU now conduct 220 Siemens/cm.
These are all copper oxide-based compounds that we're working with. Right
now copper chromium oxide is the most successful. Researchers continue to work
with these materials to achieve higher transparency and even greater conductivity.
13 | P a g e

15. Fig 4.1 Characteristics other than Transparency. Transparent
semiconductors, inaddition to being transparent, have a number of useful
characteristics, including a wide band gap, relatively high carrier mobility,
low-temperature manufacturability, and low manufacturing costs thanks to
the low-temperature process and inexpensive materials. As a result, R&D into
properties other than transparency is also active.
Researchers at Oregon State University and Hewlett Packard have
reported their first example of an entirely new class of materials which could be
used to make transparent transistors that are inexpensive, stable, and
environmentally benign. This could lead to new industries and a broad range of
new consumer products,scientists say. The possibilities include electronic
devices produced so cheaply they could almost be one-time "throw away"
products, better large-area electronics such as flat panel screens or
flexibleelectronics that could be folded up for ease of transport.Findings about this
new class of "thin-film" materials, which are called amorphous heavy-metal cation
multicomponent oxides, were just published in a professional journal, Applied
Physics Letters. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and
Army Research Office.
This is a significant breakthrough in the emerging field of transparent
electronics, experts say. The new transistors are not only transparent, but they work
extremely well and could have other advantages that will help them transcend
carbon-based transistor materials, such as organics and polymers, that have been
the focus of hundreds of millions of dollars of research around the world.
14 | P a g e

16. Fig 4.2 Fabrication of fully transparent aligned SWNT transistors. (a)
Schematic diagram of aligned SWNT transfer and adevice structure
consisting of a substrate (glass or PET), ITO as back gate, SU8 as dielectric,
aligned SWNTs as channel, andITO as source and drain. (b) SEM image of
transferred aligned SWNTs on SU8 on a glass substrate. (c) SEM image of
devicesshowing the ITO source and drain electrodes fabricated on glass. Inset:
SEM image of aligned nanotubes bridging ITO electrodes.(d) Optical
micrograph of fully transparent aligned SWNT transistors on a 4 in. glass
wafer. (e) Optical micrograph offully transparent aligned SWNT transistors
on a PET sheet of 3 in. -4 in.
15 | P a g e

17. "Compared to organic or polymer transistor materials, these new inorganic
oxides have higher mobility, better chemical stability, ease of manufacture, and are
physically more robust," said John Wager, a professor of electrical and computer
engineering at OSU. "Oxide-based transistors in many respects are already further
along than organics or polymers are after many years of research, and this may
blow some of them right out of the water."
"Frankly, until now no one ever believed we could get this type of electronic
performance out of transparent oxide transistors processed at low temperatures,"
Wager said. "They may be so effective that there will be many uses which don't
even require transparency, they are just a better type of transistor, cheap and easy
to produce."
Fig 4.3 Generation of Transparent Electronics
The newest devices are zinc-tin-oxide thin film transistors, according to
collaborating researchers in the OSU College of Engineering, OSU College of
Science and at Hewlett Packard. They are an evolution of zinc oxide transistors,
which gained attention as the world's first see-through transistor when OSU
scientists announced their discovery last year. But this new material combines the
characteristics of different elements to give levels of electronic performance and
16 | P a g e

18. "mobility" – in electronics, an observation about how fast electrons can move
within a material – that are an order of magnitude faster than the earlier transparent
transistors, Wager said.
They are amorphous, meaning they have no long range crystalline order,
which helps to keep processing costs a great deal lower. They are also physically
robust – hard to scratch, chemically stable, resist etching, and have a very smooth
surface. They are made from low cost, readily-available elements such as zinc and
tin, which raise no environmental concerns.
From material and design advancements to new innovativeprocessing
methods, there have been significant recentachievements in the area of transparent
electronics.Materials & Performance advancements in transparent wideband gap
electronic materials are described in the articles reportingon metal oxide, GaN, and
rare earth systems. Materialenhancements focusing on lowering resistivity and
increasingmobility are described. Attention is given to both experimentaland
modeling and simulation efforts. These papers discuss measuredmaterial
properties, modeling results, and performance ofstructures up to the complexity of
TFTs.Along with material progress; advancements in FabricationTechniques are
required to enable new device designs andnew applications.The full benefits of
transparent electronics are seen in thefinal device design and performance.
Transparent electronicsenable advancements in device technologies and open the
opportunityfor new applications. Application articles focused onthe benefits of
transparent electronics include display and organiclight-emitting diode devices.
17 | P a g e

19. Chapter-5
APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS
As the oxide semiconductors are wide band gap materials, transparent TFTs can be
easily realized by the combination of transparent electrodes and insulators.
Transparency is one of the most significant features of TAOS TFTs. As the band
gap of a-Si is 1.7 eV and that of crystalline-Si is 1.1 eV, ‗transparent electronics‘
cannot be realized in Si technology. In TAOS TFTs, features of high mobility or
low process temperature have attracted a lot of attention. However, transparency
has been underestimated or even neglected in the research and development of
TAOSs. Few examples of actual applications have been reported exploiting the
transparency of TAOSs until now [25, 26]. Transparent circuits will have
unprecedented applications in flat panel displays and other electronic devices, such
as see through display or novel display structures. Here, practical examples taking
advantage of the transparency of TAOS TFTs are: Reversible Display, ‗Front
Drive‘ Structure for Color Electronic Paper, Color Microencapsulated
Electrophoretic Display, and Novel Display Structure – Front Drive Structure.
Indium oxide nanowire mesh as well as indium oxide thin films were used to
detect different chemicals, including CWA simulants.
They have been widely used in a variety of applications like:
1. Antistatic coatings
2. Touch display panels
3. Solar cells,
4. Flat panel displays
5. Heaters
6. Defrosters
7. Optical coatings etc
18 | P a g e

20. 5.1 Imaginative Examples of use of Transparent Electronics
You are travelling in a car and you want to watch a movie or video play.
Now the glass shields i.e. window panels will turn into a television screen and this
is possible with this technology. This is helpfulwhen the driver can't take away his
eyes from road but still want to watch out a map of route.Then front window panel
acts display with the help of this tech.
Fig 5.1 Examples of Transparent Electronics Devices (Illustrative)
19 | P a g e

21. Chapter-6
MARKET OF TRANSPARENT
ELECTRONICS
Eventually the materials suite used by transparent electronics will stabilize
and the role of organic electronics materials and nanomaterials in transparent
electronics will become clearer. But as we have explained above, the possible
technical directions that these materials are likely to take are fairly well defined;
although we should not exclude surprises entirely.
Fig 6.1 Forecast of Transparent Electronics Products by Application
Opportunities in the area of the transparent electronics products themselves
can be somewhat difficult to pick out. This is not just because of the diversity of
the possible products that can be built within the context of transparent electronics
paradigm, but also because both the actual past of transparent electronics so far and
the somewhat futuristic prognostications about transparent electronics that have
20 | P a g e

22. been widely published are a distraction from understanding what can really be
achieved in the next few years with transparent electronics:
Too cool to succeed: Transparent electronics suffers, we believe, from the
fact that it is so cool that it virtually cries out to be built into highly futuristic
scenarios. And this is exactly what has happened. Just a casual look at the literature
on transparent electronics—even the formal technical literature—usually reveals
quite quickly a slew of references to science fiction movies in which transparent
electronics are featured. The favorite in this regard is the Tom Cruise movie
―Minority Report,‖ but other movies are also referenced. This is all a lot of fun, but
gives a false impression of the current state of the art in transparent electronics and
what might be achieved using this technology. Watching Cruise in ―Minority
Report,‖ it is never quite clear just why he is using transparent displays in his work.
In other words, these display are props not just in the sense that they are not
physically real (they don‘t actually function). They are also divorced from market
realities.
Current apps for transparent electronics are quite primitive:
Paradoxically, the other reason why systems opportunities in the transparent
electronics space can be difficult to identify is the exact opposite of the overoptimism reported on in the previous bullet point. A quick examination of the
current offerings that might reasonably be included under the heading of
―transparent‖ electronics reveals not products that, with a little tinkering could
make it into ―Minority Report II,‖ as it were, but rather primitive niche products.
For example, in the display space, if one looks for transparent displays, what
one will find are simple passive matrix LED and EL displays which represent a
tiny niche within the digital signage business; they are displays with very limited
functionality. Similarly, self-tinting smart windows have been around long enough
to show that they cannot compete with a conventional window, when a customer is
looking for something that enables good natural lighting and attractive views. Or
where tinting is critical to the specific application, the difference between tinted
and untinted offered by a smart window is just not great enough. Again, we are
looking at products and concepts that are out of tune with market realities.
21 | P a g e

23. 6.1 Three Factors That Can Lead to the Commercial Awakening of
Transparent Electronics
Given all this, the big question is can transparent electronics move beyond
the fanciful on the one hand and low-performing niche products on the other? In
our view, there are four critical aspects of ―transparency‖ that the design and
marketing of transparent electronics products needs to focus on for it to become a
serious revenue earner. These factors are (1) aesthetics, (2) integration (3)
improved economics and (4) (somewhat paradoxically), aspects of transparent
materials that are not directly related to transparency:
Other relevant drivers for transparent electronics may be discovered over
time, but these are the ones that seem to matter now.
As the transparent electronics materials suite that we discussed earlier
improves, it seems reasonable to expect an increased ability of transparent
electronics to compete over all and any of the three dimensions mentioned above.
6.1.1 Aesthetics
It is intrinsically hard to measure the impact of aesthetics on market
response, but important to remember that aesthetics has always been a key factor in
marketing glass products; the glass industry having a considerably longer history
and deeper understanding of marketing transparent products than the emerging
transparent electronics industry.
Aesthetics seems to be key too much of the transparent electronics that has
appeared to date. The simple transparent displays that is already available for use
in advertising use ―transparency‖ to gain extra attention. And transparent solar
panels are being deployed in part because they look better than large framed solar
panels installed in an all-too-visible fashion on a roof.
6.1.2 Integration
Because transparency enables visual access to multiple layers of a large-area
panel it permits an additional level of integration. This is most obvious in the
transparent overlay displays that are already being built in prototype by the display
22 | P a g e

24. industry; but it is also part of the design story in the smart-window concepts that
are being dreamed up that combine self-tinting windows, OLEDs and PV.
6.1.3 Improved economics
Obviously, in the end all of the advantages attributable to PV reduce to
improved economics, but in some cases this is more obviously the case. One
example of that is in the PV space again, where transparent solar panels represent
an example of building integrated PV in which the cost of building materials and
of PV can be distributed over a common substrate, thereby reducing total
expenditures.
6.1.4 Non-transparent aspects of transparent materials
As mentioned above, in the case of transparent conductors, some transparent
electronic materials have been developed without truly transparent electronics in
mind as an application. However, it is possible that the converse could be true as
well; that is that materials that are developed specifically with transparent
electronics in mind could find a larger market.
The primary example—perhaps the only example, so far—of this kind of thing
relates to the oxide TFTs that are being developed with transparent display
backplanes in mind. There is also serious consideration being given to the
possibility that these TFTs could be used in OLED displays more generally—that
is, in non-transparent OLED displays—on price and performance grounds
Obviously, the business potential for transparent electronics is limited if all the
work and all the press releases concerned just materials and research devices. This
would suggest that the only market for the new materials would be the R&D
community, which is a real market and one that is extremely interested in buying
new materials; but in very small quantities.
Fortunately, there are also signs that the transparent electronics market is
beginning to move beyond the niche products that are mentioned above. It is
particularly gratifying that transparent displays are now moving from being the
province of little signage firms to one that interests the likes of Apple, LG,
Microsoft and Samsung. And when one digs down a little further it is possible to
find interest in designing transparent solar panels from major PV firms.
23 | P a g e

25. Chapter-7
FUTURE SCOPE
It should be apparent from the discussion that although much progress has
been made in developing new materials and devices for high performance
transparent solar cells, there is still plenty of opportunity to study and improve
device performance and fabrication techniques compared with the nontransparent
solar cell devices. In particular, the stability of transparency solar cells has not
been studied yet. Solution-processable transparent PSCs have become a promising
emerging technology for tandem solar cell application to increase energy
conversion efficiency. The transparency of solar cells at a specific light band will
also lead to new applications such as solar windows. The field of energy harvesting
is gaining momentum by the increases in gasoline price and environment pollution
caused by traditional techniques. Continued breakthroughs in materials and device
performance, accelerate and establish industrial applications. It is likely that new
scientific discoveries and technological advances will continue to cross fertilize
each other for the foreseeable future.
Fig 7.1Graphene is transparent and can be used as material
It would not be a complete surprise to find players in the smart window;
sensor and lighting industries also begin to invest substantially in transparent
electronics over the next few years.
24 | P a g e

26. Chapter-8
CONCLUSION
Oxides represent a relatively new class of semiconductor materials applied
to active devices, such as TFTs. The combination of high field effect mobility and
low processing temperature for oxide semiconductors makes them attractive for
high performance electronics on flexible plastic substrates. The marriage of two
rapidly evolving areas of research, OLEDs and transparent electronics, enables the
realization of novel transparent OLED displays. This appealing class of see
through devices will have great impact on the human–machine interaction in the
near future. EC device technology for the built environment may emerge as one of
the keys to combating the effects of global warming, and this novel technology
may also serve as an example of the business opportunities arising from the
challenges caused by climate changes The transparency of solar cells at a specific
light band will also lead to newapplications such as solar windows. The field of
energy harvesting is gaining momentum by the increases in gasoline price and
environment pollution caused by traditional techniques. Let us hope that we are
soon going to see transparent technology being implemented in our lives.
Fig 8.1 Usage of Transparent Electronics devices in future
25 | P a g e

27. Chapter-9
REFERENCES
 ‗Transparent Electronics ‘, Springer
J.F.Wager, D. A. Keszler, R. E.Presley.
publications,
 ‗Transparent electronics: from synthesis to applications‘,
Wiley publications:Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks.
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.ieee.org
 www.alternative-energy-news.info/transparent-a-solar-energy-breakthrough/
 www.nanomarkets.net
 www.nikkeibp.co.jp
26 | P a g e