Using LaTeX for beginners, with few remarks about using Arabic in LaTeX.

1. Text Editing Using
LaTeX
Dr. Aisha Abdulahi
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2. Outlines
■ Introduction
■ Writing the First Document
■ Text Formatting
■ Figures
■ Tables
■ Bibliography
■ Arabic Text
■ References
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3. What is LaTeX?
■ TeX is a computer program created by Donald E. Knuth, 1979.
■ Last update was released on 12/01/2014, version number =
3.14159265 ≈ 𝜋
■ ‘Technology’ stems from a Greek root Tex; and this same
Greek word means art as well as technology.
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4. What is LaTeX?
■ LaTeX is a macro package that enables authors to typeset
and print their work at the highest typographical quality,
using a predefined, professional layout using TeX engine.
■ Originally written by Leslie Lamport.
■ LaTeX is pronounced in English as “Lay-tek” or “Lah-
tek”.
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5. Installing LaTeX
■ LaTeX-Core, in windows MiKTeX is one of the most commonly used.
http://ctan.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/CTAN/systems/win32/miktex/setup/basic-
miktex-2.9.6161-x64.exe
■ Basic installation, you need to install packages as you go (e.g. the above link).
■ Complete installations, installs everything, all at once.
■ The editor, where you write your document
we will use, TeXstudio
https://sourceforge.net/projects/texstudio/files/texstudio/TeXstudio%202.11.2/texs
tudio-2.11.2-osx-qt5.6.zip/download
■ There are similar software for Mac, and Linux based OS.
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6. Why LaTeX? Advantages
■ Separation of formatting and content
■ Free, and Open Source
■ Made for scientists
■ Built-in referencing capability
■ Speed
■ Portable
■ Reliability
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7. First Document in LaTeX
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documentclass{article}
begin{document}
Hello World! Hello LaTeX.
end{document}
Latex Output

8. Files in LaTeX
Input
.tex Latex input file. Can be compiled with latex
.sty
Style Macros in LaTeX, can be loaded using
usepackage
System
.log Gives a detailed account of the last compiler run.
.aux
Transports information from one compiler run to the
next, and stores cross-references information.
Output
.dvi Device Independent File, viewed DVI previewer
.ps .pdf
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9. Files in LaTeX
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10. LaTeX Document Structure
documentclass To define the document type
preamble
author{},title{},date{} To store the author, the title, and the date
usepackage To extend latex beyond its basic functionality.
New command To write document
begin{document}
frontmatter Before the real content, Latin numbering
mainmatter The content, and in Arabic numbering
backmatter Contains appendices, bibliography, letter
numbering,
end{document}
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11. article
For articles in scientific journals, presentations, short reports, program
documentation, invitations, ...
IEEEtran For articles with the IEEE Transactions format.
proc A class for proceedings based on the article class.
report For longer reports containing several chapters, small books, thesis, ...
book For real books.
slides For slides. The class uses big sans serif letters.
memoir
For changing sensibly the output of the document. It is based on the book
class, but you can create any kind of document with it.
letter For writing letters.
beamer For writing presentations.
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documentclass[options]{class}

12. 12/20/2016 12
documentclass[options]{class}
10pt, 11pt, 12pt size of the main font, default is 10pt.
a4paper,.. Defines the paper size.
twocolumn two columns instead of one.
twoside, oneside
Specifies whether double or single sided output should be
generated.
landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode.
Example
documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside, lanscape]{report}

13. Document Title
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documentclass{article}
author{Aisha Abdulahi}
title{Text Editing using LaTeX
Workshop}
date{December 13, 2016}
begin{document}
maketitle
Hello World! Hello LaTeX.
end{document}
Latex Output
Use maketitle command

14. Packages
■ usepackage[options]{package}
■ Options are additional information to the package
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Package Usage
graphicx Allows you to insert graphic files within a document.
xcolor Adds support for colored text.
listings To insert programming code within the document.
arabtex,
babel
For Arabic language support.

15. Parts, Chapters, Sections, and the Table
of Contents
section{…} Heading 1
subsection{…} Heading 1.1
subsubsection{…} Heading 1.1.1
parts{…}
To split the document in parts without
influencing the section or chapter numbering
chapter{…}
With the report or book document classes,
adds additional top-level sectioning.
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To generate the Table of Contents, use tableofcontents command!

16. Abstract
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documentclass{article}
begin{document}
begin{abstract}
Your abstract goes here...
end{abstract} ...
end{document}
Latex

17. Units in LaTeX
Unit Description
pt
A point, is the default length unit. About
0.3515mm
mm a millimetre
cm a centimetre
in an inch
ex the height of an x in the current font
em the width of an m in the current font
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18. Units in LaTeX - Relative
Relative Unit Description
columnwidth width of the column
linewidth width of the line in the current environment
paperwidth width of the page
paperheight height of the page
textwidth width of the text
textheight height of the text
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19. Font Sizes
tiny{text} normalsize{text} huge{text}
scriptsize{text} large{text} Huge{text}
footnotesize{text} Large{text}
small{text} LARGE{text}
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Latex chooses the appropriate font and font size
based on the logical structure. In some cases, you
may want to set fonts and sizes by hand.

20. Font Families
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Font Family Command
Serif (roman) textrm{text}
Sans Serif textsf{text}
Typewriter texttt{text}
Serif (Left), Sans (Right), while
typewriter is the font similar to code
fonts and typewriters.

21. Font Styles
Format Command
Italic textit{text}.
Bold textbf{text}.
Underline underline{text}
Emphasized emph{text}
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22. Paragraph
■ A paragraph is specified in LaTeX using
– Blank line
– par
– begin{paragaraph}
paragraph text
end{paragraph}
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23. Paragraph Formatting –Line Spacing
■ baselineskip
minimum space between two
successive lines in a paragraph;
may be changed (in the preamble)
using
setlength{baselineskip}{value}
■ linespread{value}
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Value Line spacing
1.0 single spacing
1.3
one-and-a-half
spacing
1.6 double spacing

24. Paragraph Formatting
■ setlength{parindent}{4em}
■ setlength{parskip}{1em}
■ Both in the preamble area
before begin{document}
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25. Paragraph Formatting – Text Alignment
Alignment Command Commnd 2
Left begin{flushleft} paragraph end{flushleft} raggedright
Right begin{flushright} paragraph end{flushright} raggedright
Centre begin{center} paragraph end{center} centering
Justified It’s the default in LaTeX justify
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26. Lists in LaTeX
Bullet points
begin{itemized}
item
item
item
end{itemized}
Numbering
begin{enumerate}
item
item
item
end{enumerate}
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27. Footnotes
■ footnote{text in the footnote}
■ To change the default number
– footnote[10]{text in the footnote}
■ To separate the footnote mark, and the text
– footnotemark
– footnotetext{text}
■ Multiple references for the same footnote
– footnotemark[value{footnote}]
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28. Footnotes – Numbering Style
■ renewcommand{thefootnote}{roman{footnote}}
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Style Description
arabic Arabic numerals.
roman Upper case Roman numerals.
alph Alphabetic lower case.
Alph Alph Alphabetic upper case.
fnsymbol A set of 9 special symbols.

29. Page Header/Footer
■ It is mostly used in documentclass{book}
■ To change the style
pagestyle{myheadings}
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plain Both the header and footer are cleared (blank) in this page
style.
myheadings footer is empty, header contains the page number on right
side (on even pages) or on left side (on odd pages) + user-
supplied information; first page of each chapter, footer
contains centred page number, header is blank.
empty This is the default style. The header is empty and the
footer contains page numbers in the centre.

30. Page Header/Footer
■ usepackage{fancyhdr}
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pagestyle{fancy} Sets the fancy header style.
fancyhf{} clears the header and footer.
rhead, chead, lhead Prints the text included inside
the braces on the (right, center,
left) side of the header.
rfoot, cfoot, lfoot Prints the text included inside
the braces on the (right, center,
left) side of the footer.

31. Figures in LaTeX
■ usepackage{graphicx}
■ For a separate images directory
graphicspath{ {images/} }
makes referencing easier.
■ More than one path graphicspath{{images1/}{images2/}}
■ If no path is set LATEX will look for pictures in the folder where the
.tex file is saved.
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32. Figures in LaTeX
■ includegraphics[options]{imagefile}
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width=xx width of the imported image to xx.
height=xx height of the imported image to xx.
keepaspectratio
scale the image according to both height and width
[true/false]
scale=xx Scales the image by the desired factor.
angle=xx rotates the image by xx degrees
trim=l b r t crops the image [left, bottom, right, top]
resolution=x Specify image resolution in dpi

33. Figure Caption & Position
■ To add a caption to the figure or to change the alignment
begin{figure}[h]
includegraphics[options]{image filename}
caption{text}
end{figure}
■ To specify the alignment of the image use centering,
raggedright, raggedleft
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34. Wrapping a Figure
■ To insert your figure within the text, usepackage{wrapfig}
begin{wrapfigure}{x}{y}
includegraphics[options]{logo}
caption{text}
end{wrapfigure}
■ x: defines the alignment of the figure, (l: left, r: right, etc.)
■ y: the width of the figure box. It's not the width of the image itself!
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35. Referencing Figures, List of Figures
■ Add label{fig:figurename} to the
previous figure command.
■ ref{fig:figurename} within the referring
text.
■ Finally, to generate the list of figures, use
listoffigures.
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36. Tables in LaTeX
begin{tabular}{||c c c c||}
hline
Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 [0.5ex]
hlinehline
1 & 6 & 87837 & 787
2 & 7 & 78 & 5415
5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 [1ex]
hline
end{tabular}
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No of columns, and
Vertical borders
Horizontal Borders
Cell height

37. Table Caption, Referencing, and List of
Tables
begin{table}[h]
<Table Design>
caption{text}
end{table}
■ Add label{table:1} to the previous command.
■ ref{table:1}, within the referring text.
■ listoftables command to generate the list of table for the
document.
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38. Mathematical Expressions
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39. Mathematical Expressions
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40. Mathematical Expressions
Mathematical
Environments Inline
( ),
$ $
begin{math}
end{math}
Display Numbered
begin{equation}
end{equation}
Unnumbered
[ ],
$$ $$,
begin{displaymath}
end{displaymath}
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41. Subscript & Superscript
■ The underscore, _, is
used to indicate a
subscripted text.
■ ^ is used to indicate a
superscripted text.
■ If the expression is of
more than one letter,
use {} to enclose it.
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42. Brackets and Parentheses
Dynamic Resizing
■ [
left{
begin{tabular}{ccc}
1 & 5 & 8
0 & 2 & 4
3 & 3 & -8
end{tabular}
right }
]
Manual Resizing
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43. Fractions and Bionomials
■ frac{numerator}{denominator}
for fractions
■ bionom{n}{k}, for bionomials
■ You need to
usepackages{amsmath}
■ Example
[
binom{n}{k} = frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}
]
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44. Bibliography in LaTeX
■ Embedded System
 Writing few documents
 Not planning to write more on the same subject.
 No need then to create a database of references you are never
going to use.
■ BibTex
best way to manage references in LaTeX
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45. Embedded System
■ The bibliography environment
bibliographystyle{plain}
begin{thebibliography}[n]
bibitem{citekey}
the list of information
end{thebibliography}
N: pattern for no. of references, [9] means 9 references or less.
■ There are many other styles in latex, see the next Table.
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46. Bibliography Styles in LaTeX
Style Name Author Name
Format
Reference Format Sorting
unsrt Homer Jay Simpson #ID# as referenced
plain Homer Jay Simpson #ID# by author
alpha Homer Jay Simpson Sim95 by author
acm Simpson, H. J. #ID#
abbrv H. J. Simpson #ID# by author
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There other styles in BibTex, and with NatBib package

47. Bibliography Styles in LaTeX
■ To cite a reference use cite{citekey}
citekey has to be unique
■ Usually set to the author's surname, followed by
the year of publication
■ nocite, nocite{*}
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48. Embedded System
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Citation
Instead of WYSIWYG editors, typesetting systems like TeX or LaTeX cite{lamport94}
can be used.
Bibliography
bibliographystyle{plain}
begin{thebibliography}{9}
bibitem{lamport94}
Leslie Lamport,
Document preparation system, Addison Wesley,
Massachusetts,
2nd edition,
1994.
end{thebibliography}
Latex

49. Embedded System
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Output

50. BibTeX
Book Conference Paper Journal Article
@book{Xbook,
author = "",
title = "",
publisher = "",
volume = "",
number = "",
series = "",
address = "",
edition = "",
year = "XXXX",
month = "",
note = "",
}
@conference{Xconference,
author = "",
title = "",
booktitle = "",
editor = "",
volume = "",
pages = "",
address = "",
year = "XXXX",
month = "",
publisher= "",
note = "",
}
@article{Xarticle,
author = "",
title = "",
journal = "",
volume = "",
number = "",
pages = "",
year = "XXXX",
month = "",
note = "",
}
There are other standard templates such as, @phdthesis, @misc., and others
Refer to https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Bibliography_Management
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51. Using the .bib File
■ For a bib file named: file.bib
■ Use bibliography{file, file2, …}
■ You shouldn’t include the file extension
■ If it is in different folder use:
use bibliography{/some/where/file}
or bibliography{../file} if it is in the parent directory.
■ Adding the bib file adds an extra complexity to the latex document,
now you need to clean the directory, and execute the code twice.
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52. BibTeX Referencing Software
■ There are many applications that simplify the work of
BibTeX, such as JabRef.
■ You can download it from here
https://www.fosshub.com/JabRef.html
■ Tutorial for using JabRef
http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~tayloj/JABREF.TUTORIAL/
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53. Arabic Text in LaTeX
usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} Input encoding, allows for many
different languages.
usepackage[LFE,LAE]{fontenc} Supports specific characters for
Arabic language.
usepackage{arabtex} Supports right-to-left writing.
usepackage[arabic]{babel} Proper hyphenation and translating
the names of the document
elements.
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54. ‫الاليتاك‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫بالعربية‬ ‫عنوان‬ ‫صفحة‬
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documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{report}
usepackage{arabtex}
usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
usepackage[LFE,LAE]{fontenc}
usepackage[arabic]{babel}
title{ ‫النصوص‬ ‫تحرير‬ ‫في‬ ‫تدريبية‬ ‫دورة‬
‫الاليتاك‬ ‫باستخدام‬}
author{ ‫د‬.‫هللا‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫عائشة‬}
begin{document}
maketitle
end{document}
Latex
Output

55. A Published Paper – An Example
■ Show the different document classes
– documentclass{article}
– documentclass{report}
– documentclass{proc}
■ References, styles
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56. References
■ https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX
An ebook that is featured on Wikibooks because it
contains substantial content, it is well-formatted, and it
is regularly updated.
■ https://www.sharelatex.com/learn
A great LaTeX knowledge base, the website is home
for a great online editor.
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57. CONVERTING?
I hope you so!
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