2. Preposition
• A preposition is a word or a group of words used
before a noun/pronoun to show relationships
between nouns, pronouns and other words in a
sentence
• E.g. :
• I went to Delhi at 9 p.m.
• The book is kept in the bag.
3. • at , in , of, for, to , by, with, but,
etc.
• Combining prepositions with
nouns, adjectives or an
adverb.
• Examples : into, across,
within, beside, upon,
Phrase
• Single word preposition like
Compound
Simple
Types of Prepositions
• Prepositions used as group of words
. For Ex.
• According to,
• in accordance with,
• In order to
• Instead of etc.
4. Position of Prepositions
Prepositions are generally used before noun/pronoun.
For example:
I saw him in the park.
The cat is sitting under the table.
When the object is an interrogative pronoun or a
relative pronoun, the preposition is placed at the end of
the sentence. For eg.
What are you looking for ?
This is the book I was talking about.
5. Position of Prepositions
• When the object is relative pronoun, the
preposition is placed at the end of the sentence:
• These are the words that I was referring to.
7. Preposition -(TIME)
Prepositions
Usage
FOR
For starting time
Before numbers of days/hours/months/years
TILL/UNTILL
For ending time
For duration of time
BY
For ending time
For maximum limit of time
WITHIN
A restricted period of time
8. Prepositions –(PLACE)
Prepositions
ON
IN
AT
Usage
For an open space
For certain side
For floor in a house
For public transport
For TV/Radio etc.
For a closed space/room
Building, street, town
Countries, continents
Book, paper etc.
Car, taxi
Picture, world
For a fix space
For village
For events like concert/party
Places where you do something typical
(to watch a movie, to study, etc.)
9. Prepositions- (PLACE)
Prepositions
BESIDE
Usage
Left/right of something
BESIDES
In spite of
UNDER
Show exactness, on the ground lower than something
BELOW
Does not show exactness, lower than something but above
ground
TO
Movement to person, building, place, or country
INTO
Process of entrance
ASIDE
To talk in separation
TO KEEP ASIDE
To save
11. Correct Usage of Prepositions:
Beside
Besides
It means ‘ at the side of ’
it means ‘in addition to’
Examples:
•My school is beside the lake.
Examples:
• He is learning French besides English
language.
12. In /At / On (place )
• IN – used for bigger places, districts, countries etc.
• AT – used for smaller towns, or villages.
• ON – used for streets, roads, floor etc.
Examples:
• He lives at A31, UPSIDC Area Naini in Allahabad.
• His house is on the third floor.
13. In /At / On/ By (time )
• IN – used for years/months.
• ON – used for days.
• AT – used for time.
• BY – indicates the latest time by which the action is finished.
• Examples :
• I hope to finish it by 1 February.
• They will visit the hill station in summer.
• We will be there at 6:30 p.m. on Friday.
14. Between / Among
• BETWEEN – used for two persons or things.
• AMONG – used for more than two persons or things.
Examples :
• Ayush stood between Akshat and Ankit.
• This is a social ritual that exists among the tribals.
15. Below / Under
• BELOW –as ‘lower/less than’ or ‘inferior to’.
• UNDER – means according to
•
lower in rank
•
in course of time
• Examples:
• Raju is below 17 so he cannot appear for casting vote.
• Take any number below hundred.
• No one below the officer’s rank can apply for the post.
• The building is under construction.
• The LDC is working under Section Officer.
16. In / Within
• IN – while referring to time ‘in’ indicates the
end of a certain period.
• WITHIN- it means before a certain period of
time.
• Examples:
• We will be back in three days.
• They will repay the loan within three years.
17. By / Until
• BY – means not later than mentioned time.
• UNTIL – means upto the point in time or event
mentioned not before that.
• Eg.
• We hope to finish it by Monday.
• He will be in office until 11 a.m.
18. CONJUNCTIONS
A Conjunction is a word which is used to connect
words, phrases and clauses.
Examples :
• He is poor but he is honest.
• Arvind and Vipul are good friends.
19. Types of Conjunctions
• One type of conjunction is the coordinating
conjunction.
• They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which
are sentences.
• They connect things of equal value.
(This means that they would connect a noun with
another noun or a prepositional phrase with another
prepositional phrase.)
20. Types of Conjunctions
• There are seven coordinating conjunctions: Use
FANBOYS to remember
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
21. Kinds of Coordinating Conjunctions
Cumulative conjunctions
Alternative conjunction
•And,
• too,
•not only…. But also
•As well as
•Either…or
•Neither….nor
•Else
•Otherwise
Adversative Conjunctions
Illustrative conjunctions
•Whereas/while
•However
•Yet
•Still
•but
•for,
•Then
•Therefore
•Nevertheless
•so
22. Subordinate Conjunctions:
• A conjunction that joins a dependent clause with
a independent clause to form a complex
sentence. These are :• Whether, though, before, until, unless, if etc.
23. Kinds of Subordinating Conjunctions
TIME
•Till
•Before
•After
•As long/so long
•Then
•since
CONDITION
•If
•Unless
•Provided
•As if
•Whether or not
CAUSE
•Because
•For
•As
CONTRAST
•Though
•Whereas/while
•Whether…or
•yet
24. Exercise:
i.
He is reserved………….his brother is
outspoken.
ii. Work hard……..you fail.
iii. Children are admitted only……they qualify the
entrance test.
iv. She is smarter……you think.
v. Robin is …..smart ….clever.
vi. The team played well …..won the match.
vii. I shall not attend the party …….. He invites me.
25. Exercise:
viii) It is so heavy …..anyone no one can lift it
ix) …………… you complete the assignment
submit it to me.
x) The program has been…..organized…..everyone
was happy.
26. Correct the following Sentences
• Defeated in 1964,Nixon did not know, as he ever was wanted to run for
office again.
• My parents bought a new house and they still like the old one.
• While it was very cold, I continued to study.
• I won national merit scholarship but I was very proud.
• As it is raining, we have an umbrella
27. Correction
• Defeated in 1964,Nixon did not know whether he ever wanted
to run the office.
• My parents bought a new house but still they like the old one.
• Although it was very cold, I continued to study.
• I won a national merit scholarship and I was very proud.
• Because it is raining we have an umbrella.
28. What is an Interjection?
• An interjection is something that interrupts a
sentence.
• It is something that also expresses your
emotions like happiness, fear, anger, or pain.
• Some examples of interjections are:
ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no, gosh, shhhh
29. Punctuating Interjections
• If an interjection is spoken calmly, simply put a
comma after it and continue the sentence.
Ex. Shhh, the baby is sleeping.
Ex. Oh my, I dropped my pencil.
30. Punctuating Interjections
• If an interjection is spoken with more emotion, it
is followed by an exclamation point. The next
word is then capitalized.
Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger.
Ex. He scored the winning touchdown. Wow!
