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Water.pptx
1.
2. UNIT-8
WATER
Prepared By - Ajara Bhattarai
Roll No-21
BNS2nd Year
T/L Practicum
Maharajgunj Nursing Campus
3. General Objective
• At the end of this session BSc Nursing 1st year
students will be able to explain about method
purification of water in small scale.
4. Specific Objectives
At the end of this session BSc 1st year students will
be able to:
• state about filtration.
• describe the cleaning technique of ceramic filter.
• explain about ultraviolet irradiation method.
• describe about solar disinfection method.
• explain about chemical disinfection method.
• state bout reverse osmosis method of water
purification.
5. Purification of water in small scale
• Boiling
• Filtration
• Ultraviolet irradiation
• Solar disinfection method
• Chemical disinfection
• Multi stage reverse osmosis purification of
water
• Disinfection of well
6. Filtration
• Water can be purified on a small scale by
filtering through various different types of
filter including ceramic filters .
• The essential part of a filter is the filtration
membrane or channel or candles.
• Filter candles of the fine type usually remove
bacteria found in drinking water.
7. Household Sand Filter
• Household filters are attractive option for
household treatment.
• These filters are made from locally available
materials like clay pots and barrel.
• These filters reduce 99.98% protozoan, 90-
99% bacterial, and variable viral reduction.
8.
9. Cloth Filtration or Straining
• Cloth is used to filter.
• If the dirt does not pass through the cloth then
it is working correctly.
• Straining alone is unlikely to make
contaminated water a safe drinking water.
• It makes other household water treatment
easier.
12. Introduction
• Ceramic water filters are a versatile method of
water filtration.
• These are popular choices because of their
affordability, longevity, and powerful filtration
properties.
• One of the oldest methods of water filtration.
13. Mechanism of Action
• Filters work by allowing water to flow through
the millions of tiny pores a half micron in size,
trap impurities as the water passes through
them.
• The inside of the filter is a convoluted maze of
sharp angles designed to catch impurities.
• The ceramic is also often impregnated with
silver ions.
14. Mechanism of Action cont’d
• It removes various types of sediment of water.
• It removes turbidity of water.
• Filter removes Microbial cysts like Giardia and
Cryptosporidium E. coli, Shigella, and
Salmonella.
• It does not remove virus present in the water.
• It cannot alone filter substance like VOCs,
heavy metals, chlorine.
15. Techniques of cleaning ceramic filter
• Carefully remove the ceramic candle from the
unit’s housing.
• Scrub the filter under running water or in a
bowl of water with a clean plastic brush,
toothbrush, or soft scouring pad.
• Avoid soaps and detergents, or rough materials
like steel wool.
16. Cont’d
• If there is carbon material placed inside the
ceramic filter then it should be cleaned as
directed and used as per the allocated gallons.
• Washer is properly seated, re-install the filter.
19. Introduction
• Germicidal property of UV rays have been
recognized for years.
• This method of disinfection involves the
exposure of a film of water, upto about 120
mm thick, to one or several lamps emitting
ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 254
(Nano-meter).
20. Introduction Cont’d
• The water should be free from turbidity and
suspended or colloidal constituents for
efficient disinfection.
21. Advantages
• Chemical Free
• Taste & Odor Free
• Extremely Effective
• Requires very little energy
• Low Maintenance
• Choosing right UV size is important.
• UV systems are often paired with reverse
osmosis for the complete filtration of water.
25. Solar Disinfection
• Also known as SODIS.
• It is a simple, low-cost, easily applicable
means of ensuring clean, drinkable water.
• SODIS uses the sun’s radiation (specifically
UV-A rays and heat) to destroy pathogenic
micro-organisms present in water.
• The exposure to sunlight should be at least six
hours, or until the water reaches a temperature
of 55°C.
26. Preparation
• Check if the climate and weather conditions
are suited for SODIS.
• Collect plastic PET (Poly Ethylene
Terephthalate) bottles of one litre or 1-2 liter
volume.
• Each family member should be assigned two
bottles per day.
• Check if the screw cap is water tight and
clean.
27. Preparation cont’d
• Clear, plastic bottles are used for SODIS
application.
• Bottles should be laid out on a suitable heat-
reflecting surface – roofing sheets, CGI
(Corrugated Iron) sheets etc. in a clear spot on
the roof or garden.
• Check if the water is clear enough.
28. Preparation cont’d
• Filling the bottles 75% first and shaking the
bottle for 20 seconds increases the oxygen in
the water, which, combined with the UV
radiation helps to fight pathogens. Fill the rest
of the water after shaking the bottle.
• Bottles should be placed horizontally.
• Its efficiency can be increased by coloring one
side of the plastic bottle by black paint,
keeping water in aluminum foil.
29. Effectiveness
• It is effective against bacteria like E-coli,
Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella
paratyphi, Pseudomonas,
• Viruses like rota virus.
• Candida, aspergillus
30. Chemical Disinfection
• Bleaching powder
• Chlorine solution
• High test Hypochlorite
• Chlorine Tablet
• Iodine
• Potassium permanganate
31. Bleaching Powder
• White amorphous powder with pungent smell
of Chlorine.
• Freshly made contains 33% of available
chlorine.
• Unstable on exposing to air, light and moisture
rapidly loses its chlorine.
• Mixed with lime for stability.
32. High Test Hypochlorite
• Perchloron is a calcium compound which
contains 60-70% of available chlorine.
• More stable than bleaching powder.
• Deteriorates much less on storage.
33. Chlorine Solution
• Prepared from bleaching powder.
• 4kg of bleaching powder with 25% available
chlorine is mixed with 20liters of water will
give 5% solution of chlorine.
• Readymade chlorine solutions with different
strength are also available in the market.
• Chlorine is subjected to loss on exposure to
sunlight or prolonged storage.
34. Chlorine Tablets
• Trade names like piyush is available.
• Good for small quantities of water but costly.
• A single tablet of 0.5gm is sufficient to
disinfect 20 liters of water.
35. Iodine
• 2drops of 2% of ethanol iodine for 1 liters of
clear water with contact period for 20-30
minutes.
• High cost.
• Presence of active thyroid activity is its major
disadvantages.
36.
37. Potassium Permanganate
• Not widely used.
• No longer recommended.
• It kills vibrio cholera.
• Alters taste and smell of water.
42. Introduction
• Reverse Osmosis water filtration process is
simple and straightforward.
• It is accomplished by water pressure pushing
tap water through a semi permeable
membrane to remove contaminants from water.
• It makes water both chemically and
microbiologically safe.
43. Introduction Cont’d
• This process differs from standard filtration
where impurities are collected within the filter
media.
• Clean water goes to the holding tank, and the
contaminants are flushed down the drain.
47. References
• Basavanthapa, BT.( 2016). “Community Health Nursing”, 3rd
edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(P) ltd.
• Dahal, K. Rai, A.(2012). “A text book of Community Health
Nursing I”, 4th edition, Makalu Publication.
• Park, K.(2021). “Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine”, 26th Edition, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers
Pune.
• Manandhar, M.(2018). Community Health Nursing, 2nd
edition, Akshav Publication.
• Rao S, B.(2010). Principles of Community Medicine,5th
edition, Aitbs Publishers, page no: Stanhope M. and
Lancaster J.(1984) Community Health Medicine, 2nd edition,
Mosby publisher
48. • Prabhakara, G.N., (2005). “Textbook of
Community Health for Nurses”, 1st edition,
Peepee publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd.s
