With the invention of new Li-fi technology, you will soon find light bulbs of your car, light lamps in your room, lights in subway, flashlight of your mobile and any other light source are providing you internet access at very high speed.Li-fi technology is the another milestone in the history of information technology. You have got the idea that Li-Fi Technology is something light. Yes, Li-fi technology or light-fidelity technology transmits data wirelessly at high speeds with the use of light emitting diodes.

1. INTERNET OF THINGS
INTERNET OF THINGS
WHAT IS INTERNET OF THINGS?
The Internet of Things (IOT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique
identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.
“Today computers -- and, therefore, the internet -- are almost wholly dependent on
human beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes (a petabyte is
1,024terabytes) of data available on the internet were first captured and created by human
beings by typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture or scanning a bar code.
The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy -- all of which
means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. If we had
computers that knew everything there was to know about things -- using data they gathered
without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything and greatly
reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or
recalling and whether they were fresh or past their best.”

2. INTERNET OF THINGS
HISTORY OF INTERNET OF THINGS
The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices
had been around longer, at least since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called
“embedded internet” or “pervasive computing”. But the actual term “Internet of Things” was
coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work at Procter & Gamble. Ashton who was
working in supply chain optimization, wanted to attract senior management’s attention to a
new exciting technology called RFID. Because the internet was the hottest new trend in 1999
and because it somehow made sense, he called his presentation “Internet of Things”.
Even though Kevin grabbed the interest of some P&G executives, the term Internet of
Things did not get widespread attention for the next 10 years.
IOT TAKES OFF
o The concept of IoT started to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010.
Information leaked that Google’s StreetView service had not only made 360 degree
pictures but had also stored tons of data of people’s Wifi networks. People were
debating whether this was the start of a new Google strategy to not only index the
internet but also index the physical world.
o The same year, the Chinese government announced it would make the Internet of
Things a strategic priority in their Five-Year-Plan.
o In 2011, Gartner, the market research company that invented the famous “hype-cycle
for emerging technologies” included a new emerging phenomenon on their list: “The
Internet of Things”.
o The next year the theme of Europe’s biggest Internet conference LeWeb was the
“Internet of Things”. At the same time popular tech-focused magazines like Forbes,
Fast Company, and Wired starting using IoT as their vocabulary to describe the
phenomenon.
o In October of 2013, IDC published a report stating that the Internet of Things would
be a $8.9 trillion market in 2020.

3. INTERNET OF THINGS
o The term Internet of Things reached mass market awareness when in January 2014
Google announced to buy Nest for $3.2bn. At the same time the Consumer
Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas was held under the theme of IoT.
The above graph shows impressively how the term “Internet of Things” has outgrown all
other related concepts in popularity.
WHAT MAKES UP THE INTERNET OF THINGS?
The Internet of Things also includes people – this is particularly important in areas such as
home automation, where humans can control the environment via mobile applications.
Through services, such as cloud services, massive volumes of data (“big data”) are being
processed and turned into valuable information, innovative applications are built and run, and
business processes are being optimized by integrating device data, as shown below.
IoT also needs IoT Platforms – the type of middleware that is used to connect the IoT
components (objects, people, services, etc.) to the IoT. The IoT platforms provide numerous
functions, such as access to devices, ensuring the proper installation and behaviour of the
device, data analytics, and interoperable connection to the local network, cloud, or other
devices. Finally, all of the components in an IoT environment should be tied together by
networks through various wireless and wire line technologies, standards, and protocols to
provide pervasive connectivity.

4. INTERNET OF THINGS
IOT COMPONENTS
IoT Components Description
Physical Objects: Things
Sensors Sense the physical environment
Actuators Affect the physical environment
Virtual Objects Electronic tickets, Agendas, Books, Wallets
People
Ex.: Humans can control the environment via
mobile apps
Services
Ex.: Cloud services – can be used to:
• Process big data and turn it into valuable
information
• Build and run innovative applications
• Optimize business processes by integrating
device data.
Platforms
Type of middleware used to connect IoT
components (objects, people, services, etc.) to
IoT. Provide numerous functions:
• Access to devices
• Ensuring proper installation/behavior of
device
• Data analytics
• Interoperable connection to local network,
cloud or other devices.
Networks
IoT components are tied together by networks,
using various wireless and wire line
technologies, standards, and protocols to
provide pervasive connectivity.

5. INTERNET OF THINGS
GOOD AND BAD IN IOT
 Looking at the current IoT landscape, among “the good” are the standards efforts
(including architectural and platform reference implementations), the growing number
of available products, and the numerous potential benefits.
 Among “the bad” are the overlapping IoT standards efforts, apparent incompatibility
of devices with proprietary technologies, and multiple complex security challenges.
WEARABLES IN IOT
The first wearable’s DevCon for developers of wearables was held in San Francisco
5-7 March 2014 and was greeted with great enthusiasm, with more than 1,000 people
attending the three-day event. With the introduction of Google Glass, Epson Moverio,
Pebble, and Fit bit, wearables have certainly captured the attention of many consumers and
enterprises. While some of these wearables mainly provide a single function, such as fitness
tracking, health monitoring, and message display, others have taken on the integration of
multiple functions in the same device; the BASIS watch, for example, combines time, fitness,
and health-monitoring functions into a single device.
According to a new market report published by Transparency Market Research,
“Wearable Technology Market-Global Scenario, Trends, Industry Analysis, Size, Share and
Forecast, 2012-2018,? the global wearable technology market is expected to grow from
US$750 million in 2012 to US$5.8 billion in 2018. U.K.-based Juniper Research projects that
the number of wearable devices shipped will rise from about 13 million in 2013 to 130
million in 2018, and the size of the market will jump from US$1.4 billion in 2013 to US$19
billion in 2018. Business Insider Intelligence projects shipments of 100 million units in 2014
and forecasts the market will ultimately be worth about US$12 billion per year. Such widely
divergent forecasts by research firms are typical when industries are in their relative infancies
and hyper growth mode.

6. INTERNET OF THINGS
Enabling Intelligent Public Transportation Using IOT
BENEFITS OF IOT
• Enhancing efficiency and convenience to use public transport, connecting Para transit and
mass transit modes.
• Optimize Emergency services saving lives and reducing road congestion contributing back
to GDP.
• Provide Road Safety to commuters and drivers by regulating driving behaviour and
managing optimized routes
• Enable Parking assistance and Automated Road Tolling
• Create Vehicle to Vehicle and Vehicle to Infrastructure ecosystem and leveraging the Smart
Phone Ecosystem.
Fleet Management, Vehicle Management and Track & trace Management.

7. INTERNET OF THINGS
THE CLOUD AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS ARE INSEPARABLE
The Internet of things requires the cloud to work, and the cloud will evolve to better
serve IOT
The annual Consumer Electronics Show (CES) last week featured plenty of cloud-related
announcements from a wide variety of companies. Indeed, most new devices, from
refrigerators to cars, have a massive cloud-based back end. The cloud components of these
technologies are becoming more systemic. Indeed, the cloud is assumed.
More and more, people expect everything to be connected. No matter if it’s a washer and
dryer, a refrigerator, or a car, they all communicate or will communicate with cloud servers.
Why? Companies that make these devices understood early on that it does not make sense to
keep all the smarts and storage in the device itself, and these devices must be instantly
upgradable for them to have long-term value. Think about your TV service or smartphone
updates. That's how cars and thermostats -- and eventually everything else that’s electronic in
your home -- are beginning to work.
However, there are downsides to all this connectivity -- security, for one. Although I don’t
mind my TV getting hacked, I am concerned about the connected car I’ll be driving. Worse,
I’m not seeing a focus on security by manufacturers. It’s going to take a few close calls for
the industry to wake up and understand that anything connected must come with well-defined
and well-implemented security.
We’ll see a lot of growth in cloud-based services for devices in the next few years, much of it
from Amazon Web Services, Google, and Microsoft, plus some from purpose-built clouds
that device developers may share or use exclusively. We’ll see growth in compute and
storage services to support these devices, and we'll see upgrades in communications
networks, including higher-speed cellular systems that will rival the pace of home networks.
Keep in mind that this is not some future development. It’s happening right now. Look at the
number of devices that are connected to your Wi-Fi hub at home as evidence that we’re
undergoing a major change in how we use technology. This change cannot happen without
the use of cloud services. And the explosion in cloud-enabled devices is one more reason
cloud-based systems usage will explode in the next several years.

8. INTERNET OF THINGS
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONIN IOT
Public transportation is reducing energy consumption and harmful carbon dioxide
(CO2) greenhouse gas emissions that damages the
environment. Traveling by public transportation uses less energy and produces less pollution
as compared to travel in private vehicles.
To make progress in reducing our dependence on foreign oil and impacting climate
change, public transportation must be part of our M2M
solution.
State Transport system in India is inefficient and slack. Lots of buses are involved in
the public transport; they run on the scheduled time every day. The system has many
problems that could be resolved by implementing M2M solutions. We have discovered some
the problems that couldbe consideredforIndianscenario.

9. INTERNET OF THINGS
PROBLEMS:
• Overloaded buses
• Less frequency of buses
• Breakdown of buses (e.g. proper maintenance & BCP)
• Planning and priority on the basis of availability and urgency of the service provision
(e.g. traffic system and priority management system integration)
• Accidents by public transport vehicles due to rash driving
PLANNING AND MANAGING THE BUSES:
The basic requirements for the use case is that all the Bus depot are connected to each other
and all the small bus stands will be connected
to the respective depots of the town. The source depot will update the departure time of the
bus to all the bus stands and the destination
depot. GPS tracking and tracing systems will provide the information about how far the bus is
from the destination and the estimated time
of arrival. The number of the passengers waiting at the respective bus stand will be updated
frequently.

10. INTERNET OF THINGS
REQUIREMENTS:
• GPS devices
• Wheel speed sensors
• Torque sensors
• Sensors measuring the health of the vehicle
BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT:
Wi-Fi at each bus stop and each bus depot

11. INTERNET OF THINGS
IOT IN RAIN
Completely compatible with existing technologies that provide IP connectivity to
devices, RAIN allows us to of identify, locate, authenticate and engage with the everyday
things. RAIN has the capability to interface with sensors on the things and so can provide the
information we need.
COST OF IOT
You must strike a balance between cost, function, and reliability. There are IoT
considered deceives that are as simple as Bluetooth beacons you find in retail to devices
remotely monitoring oil and gas equipment.
For a High level picture i think the simplest way is to envision a node with
sensor--MCU--transceiver attached to some power supply.( This is an over simplification)
I am sure you are familiar with prototyping an IoT device with an arduino or Rasberry Pi so I
will go into the reqs for a commercial ready product. (there are consumer products that do use
aurdino processors in their solution) There is a BIG gap going from prototype to production.
Unlike software you need to source components and manufacturing from suppliers.
Additionally you have to meet FCC regulatory standards and get your product approved.
ARCHITECTURE OF IOT
PROTOCOLS
Rather than trying to fit all of the IoT Protocols on top of existing architecture models
like OSI Model, we have broken the protocols into the following layers to provide some level
of organization:

12. INTERNET OF THINGS
1. Infrastructure (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL)
2. Identification (ex: EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
3. Comms / Transport (ex: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
4. Discovery (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD)
5. Data Protocols (ex: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Web socket, Node)
6. Device Management (ex: TR-069, OMA-DM)
7. Semantic (ex: JSON-LD, Web Thing Model)
8. Multi-layer Frameworks (ex: Alljoyn, IoTivity, Weave, Home kit)
COMMUNICATION / TRANSPORT LAYER
Ethernet
Wireless Hart
"Wireless HART technology provides a robust wireless protocol for the full range of process
measurement, control, and asset management applications."
Digi Mesh
"DigiMesh is a proprietary peer-to-peer networking topology for use in wireless end-point
connectivity solutions.
ISA100.11a
"ISA100.11a is a wireless networking technology standard developed by the International
Society of Automation (ISA). The official description is "Wireless Systems for Industrial
Automation: Process Control and Related Application"
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media access control for
low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15
working group. It is the basis for the ZigBee,ISA100.11a, Wireless HART, and MI WI

13. INTERNET OF THINGS
specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing the upper layers
which are not defined in IEEE 802.15.4. Alternatively, it can be used with 6LoWPAN and
standard Internet protocols to build a wireless embedded Internet.
NFC
Based on the standard ISO/IEC 18092:2004, using inductive coupled devices at a center
frequency of13.56 MHz. The data rate is up to 424 kbps and the ranges with a few meters
short compared to the wireless sensor networks.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth works in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses frequency hopping. With a data rate up to
3 Mbps and maximum range of 100m. Each application type which can use Bluetooth has its
own profile.
Eddy stone - A protocol specification that defines a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) message
format for proximity beacon messages.
ZigBee
The ZigBee protocol uses the 802.15.4 standard and operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range
with 250 kbps. The maximum number of nodes in the network is 1024 with a range up to 200
meter. ZigBee can use 128 bit AES encryption.
EnOcean
EnOcean is a an energy harvesting wireless technology which works in the frequencies of
868 MHz for Europe and 315 MHz for North America. The transmit range goes up to 30
meter in buildings and up to 300 meter outdoor.
Wi-Fi
WiMax
WiMax is based on the standard IEEE 802.16 and is intended for wireless metropolitan area
networks. The range is different for fixed stations, where it can go up to 50 km and mobile
devices with 5 to 15 km. WiMAx operates at frequencies between 2.5 GHz to 5.8 GHz with a
transfer rate of 40 Mbps.
LTE-MTC (LTE-Machine Type Communication) - Standards-based family of technologies
supports several technology categories, such as Cat-1 and CatM1, suitable for the IoT.
EC-GSM-IoT (Extended Coverage-GSM-IoT) - Enables new capabilities of existing cellular
networks for LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) IoT applications. EC-GSM-IoT can be

14. INTERNET OF THINGS
activated through new software deployed over a very large GSM footprint, adding even more
coverage to serve IoT devices.
Lora WAN - Network protocol intended for wireless battery operated Things in regional,
national or global network.
RPMA (Random phase multiple access) A technology communication system employing
direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with multiple access.
Cellular:
GPRS/2G/3G/4G cellular
DISADVANTAGES
 Three of the main concerns that accompany the Internet of Things are the
breach of privacy, over-reliance on technology, and the loss of jobs.
 When anything is put on the internet it will always be there. Of course there
are security measures that are taken to protect information, but there is always
the possibility of hackers breaking into the system and stealing the data.
 Meanwhile the government is supposed to have the highest level of security,
yet their system was easily breached. Therefore, if all of our information is
stored on the internet, people could hack into it, finding out everything about
individuals lives.
 If there are multiple companies that are given access to the information
acquired, doesn’t that breach consumers privacy? Also, where is the
information going to be stored? Phone service suppliers such as Verizon and
AT&T are no longer offering unlimited data usage for mobile phones because
it is too costly, yet by 2020 it is expected that 50 billion devices will be
connected, collecting and storing data (Evans, 2011).
 No system is robust and fault-free. We see glitches that occur constantly in
technology, specifically involving the internet. Depending on the amount that
an individual relies on the information supplied could be detrimental if the
system collapses. The more we entrust and the more dependent we are on the
Internet could lead to a potentially catastrophic event if it crashes.
 Finally the connecting of more and more devices to the Internet will result in
the loss of jobs. The automation of IoT “will have a devastating impact on the
employment prospects of less-educated workers” (Schumpeter, 2010).

15. INTERNET OF THINGS
ALARM CLOCK
You’ve got to be kidding me. I never have to wake up unnecessarily again? That sounds
awesome. As I watched Frederick Vander bosh build his project commissioned by element14,
I wished I’d had this clock when I was in university. Can you imagine? I lived in Montreal
where the winters are brutal. If my train had been delayed or the weather was horrendous, I
could have stayed in bed! Even better would be an alarm clock that tells you when your
classes are cancelled or your professor is delayed! Yup – this amazing clock needs to be built.
PROJECTS BASED ON IOT
 IOT based Smart Parking in busy city environment. Monitoring of parking spaces in the city.
Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical
monuments which info is critical to government.
 IOT based Noise pollution monitoring in Urban and Rural areas Sound monitoring in
important zones like schools, hospitals, residential, factory etc.. in real time.
 IOT based Traffic Congestion and warning systems. Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian
for efficient traffic management for driving and walking routes.
 IOT based Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights for
efficient use of power.
 IOT based Smart Waste Management in cities. Detection of garbage points and rubbish levels
in containers to optimize the trash collection routes.
 IOT based Smart Roads Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions
according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
 IOT based home automation : project kit that allows user to easily control home appliances
and automate homes using internet of things to control loads.
CONCLUSION
This IOT makes a new environment for living people. Using this IOT we can manage huge
amount of electricity and using this IOT we can secure our home and environment without
any authorized users. I hope that this IOT is boon for all over the world.
PREPARED BY
R. AJITH KUMAR, III YEAR, CSE,
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI.