Human anatomy 3

1. Introduction
Anatomy: derived from Greek ‘anatome
• ‘Ana’=apart, ‘tomy’=cutting
• Anatomy is the setting (structure) in which the events
(functions) of life occur
• Is the study of
– The structure and shape of the body
– Body parts and their relationships to one another
• Anatomy can be
– Gross anatomy
• Study large (observable) body structures such as the
heart or bones
– Microscopic anatomy
• Study of body structures that are too small to be seen
with the naked eye
Human Anatomy 1

2. Introduction…
• How can we study Anatomy?
– By cutting (dissecting cadaver)
– By careful looking
– By using microscope
Human Anatomy 2

3. Levels of Structural Complexity of the body
• The structures of the human body are organized
into several levels, similar to the way letters of
the alphabet, words, sentences, paragraphs, and
so on are organized. Listed here, from smallest
to largest, are:
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism
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4. Chemical Level
• At chemical level it include Atoms the smallest units of
matter that participate in chemical reactions, and
molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Atoms: C,
H, O, N, Ca, K, Na
– Molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins,
water
– Molecules combine to form structures at the next
level of organization—the cellular level
Cellular Level
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of
living organism
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5. Tissue Level
• Consists of groups of similar cells that
have a common function
• 4 types
• epithelium
• muscle
• connective
• nervous
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6. Organ Level
● A structure that is composed of at least two tissue
types which performs a specific function for the
body
System Level
 Organs that cooperate with one another to perform
a common function
Organism Level
 The highest level of organization, the living
organism
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7. Human Anatomy 7

8. Systems of the body
• The 11 human systems
– Integumentary
– Skeletal
– Muscular
– Nervous
– Endocrine
– Circulatory
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Urinary
– Reproductive
– Immune system
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9. Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position
• Is a standard body position at which our
body parts are described
• In the anatomical position,
– body is erect
– Head, eyes and toes directed forward
– lower limbs close together with the
feet parallel
– Arms at side with palms facing forward
All anatomical descriptions are expressed
in relation to the anatomical position
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10. Human Anatomy 10

11. Directional Terms
• Explain exactly where one body structure is in relation
to another
• Includes
– Anterior (ventral) : Toward or at the front of the body
– Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back of the body; behind
– Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
– Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
– Proximal : closer to the origin of the body part
– Distal: farther from the origin of a body part
– Superficial : toward or at the body surface
– Deep : away from the body surface; more internal
– Superior : Toward the head or upper part of a structure or
the body
– Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of a
structure or the body
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12. Directional Terms
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13. Human Anatomy 13

14. Directional Terms…
• Anterior (ventral)
• Posterior (dorsal)
• Medial
• Lateral
• Proximal
• Distal
• Superficial
• Deep
• Superior
• Inferior
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15. Positional terms
• Hand
– Posterior surface - Dorsum of Hand
– Anterior surface - Palmar surface
• Foot
– Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot
– Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface
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16. Terms of movement
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Rotation
• Circumduction
• Eversion
• Inversion
• Supination
• Pronation
• Protrusion
• Retrusion
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17. Terms of movement
• Flexion:
– A bending movement that decreases the
angle of the joint.
– Movement on the transverse axis
• Extension
– A movement that increases the angle
of the joint.
– Movement on the transverse axis
• Circumduction
– Movement of a limb in a circle
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18. Terms of movement…
• Abduction:
– Movement of a limb away
from midline or a spreading
of the digits of the hand or
foot
• Adduction:
– Movement of a limb toward
midline or in the case of the
digits toward the midline of
the hand or foot
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19. Terms of movement…
• Rotation
– Rotation is the turning of a bone
around its own long axis
– Two types
• Medial Rotation
– brings the anterior surface of a
limb closer to the median plane
– Movement on vertical axis
• Lateral Rotation
– takes the anterior surface away
from the median plane.
– Movement on vertical axis
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20. Terms of movement…
• Supination: rotating
forearm & hand so that
the palm faces
anteriorly.
• Pronation: rotating
forearm & hand so that
the palm faces
posteriorly.
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21. Terms of movement…
• Thumb:
– Flexion
– Extension
– Abduction
– Adduction
– Opposition
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22. Terms of movement…
• FOOT
– Inversion – Moving the sole of the
foot towards the median plane.
– Eversion –Moving the sole of the
away from the median plane.
–
– Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in
which the dorsal surface of foot
comes closure to the front of leg
– Plantarflexion – A movement of foot
in which the dorsal surface of foot
goes away from the front of leg.
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23. Terms of movement…
• Trunk
– Flexion
– Extension
– Rotation
• Left
• Right
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24. Terms of movement…
• Trunk…
– Lateral Flexion
• Left And Right
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25. Regional Terms
• Referring to different regions of the body
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26. Protraction and Retraction
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27. Elevation and Depression
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28. Body Planes and Sections
• Body planes are imaginary lines that divide body parts
into sections
• Sagittal plane
– Divide the body into right and left parts
– Can be mid-sagittal or parasagittal
• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and
posterior parts
• Transverse plane
– Divide the body or organ into superior and inferior
parts
– It is also called a cross section
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29. Human Anatomy 29

30. Body Planes and Sections…
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31. Human Anatomy 31

32. Body Cavities
• Are cavities that provide different degrees of protection to
the organs within them
• Divided into two
• Dorsal Body Cavity
– Has two subdivisions
• Cranial cavity
• Spinal cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity
– Includes
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
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33. Body Cavities…
Dorsal body cavity
• Cranial cavity
– Is the space inside the bony
skull
– Contains brain
• Spinal cavity
– Extends from the cranial
cavity nearly to the end of
the vertebral column
– Houses spinal cord
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34. Body Cavities…
• Thoracic cavity
– Houses organs like heart, lungs
– Somewhat protected by rib cage
– Contains mediastinum (location of heart)
• Abdominal cavity
– Contains stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, liver,
etc…
– Separated form thoracic cavity by diaphragm
• Pelvic cavity
– Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum
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35. Other Body Cavities
• In addition to the large closed body cavities,
there are also many smaller body cavities
– Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavities
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
– Synovial cavities
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36. Human Anatomy 36

37. Abdomino-Pelvic cavity
• Is the largest cavity
• Subdivided into smaller areas
called quadrants
– Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
– Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
– Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
– Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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