Nucleic acids splicing including DNA and RNA.

1. What is RNA splicing?

2. Genetic information is transferred from genes to the
proteins they encode via a “messenger” RNA intermediate
DNA GENE
messenger RNA
(mRNA)
protein
transcription
translation

3. Most genes have their protein-coding information interrupted
by non-coding sequences called “introns”. The coding sequences
are then called “exons”
DNA GE NE
intron
exon 1 exon 2
transcription
precursor-mRNA
(pre-mRNA)
intron

4. The intron is also present in the RNA copy of the gene and
must be removed by a process called “RNA splicing”
protein
translation
mRNA
RNA splicing
pre-mRNA
intron

5. Splicing a pre-mRNA involves two reactions
pre-mRNA
intron branchpoint
A
spliced mRNA
Step 2
intermediates
Step 1
A

6. Splicing occurs in a “spliceosome”
an RNA-protein complex
(simplified)
pre-mRNA spliced mRNA
spliceosome
(~100 proteins + 5 small RNAs)
Splicing works similarly in different organisms, for
example in yeast, flies, worms, plants and animals.

7. RNA is produced in the nucleus of the cell. The
mRNA has to be transported to the cytoplasm to
produce proteins
Ribosomes are RNA-protein machines that make
proteins, translating the coding information in the
mRNA

8. Pre-messenger RNA Processing
cytoplasm
nucleus
mRNA
RNA splicing
M7G AAAAAAA200
pre-mRNA
intron
exon exon
AAAAAAA200
M7G
transport
M7G AAAAAAA200
ribosomes
protein
cap poly(A) tail

9. Alternative splicing
In humans, many genes contain multiple introns
3 4 5
1 2
1 2 3 5
4
intron 2 intron 3 intron 4
intron 1
Usually all introns must be removed before the
mRNA can be translated to produce protein

10. However, multiple introns may be spliced differently in
different circumstances, for example in different
tissues.
1 2 3 5
Heart muscle mRNA
1 4
3 5
Uterine muscle mRNA
Thus one gene can encode more than one protein. The proteins are
similar but not identical and may have distinct properties. This is
important in complex organisms
3 5
4
2
1
pre-mRNA

11. Different signals in the pre-mRNA and different proteins
cause spliceosomes to form in particular positions to give
alternative splicing

12. 7
6
5
7
5
6
5 7
Fas pre-mRNA
APOPTOSIS
Alternative splicing can generate mRNAs encoding proteins with
different, even opposite functions
(programmed
cell death)
Fas ligand
Soluble Fas
(membrane)
Fas
Fas ligand
(membrane-
associated)
(+)
(-)

13. Alternative splicing can generate tens of thousands of mRNAs
from a single primary transcript
12 48 33 2
Combinatorial selection of one exon at each of four variable regions generates more than
38,000 different mRNAs and proteins in the Drosophila cell adhesion molecule Dscam
The protein variants are important for wiring of the nervous system and for immune response
protein
mRNA
pre-mRNA

14. The Genetic Code
• Describes how nucleotide sequence is
converted to protein sequence
• Unit of three nucleotides = a codon
• A codon codes for a specific amino
acid (structural component of protein)

15. • The four bases can
form 64 different
codons
• 20 amino acids are
found from the
nature
• Regulatory codons

16. The Nature of the Genetic Code
• A group of three bases codes for one amino
acid
• The code is not overlapping
• The base sequence is read from a fixed
starting point, with no punctuation
• The code is degenerate (in most cases, each
amino acid can be designated by any of
several triplets

17. Features of the Genetic Code
• All the codons have meaning: 61 specify amino acids,
and the other 3 are "nonsense" or "stop" codons
• The code is unambiguous - only one amino acid is
indicated by each of the 61 codons
• The code is degenerate - except for Trp and Met, each
amino acid is coded by two or more codons
• Codons representing the same or similar amino acids
are similar in sequence