Учебники

2. Yqe6HlfK JI,JHl7 KJIacca
o6lIJ,eo6pa30Ba TeJIhHhIX
YQe6HMX3aBeJI,eHIfH
. teHiJoeaHo MUHucmepcmeoM o6pa30eaHUR U HayKU YKpauHbl
Ylfe6HUK - no6eOUmeJlb
BceYKpauHcKOcO KOftKypca Ylfe6ftUKoe
OJlJl 12-Jlemfteu o6U1eo6pa30eameJlbftOU UlKOJlbl
Jfuftucmepcmea o6pa30eaftuJl U ftaYKU YKpaUftbl e 2007 c.
KHeB
«3o,lJ,iaK-EKO»
2007

3. B 7 KJ1acce BbI rrpO)J,OJDKaeTe H3yyeHHe reOrpa¢HI1. B T<:ypce
«feorpa¢l15I MaTepl1KOB H OKeaHOB» BbT Y3HaeTe 0 MaTepl1KaX H
OKeaHax, 0 MHoroo6pa3HH I1X rrpl1pO)J,HbTX KOMrrJTeKCOB H rrpH-
pO)J,HbIX 6oraTcTB. BbI TaTOKe Y3HaeTe 0 HaCeJT5IIOW;VIXMaTepl1KH
HapO)J,ax, I1X X035IHCTBeHHOH )J,e5ITeJTbHOCTI1.
KpoMe TOro, BbI nOnOJTHHTe 3HaHH5I 0 3aKOHOMepHOCT5IX pa3-
BI1TI15I o60JTOYeK-C¢Cp 3eMJTH, C KOTOpbIMH 03HaKOMHJTHCb B
6 KJ1acce. BbI 60JTbllIC Y3HaeTe 0 rryTeweCTBeHHHKax, 4bH HCCJTe-
)J,OBaHH5I H OTKpbITH5I 06eCrreYHJTH reorpa¢wIecKoe n03HaHHe
MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB. BbI 6Y)J,eTeCOBepllIeHCTBOBaTb CBOHYMeHH5I
pa60TaTb C reorpa¢HYeCKHMH KapTaMH, KOTopble opHeHTHpylOT B
rrpOCTpaHCTBe.
113yqa5I reorpa¢HIO MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB, BbI paCWHpHTe CBOH
3HaHl15I 0 HallieH rrJTaHeTe. 3TH 3HaHH5I B 6y)J,ylIleM rrOMOryT BaM
rrOHHMaTb XO)J,C06bITHH B MHpe H C03HaTeJTbHO rrOJTb30BaTbC5I pa3-
Hoo6pa3HOH HH¢OpMaIIHeH, 6e3 KOTOpOH COBpeMeHHoMy '-leJTO-
BeKY cerO)J,H5I He 060HTI1Cb. feorpa¢I1YeCKl1e 3HaHH5I Heo6xo)J,HMbI
Ka)[()l,OMy, rrOCKOJTbKY cy)J,b6a 3eMJTH BCe 60JTbWe 3aBHCHT OT
)J,e5lTeJTbHOCTHJTIO)J,eH,OT rro3HIIHH Ka)[()l,OrO H3 Hac. l1TaK, BMeCTe
C yqe6HHKoM OTKpbIBaHTe IiI J13yqaHTe oKpy)[(alOllI,J1H Bac MHp.

4. CO,ll.EP>KAHHE
§ 1. LITO M KaK M3yy:aeT reOrpa¢M51 MaTepMKOB H OKeaHOB 6
§2. LJ.acoBble n05lca 10
§3. CTpoeHMe3eMHoH KOpbl HpeJlbe¢ 14
§4. KnMMaTMy:eCKMe n05lca H 06J1aCTH ........................••..•...... 18
§5. ITPMpO,lJ,Hble30HbI 22
TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH 27
Pa3,lJ,eJl I
OKEAHbl
Pa3,lJ,eJl II
MATEPHKM
TeMa 1. TUXUH OKeaH. OKeaHuH
§6. TMXHH OKeaH 30
§7. TMXMH OKeaH (npO,lJ,OJDKeHHe) ..................•••••.................. 35
§8. OKeaHMH 38
§9. CTpaHbIOKeaHIH1 42
TeMa 2. ATJIaHTU':leCKHH OKeaH
§10. ATJlaHTWIeCKMHOKeaH 46
TeMa 3. lIH).l,uHCKHH OKeaH
§11. I1H,lJ,HHCKHH OKeaH 52
TeMa 4. CeBepHbIH JIe,lJ,OBUTbIHOKeaH
§ 12. CeBepHbIHJIe,lJ,OBI1TbIM OKeaH .............•........................... 57
TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH .............•.................................. 63
TeMa 1. A<I>puKa
§13. feorpa¢wleCKOenOJlO)l(eHMe 11HCCJle,lJ,OBaHl1e 66
§ 14. feOJlOrWieCKoecTpoeHHeM peJIhe¢ 70
§ 15. KJIMMaT 74
§ 16. BOllbl CyWH 78
§ 17. 3KBaTOpl1aJIhHbleJleca 82
§ 18. CaBaHHhl 86
§ 19. ITYCTbIHM H nOJlynYCTbIHM.
Be':lH03eJleHble )I(eCTKOJlHCTHble J1eca H KycTapHMKM 90
§20. CTMXHH:Hble5iBJIeIDl51rrpHpO).l,h1.3KOJlOrWIeCKMe np06J1eMbI . 94
§21. HaceJleJ-Ilife 98
§22. CrpaHbI 103
TeMaTlf':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH ...............................•.............. 109
TeMa 2. AsCTpaJIUH
§23. feorpa¢l1':leCKOe nOJlO)l(eHMe.
feOJlOfMyeCKOe CTpoeHMe M peJlbe¢ 110
§24. KJII1MaT. BO,lJ,blCYWI1 :...•....... 115
§25. OpraHMyeCKHH Ml1p. ITPMpO,lJ,Hble30HbI .....•••....•............ 119
§26. HaCeJleHl-fe M nOJTMTlfLleCKa51KapTa 124
TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHHH 129
TeMa 3. IOJKHaH AMepuKa
§27. feorpa¢l1yeCKOenOJIO)l(eHMeMI1CCJle,lJ,OBaHMe 130
§28. feoJlOrl1yeCKOe CTpoeHHe H peJlbe¢ 134
§29. KJIHMaT 138

5. §30. BOlJ,bI cyWJ.1 142
§31. npJ.1pOjlHbIe 30HbI 146
§32. HaCeJIeHJ.1e 11rrOJIJ.1TJ.1yeCKa51KapTa 151
§33. CTPaHbI ............................•........................................... 156
TeMaTH'leCKHU KOUTPOJIb 3uauu;H 161
TeMa 4. AuTapKTH)J,a .
§34. feorpacPw-recKoe nOJIO)[(eHJ.1e 11J.1CCJIejlOBaHJ.1e 162
§35. feoJIorl1yeCKOe CTpOeHJ.1e 11peJIbecP 168
§36. npJ.1pOjlHbIe yCJIOBIDJ. 171
TeMaTINeCKHU KOUTPOJIb 3uaUHU 175
TeMa 5. CeBepua~AMepHKa
§37. feorpacPWJecKOenOJI0)[(eHJ.1eJ.1I1CCJIejlOBaHJ.1e 176
§38. feoJIOrl1yeCKOe CTpOeHl1e J.1peJIbecP 179
§39. KJII1MaT 182
§40. BOlJ,bl CYU1l1 186
§41. npJ.1pOlJ,Hble 30HbI 190
§42. HaCeJIeHl1e 11nOJII1TJ.1lleCKa5I KapTa 195
§43. CTPaHbl 198
TeMaTH'IeCKHU KOUTJlOJIb 3uaUHU 203
TeMa 6. EBpa3H~
§44. feorpacj:>l1'-IeCKOe nOJIO)[(eHJ.1e 204
§45. I1CTOpJ.15I OTKpbITI151 J.1I1CCJIelJ,OBaHJ.1e
OTjleJIbHblX pefl10HOB EBpa31H1 207
§46. feoJIOrJ.1yeCKOe CTpOeHJ.1e 11peJIbecj:> 210
§47. KJIJ.1MaT 215
§48. BOjlbI cyWJ.1 220
§49. npJ.1p0lJ,Hble 30HbI 224
§50. npJ.1pOlJ,HbIe 30Hbl (npOjlOJI)[(eHJ.1e) 229
§51. BbiCOTHa5I n051CHOCTb 234
§52. HaCeJIeHl1e 11nOJII1T11yeCKa51 KapTa 238
§53. CTpaHbI CeBepHoH EBpOnbl.. 241
§54. CTpaHbI3analJ,HOH EBPOHbI 245
§55. CTpaHbl EO)[(HOH EBponbI 250
§56. CTpaHbI IJ;eHTpaJIbHOHI1 BOCTOYHOH EBponbI 254
§57. POCCJ.15I 258
§58. CTpaHbI EO)[(HOHA3J.1J.1 ............................................•..... 261
§59. CTpaHbI BOCTOYHOH A31111 265
TeMaTINeCKHH KOUTPOJIb 3uaBHH 271
Pa3,lJ,eJl III
3EM1U1- HAW
06UJ.11J1JJ.OM
TeMa 1.B3aHMO,ll,eHCTBHe '1eJIOBeKa H npHp0,ll,bI
§60. npl1pOjlHbIe pecypCbI J.1npJ.1pOjlOnOJIb30BaHl1e 274
TeMa 2. 3KOJIorl1yeCKHe np06JIeMbI MaTepl1KOB 11OKeaHOB
§61. 3arp5I3HeHJ.1e OKpY)[(aIOliIeH CpelJ,bl 278
§62. Cnoco6blpeWeHIDJ.3KOJI0f1yeCKHXnpo6JIeM 281
TeMaTINeCKHH KOUTPOJIb 3uaHHU '" 285
n PED,METHbII1 YKA3ATEJIb 286
5

6. Q
A~arpaMMa
n110U4aA~
MaTep~KOB
§1. QTO 11 KAK 113YlIAET fEOfPA<I>1UI
MATEPI1KOB 11 OKEAHOB?
~ • BcnOMHVlTe, 4TO 03Ha4aeT cnOBO «reorpa¢Vl51».
W · 1!I3KaKVlXVlCT04HVlKOBMO)f(HO n04epnHYTb 3HaHVl51no
reorpa¢VlVl?
• C KaKVlMVlMeTOAaMVl reorpa¢Vl4ecKVlX VlccneAOBaHVliii Bbl
03HaKOMVlnVlCb B 6 Knacce?
qTO H3)7qAET fEOfPA<l>HH MATEPHKOB H OKEAHOB.
Ope,UMeToM M3Y4eHM5I reorpaqmM MaTepMKoB H OKeaHOB
51BJHleTC5InpMpo,Ua HallleH nnaHeTbI B uenoM, ee MaTepHKH H
oKeaHbI, Hap0,UbI M CTpaHbI.
[JpM M3Y'leHI1M OTD.enbHblX MaTepHKoB H OKeaHOB Bbl Y3Hae-
Te, KTO H Kor,Ua HX oTKpbln M HccnelloBM, B 4eM 3aKJ1IO'lalOTC5I
oc06eHHocTM HX npMpollbI: penbe¢a, KJ1HMaTa, BHyTpeHHHX
BOD., paCTI1TeJIbHOCTH M )[(I1BOTHOro MMpa. BbI paClllMpMTe CBOI1
3HaHI151 0 MMpOBOM OKeaHe, ero pOJIH B ¢OpMl1pOBaHI1I1
npl1pOD.bI MaTepMKOB 11pa3BI1TMM X035IHCTBa HaCeJIeHI15I 3eMnM.
Pa3Ho06pa3Ha He TOJIbKO npMpOD.a MaTepI1KOB, HaCeJIeHl1e 11
X035IHCTBO Ka)[(,UOH CTpaHbl TaK)[(e I1MelOT CBOI1 oc06eHHOCTH.
JIlOD.11)[(MByT M pa60TalOT Ha paBHI1HaX 11B ropax, cpe,UH JIeCOB 11
CTenHblX npOCTopOB, B XOJIO,UHOHTyH,Upe M )[(apKHX nycTblH5IX.
OHM B03BO,U5IT,UOMa, CTp05lT ¢a6p11KM 113aBO,UbI, BbInJIaBJI5IIOT
MeTaJIJIbJ, C03,UalOT MalllMHbI, BblpamMBalOT pa3Ho06pa3Hble
paCTeHM51, pa3BO,U5IT)[(MBOTHbIX. 3TO TaK)[(e 113y'laeT reorpa¢115I
MaTepMKOB I1 OKeaHOB. 003TOMY BbI paCllll1pMTe CBOM3HaHM5I 0
CTpaHax, pacnOJIO)[(eHHbiX Ha MaTepHKax, 0 )[(M3HM 11 6bITe
HapO,UOB, KOTopble MX HaCeJI51lOT.
3TOT KYPC TaK)[(e ,UorrOJIHMT Ballll1 3HaHM5I 0 reorpa¢M'leCKOH
060JIOl:IKe 3eMJIM, B npe,Uenax KOTOPOH Mbl )[(MBeM M KOTOpylO
,UOJI)[(HbI OXpaH5ITb, 0 ee KOMnOHeHTax - nI1TOC¢epe, rH,UPOCcPe-
pe, aTMoc¢epe, 6I1oc¢epe.
MATEPHKH, qACTH CBETA, OKEAHbI. 06ma51 nJIOma,Ub
3eMJIM COCTaBJI5IeT 510 MJIH KM2. 113 HI1X, KaK Bbl ~e 3HaeTe,
66JIblllYlO 'laCTb 3aH11MaeT MI1POBOH OKeaH. Ero pa3,UeJI5IIOT Ha
4 OKeana - Tuxuu, AmJlaHmulfeC/wu, JfHaUUC/WU, CeeepHblu
Jleaoeumblu, a TaK)[(e MX MOp51.
CYllla BKJ1IO'laeT 6 MaTepHKOB - EepQ3U1o, ArjJPUKY, Aecmpa-
JlUIO, lOJ/CHylO AMepuKy, CeeepHylO AMepuKy, AHmapKmuay. OHM
OTJII1'laIOTC51no BeJII14HHe M O'lepTaHH5IM 6eperoBotl JII1HMM. B
oKeaHax, npeMMylIJ,eCTBeHHo B6JIM311 MaTepMKoB, Haxo,U5ITC5I
3Ha'lMTeJIbHO MeHblllMe Y'laCTKI1 cyUlM - oCTpoBa.
KpOMe Toro, cyma ,UeJIMTC51Ha 6 qaCTeU CBeTa: Eepony, A3UIO,
ArjJpUKy, AMepuKy, AecmpaJlulO c OKeaHueu, AHmapKmuay.

7. )],eJIeHl1e Ha LJaCTl1 CBeTa CJIO)J(l1JIOCb I1CTOpl1LJeCKl1, no Mepe
n03HaHl151 lleJIOBeyeCTBOM 3eMJIl1.
HCTOqHHKM fEOfPA<I>HqECKHX 3HAHHll. BbI Y)J(e
3HaeTe, YTO 3HaHI151 MO)J(HO nOLJepnHYTb 113 pa3HbIX l1CTOYHl1-
KOB: reorpaq:mYeCKl1X CnpaBOLJHl1KOB 11 3HLl,11KJIOne,LI.l1M, KapT
11aTJIaCOB, )J(ypHaJIOB 11ra3eT.
)],JI5I 113YlleHI151 reorpa<pl1l1 MaTepl1KOB 11 OKeaHOB lJ,eHHbIM
I1CTOYHI1KOM 3HaHl1M MOryT CTaTb TeJIenepe,LI.alll1 0 npl1po,LI.e ca-
MbIX pa3HbIX yroJIKOB HaweM nJIaHeTbI, HaCeJIeHl1l1 11KYJIbType
pa3JIl111Hb1X CTpaH Ml1pa. CerO,LI.H5I K yCJIyraM nOJIb30BaTeJIeM -
BCeMl1pHa51 KOMnblOTepHa51 ceTb I1HTepHeT, C nOMOIll,blO KOTO-
pOH MO)J(HO 6blCTPO nOJIyql1Tb TeKcToBYIO, KapTorpaQJl1YecKylO,
Bl1,L1.eO-l1JII1 3BYKOBylO l1H<p0pMalJ,l1lO.
METO,nbI fEOfPA<I>lfqECKI1X HCCJIE,nOBAHHM. 0 He-
KOTOpbIX MeTo.z:y:ax - cnoco6ax I1CCJIe.z:y:OBaHl15I06'beKTOB l1JIl1
51BJIeHI1M- BbI Y3HaJIl1 B 6 KJIacce. B llaCTHOCTl1, 03HaKOMI1JIl1Cb C
onucamellbllblM 11 3Kcneouu,uollllblM MemOOllMU. KaK 11 npe)J(,LI.e,
Ba)J(HbIM MeTO,LI.OM 5IBJI5IIOTC5I lla61l100e1lUJl. Ha6JIIO,LI.eHI151 3a
COCT05lHI1eM 3eMHOM KOpbI, B03,L1.yxa,BO,LI.bI,3a paCTl1TeJIbHOCTblO
11)J(l1BOTHbIM MI1POM YlleHble npOBO,Ll.5lT Ha HayqHblX CTaHlJ,l15IX,
pa3MeIll,eHHbIX B Pa3HbIX yrOJIKaX 3eMJII1. IIaIleoi!eoi!parjJulfecKuu
MeTO,LI.,LI.aeTB03MO)J(HOCTb Ha OCHOBe 113yqeHl151 ropHbIX nopoLl"
OCTaTKOB paCTeHI1M 11 )J(l1BOTHbIX Y3HaTb 0 npl1pOLl,e Ll,aBHI1X
reOJIOmlleCKI1X 3nox. KapmOi!parjJulfecKuu Memoo COCTOI1T B
onpe,LI.eJIeHl1l1 MeCTOHaXO)J(,LI.eHl151npl1pOLl,HbIX 06'beKTOB (peK,
o3ep, ropHbIX xpe6ToB), CTpaH 11HaCeJIeHHbIX nyHKTOB 11 HaHe-
CeHI1I1l1X Ha Kapry.
ECTb 11 Ll,pyrl1e cnoco6bI reorpaQJl1yeCKl1X I1CCJIeLl,OBaHl1M.
Hanpl1Mep, B XX B. reorpaQJbI HallaJIl1 npl1MeH51Tb a3POKOCMUlfecKuu
Memoo - 113yqeHl1e nOBepXHOCTl1 3eMJIl1 C nOMOIll,blO a3poQJoTO-
CHl1MKOB, CLI,eJIaHHbIX C CaMOJIeTOB 11 KOCMI111eCKl1X annapaTOB.
PlI1c.1.
li'ICTOLfHII1KII1
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8. rEOrPA<I>IiI4ECKIiIE KAPTbl Ac nOMOl11,bIOMemOOaMOOe.flUp06aIlUR, HCnOJIb-
~ 3y5I KOMnblOTepHyIO TeXHHKY, npOrH03HpYlOT
H3MeHeHH5I B oKpy)KaIOl11,eMCpe)le.
KAKPA3JIWIAlO (Ap'fbI. I13yt-la5I reorpa-
<pHIO, BbI 6y)leTe rrOJIb30BaTbC5l pa3Ho06pa3Hbl-
, MH KapTaMH. I1x cyl11,eCTByeTMHO)KeCTBOBH)lOB.
l..{T06bl npaBHJIbHO rrOJIb30BaTbC5I KapTaMH KaK
Ba)KHbIM HCTOlfHHKOM HH¢OpMaIJ.HH, BaM
He06xo)lHMO 3HaTb HX Ha3HalfeHHe H oc06eH-
HOCTH. KapTbI KJIaCCH<pHIJ.HPYIOTno pa3HblM
npH3HaKaM: CO)lep)KaHl1lO, MaClllTa6y, oXBaTy
Teppl1TOpHl1 (Pl1c. 2).
00 CO)lepMaHHIO pa3JIHlfaIOT 06l11,ereo-
rpa<pl1lfecKHe H TeMaTWIeCKHe KapTbI. 06""e2eo-
2patjJUlteCKUe Kapmbl oT06p~aIOT 06111,HMBl1)l
3eMHOM nOBepXHOCTH. Ha Hl1X OLll1HaKOBO
o Mlo1pa 101nonywaplo1H nO)lp06HO nOKa3aHbI pa3HbIe 06beKTbI - 11
o MaTeplo1KoB 101OKeaHOB peJIbe¢, 11peKH H 03epa, H HaCeJIeHHble nYHK-
o 4aCTeH MaTeplo1KOB 101OKeaHOB TbI. KTaKHM KapTaM OTHOC5ITC5Iy)Ke 113BeCTHble
BaM <pH3HlfeCKl1e KapTbl nOJIywapl1H, MHpa,
MaTepl1KOB, OT)leJIbHbIX CTpaH. A meMamUlteCKUe Kapmbl nOCB5Il11,e-
HbI onpe)leJIeHHOM TeMe, Ha Hl1X 11306p~eH KaKOM-JIH60 O)ll1H
KOMnOHeHT npl1pO)lbI, HaCeJIeHH5IHJIHX0351MCTBa.Harrpl1Mep, 3TO
MOryT 6blTb rrOlfBbI, BO)lbl, TeMneparypa B03)lyXa, paCTl1TeJIbHOCTb.
OCTaJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI KapTbl (60JIbWl1e ropo)la, peKl1 11T. )l.)
51BJI5IIOTC5l06111,HM<pOHOM11He06xo)lHMbI KaK opHeHTHpbI.
00 Mac mT a 6y , KaK BbI 3HaeTe, KapTbI )leJI5ITHa KpynlloMacUl-
ma61lble (OT 1: 10000)l0 1 :200000); cpeolleMaCUlma61lbie (OT
1: 200000 )l0 1: 1000000); Me.flKOMaCUlma6Ilble (OT 1: 1000000 11
MeHbwe). DOJIee MeJIKOMaCWTa6HoM 51BJI5IeTC5ITa KapTa, Ha KOTO-
pOH no cpaBHeHl1IO C MeCTHOCTbIO YMeHbWeHHe 11306p~eHl15l
60JIhwe.
ITo oXBaTy TeppHTopHH pa3JIl1lfaIOT KapTbl: 1) MHpa 11
nOJIywapl1M, me H306pa)KeHa nOBepxHocTh Bcero 3eMHoro wapa
(OHl1 l1MeIOT MeJIblfaMWHM MacwTa6, 11306pa)KeHHe 0606111,eH-
Hoe 11cxeMaTHlfHoe); 2) MaTepl1KOB H OKeaHOB (HX MacwTa6
60JIhWe, lfeM I-ia KapTax MHpa, HO OHl1 TaK)Ke MeJIKOMaCWTa6-
Hble); 3) OT)leJIbHhIX lfaCTeM MaTepHKOB - CTpaH, 06JIaCTeM,
paMoHoB (HX MaCWTa6 3HalfHTeJIbHO 60JIbWe, n03TOMY 3eMHa5l
nOBepXHOCTb 11306p~aeTC5I )leTaJIbHee).
b J I " C _-.j" A I 1.
B )lpeBHOCTl1 Ha npl1MHTl1BHhlX KapTaX-pl1cyHKax cBe)leHHH
6hlJIO HeMHoro. A COBpeMeHHble reorpa<pl1lfeCKHe KapThl CTa-
JIH «nepeHaCeJIeHHhIMl1»: Ha HHX Heo6xo)lHMO pa3MeCTHTb
CTOJIbKO, 'I TO )lJI5I Bcero He XBaTaeT MeCTa.
o TeMaTIo14eCKIo1e
- f1BneHIo1H nplo1pOAbl
- o6w,eCTBeHHbIX f1BneHIo1H
o KpynHoMacWTa6Hbie
o CpeAHeMaCWTa6Hbie
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9. 3D' np06JleMY pewalOT C nOMOmblO reorpa-
<pwlecKl1X aTJIaCOB - c06paHYI5l pa3Ho06pa3HbLX
KapT, pa3MeweHHbIX B OnpelleJleHHOM nOp5111Ke.
HanpHMep, eCTb aTJlaCbI MHpa. Ha I1X KapTax
yyaCTKH nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJll1 11306pa)KeHbI
nOCJlellOBaTeJIbHO. ECTb aTJlaCbI OTlleJlbHbIX
CTpaH, B yaCTHOCTl1 YKpal1HbI, KOTopble BKJlIOl.Ia- ~
lOT TeMaTWleCKHe KapTbl OnpelleJleHHOM TeppH-
TOpHH. BbIBalOTaTJlaCbl yqe6Hble, HanpHMepllJl5l
7 KJlacca. B HHX nOll06paHbl KapTbl, HJlJlIOCTPI1-
pYIOWHe MaTepHaJT OCHOBHbIX TeM yqe6HHKa.
KapTbl no npaBy CYI1TalOT Ba)KHbIM H306peTeHH-
eM lleJlOBelleCTBa. YMeHl1e pa60TaTb C HI1MH
nOMoraeT H3yqaTb OKp)0KalOw,I1M MHp: npHpolly,
HaCeJleHHe H X0351HCTBOpa3HblX TeppYiTOpHH.
Ho CerO,llH5I. 11 aTJIaCOB HenOCTaTOYHO )])151 ------
oT06pa)KeHH51 nOTOKa HH<popMaUHH, He06xo-
11I1MOH COBpeMeHHoMy lleJlOBeKY. 11 311eCb Ha V1TOIOBbIE ,lJ,AHHbIE
nOMOWb npHXOllHT KOMnblOTepbl. B naMHTb KapTa~ rpacjJ~K,oTo6pa>KalOll.~eCOCTO~H~e
3eMHoiinOBepXHOCT~AO~ nocneBo3AeiicTB~~
3JleKTpOHHO-BblllHCJlHTeJlbHOH MaWHHbl 8BO- 4enOBeKa
1151T)0Ke 113BeCTHble llaHHble 0 3eMHOM nOBepXHOCTH, a 3aTeM PIf1C. 3.
nOCT051HHO I1X llOnOJlHHIOT. TaK c0311aeTC51reoHHclJopMaUHOHHaSi TaK c03AaeTcSI
CHCTeMa - 0606weHHe Bcex llaHHbIX 0 3eMJle. nOJIb30BaTeJlb reOIf1H<popMa-
MO)KeT 6blCTPO BbIBeCTI1 Ha 3KpaH Bce, YTO ero HHTepecyeT, ~1f10HHaSi
CIf1CTeMa
coe b OM 11306pa)KeHHH pa3Hble CBelleHI151 (Pl1c. 3).
~
§ >Kene3HbleAopor~
_._ § ABtoAopor~
.' <::::... / _O.I;I?Ce!le~blenyHKTbl
HepoBHOCT~
nOBepXHocm
YroAb~~B~Abl
patT~TenbH9CT~
Dodo
pellMeT M3yqeHHfl reorpaclJHH MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB - :no npHpOlla HarneH
nJIaHeTbl B ueJIOM, ee MaTepHKH H OKeaHbl, HapOllbl H CTpaHbl.
• OCHOBHble MeTOllbl reorpaclJHQeCKHX HCCJIellOBaHHH: Ha6JIlOlleHHfl, onHCaTeJIb-
HbIH, 3KcnellHUHOHHbIH, naJIeoreorpaclJHQeCKHH, KapTorpaclJHlJeCKHH, a3po-
KOCMHlJeCKHH H MOlleJIHpOBaHHfl.
• KapTbl pa3JIHQalOT no COllepLKaHHIO (06mereorpaclJHQeCKHe, TeMaTHlJeCKHe),
MacrnTa6y (KpynHo-, cpellHe-, MeJIKOMaCrnTa6Hble), oXBary TeppHTopHM (Kap-
Tbl MHpa H nOJIyrnapHH, MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB, QaCTeH MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB).
BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHs:I
1.LJTO51BmleTC51 npeAMeToM 1I13Y4eHII151reorpa¢1I1111 MaTepll1KOB 111oKeaHoB?
2. KaKII1MII1111CT04HII1KaMII1reorpa¢1I14eCKII1X 3HaHII1111Bbl nonb3yeTecb?
3. npll1 nOMow,1I1 KaKII1XMeTOAOB npOBOA51TC51 reorpa¢1I14eCKlI1e II1ccneAOBaHII151?
4. KaK KnacclI1¢II1LJ,II1PYIOTKapTbi?
5. KaKlI1e KapTbl no oXBaTyTeppll1Topll1111 eCTb B BaweM YLje6HOM aTnace?
6. LJTOo6w,ero 111pa3nll14HOrO Me>KAY ¢1I131114eCK0ll1KapTOll1 nonywapll1l11l11 ¢1113I11Lje-
cKoll1KapToll1YKpaIl1H~?

10. §z.
<7>. BCnOMH1I1Te, KaK1I1e reorpa¢W·JeCK1I1e nOCne,D,CTB1I1511l1MeeT
,D,B1I1)1(eH1I1e3eMn1l1 BOKpyr CBOellt OC1I1.
• 4TO TaKOe Mep1l1,D,1I1aHbl? CKOnbKO Mep1l1,D,1I1aHOB MO)l(HO
npOSeCT1I1 Ha KapTe 1I1n1l1rno6yce?
P...,C. 4. 'iacoBble
nOSica
nOQEMY HA 3EMJIE PA3HOE BPEMH. Bbl y:>Ke3HaeTe, YTO
3eM.Jl5I Bpalll,aeTC5I BOKpyrcBoeH OCI1, 11ee nOBepxHocTb OCBelll,aeT-
C5ICOnHlJ,eM HeO,Ll,I1HaKoBo. Ecnl1, Hanpl1Mep, B Kueee ,Ll,eHb, TO Ha
npOTI1BOnOnO:>KHOH CTOpOHe nnaHeTbI - HOYb. 003TOMY KlDK,II,bIH
Mepl1,L(l1aH (ycnoBHa51 n11H115I, npOBe,lleHHa5I Ha KapTe OT nOnIOCa K
nOnIOcy) 6Y,lleT I1MeTh CBoe BpeM51. Cne,Ll,OBaTenhHO, .3 O,llI1H 11TOT
:>KeMOMeHT B pa3HhJX nyHKTaX BpeM5I 6Y,lleT pa3Hoe. O,Ll.l1HaKOBhIM
OHO 6Y,lleTTOnbKO B MeCTax C O,Ll,I1HaKOBOH,Ll,OnrOTOH, TO eCTh B,llOJIh
onpe,lleneHHoro Mepl1,1lHaHa. OTCl.JeT BpeMeHI1, npl1cylll,ero onpe-
,lleneHHOMY MepH,Ll,HaHY (a MepH,lll1aH, KaK BbI 3HaeTe, MO)J(HO npo-
BeCTl1yepe3nIo6YJOTOl{KY Ha 3eMJIe) B,Ll,aHHbIH MOMeHT, Ha3bIBaJOT
MeCmUblM, I1JII1COJlUeIfUblM, 6peMeUeM. 3TO o6ycnoBneHO pacnOJIO-
:>KeHHeM MeCTHOCTI1 Ha onpe,Ll,eJIeHHOH reorpa¢WfeCKOH ,llOnrOTe.
Cne,llOBaTenbHO, MeCTHoe BpeM5I OTnWfaeTC5I BnIo6hJX,llBYX nyHK-
Tax, ,Ll,OJIroTa KOTOpblX pa3Ha5I.

11. TIOJlHbIH 060pOT (Ha 360°) BOKpyr CBoeH KTO npeAnO>Kl1n ~aCOBble nOSlca
OC113eMJl5ICOBepwaeT3acYTKl1-24l.faca.Ta- OTC4eT BpeMeHl-1 no 4aCOBbiM
KHM 06pa30M, 3a 1 l.f Hawa f1JlaHeTa nOBopa- no~caM npe,ll,nO>Kl-1n B 1878 r.
4HBaeTC5I Ha ISO (360°: 24 = 15°). TI03TOMY KaHa,ll,CKl-1Vi l-1H>KeHep C. <DneMl-1Hr,
MeCTHoe BpeM5I 6y)J.eT OTJlI1lJaTbC5I Ha 1 ':lac B KOTOpblVi pa60Tan Ha >Kene3HOVi ,ll,0-
pore. 4epe3 S-neT nO~CHoe BpeM~
nyHKTax, oT)J.aJleHHbIX O)J.HH OT )J.pyroro Ha
BnepBble 6blno.BBe,ll,eHO B CWA.
ISO )J.OJlrOTbI, H Ha 4 MYTH- Ha 1° (l ':I = 60 MHH; HeCMOTp~ Ha Me>K,ll,yHapO,ll,Hble
60 MHH : 15° = 4 MHH). Hanpl1Mep, eCJlH B Ku- ,ll,OrOBOpeHHOCTl-1, nepeXO,ll, Ha 3Ty
eee, pacnOJlO)KeHHOM Ha 31 ° B. )J.., 10 lJ, TO B Cl-1CTeMY l-1C4l-1CneHl-1~BpeMeHl-1 3a-
XapbKoee, Jle)KameM Ha 36° B.)J.., MeCTHoe Bpe- T~Hync~ Ha ,ll,onrl-1e ro,ll,bl. Ha TeP•
M5I 6y)J.eT 10 l.f 20 Ml1H (36° B. )J.. - 31 ° = SO; pl-1TOpl-1l-1YKpal-1Hbl, Hanpl-1-
50x4MHH=20MHH). Mep,eeBBenl-1B1919r. ~f£i
TIOJlb30BaTbc5I MeCTHbIM BpeMeHeM Hey)J.06Ho, nOCKOJIbKY, ,
)J.Bl1ra5lCb Ha 3ana)]. l1JlH BOCTOK, C Ka)K)J.bIM rpa)].ycoM )J.OJlfOTbI
CTpeJ1KH lJaCOB He06xo)J.HMO nepeBO)J.HTb Ha3a)]. J11160Bnepe)J. Ha
4 MI1H.
qTO TAKOE lJACOBbIE nO.SlCA.,!J,mI y)J.06cTBa OTC4eTa Bpe-
MeHI1 3eMHYIO nOBepXHOCTb YCJlOBHOpa3)J.eJ1HJ1HHa 24 n05lca no
ISO Ka)K)J.blH- qaCOBble "ORCa (pHC. 4). B Ka)K)J.OMn05lce no ueHTpy
npOXO)J.HT cpe)J.HHHbIH MepH)J.HaH. MecTHoe BpeM5I 3Toro MepH-
)J.HaHa)J.orOBOpHJIHCbCl.JHTaTbO)J.HHaKOBbIMB)J.aHHbIH MOMeHT)J.Jl51
KapTa oT06pa>KaeT ,ll,eneHl-1e 3eMHOVi nOBepx-
HOCTl-1 Ha 4aCOBbie no~ca. CMe>KHble no~ca ,ll.n~
y,ll,06CTBa OKpaweHbl B pa3HbiLii lJ,BeT. rpaHl-1lJ,bl
nO~COB B npe,ll,enax MopeVi l-1OKeaHOB npOBe,ll,eHbl
np~MOnl-1HeViHO no Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHaM. Ha cywe OHl-1
npOXO,ll,~T C Y4eTOM a,ll,Ml-1Hl-1CTpaTl-1BHbIX l-1nl-1
rOCY,ll,apCTBeHHbIX rpaHl-1lJ,.
HOMepa 4aCOBbiX nO~COB YKa3aHbi Ha BepxHeVi
paMKe KapTbl. TaM >Ke nO,ll,nl-1CaHbl ~13Ha4eHl-1~
Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHOBB rp3Aycax. Ha Hl-1>KHeVipaMKe KapTbl
lJ,l-1<ppoViYKa3aHa pa3Hl-1lJ,a BO BpeMeHl-1 Me>KAY,ll,aH-
HblM 4aCOBbiM nO~COM l-1Ha4anbHblM. 3HaK «+» l-1nl-1
«-» B03ne lJ,l-1<PPblYKa3blBaeT Ha TO, KaKoe ,ll,eVi-
CTBl-1e Cne,ll,yeT BblnOnHl-1Tb (BbI4l-1TaHl-1e l-1nl-1cno-
>KeHl-1e), 4T06bl onpe,ll,enl-1Tb nO~CHoe BpeM~ OTHO-
Cl-1TenbHO Ha4anbHoro no~ca. 3TO Ba>KHO 3HaTb
TeM, KTO nepee3>KaeT l-13O,ll,HOro 4acoBoro no~ca B
,ll,pyroVi. Ha KapTe Bl-1,ll,HO,4TO npl-1 nepeMew,eHl-1l-1
Ha 3an3A cTpenKy 4aCOB Cne,ll,yeT nepeBO,ll,l-1Tb Ha
1 4 Ha3a,ll" Ha BOCTOK- Ha 1 4 Bnepe,ll,.
Ha KapTe TaK>Ke ,ll,pyrl-1M lJ,BeTOM Bbl,ll,eneHbl
Teppl-1TOpl-1l-1, r,ll,e npl-1H~TOe BpeM~ OTnl-14aeTC5'l OT
BpeMeHl-1 Ha4anbHoro no~ca Ha YKa3aHHoe 3Ha-
4eHl-1e
1. KaK Ha KapTe 3eMHa5'l nOBepXHOCTb
pa3,ll,eneHa Ha 4aCOBbie no~ca?
2. KaKoBa pa3Hl-1lJ,a BO BpeMeHl-1 Me>KAY
n05'lCaMl-1?
3. n04eMY rpaHl-1lJ,bl 4aCOBbiX n05'lCOB
Ha cywe l-1B OKeaHax npOBe,ll,eHbl He
CTpOro no Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHaM?
4. OTKY,ll,a Ha4l-1HaeTC5'l OTCyeT
yaCOBblX n05'lCoB? KaKoVi YacoBoVi
n05'lC Ha3blBalOT HyneBblM?
5. B KaKOM yaCOBOM n05'lce pacnono-
>KeHa YKpal-1Ha?
6. Ha CKonbKO n05'lCHOe BpeM5'l B
YKpal-1He OTnl-14aeTC~ OT 3ana,ll,HOeBpO-
neVicKoro l-1Cpe,ll,HeeBponeVicKOro?
7. r,ll,e npOXO,ll,l-1Tnl-1.Hl-15'lnepeMeHbl
,ll,aT?
B. Onpe,ll,enl-1Te pa3Hl-1lJ,y BO BpeMeHl-1
Me>KAY Kl-1eBOM l-1rop0,ll,aMl-1 JlOH,ll,O-
HOM, MOCKBOVi, Cl-1,ll,HeeM, HblO-
V1opKoM.

12. Bcex nyHKToB B npe)leJ1ax O)lHOro yaCoBoro n051ca. MeCTHOe Bpe-
M51Cpe)lI1HHoro Mepl1)ll1aHa Ka)K)loro n051ca Ha3bIBalOT nOJlCHblM.
Cpe)lI1HHbIe Mepl1)ll1aHbI yaCOBbIX n051COB y)laJleHbI Ll,pyr OT
Ll,pyra Ha 150
, 11J111Ha 1Y BO BpeMeHHoM 113Mepemll1. n03TOMY pa3-
Hl1ua BO BpeMeHI1 Me)K)ly n051CaMl1 3aBl1Cl1T OT paCCT051HI151Me)K)ly
HI1MI1. Me)K)ly COCeLl,HI1MI1 '-IaCOBbIMI1 n051CaMl1
paCCT051Hl1e COCTaBJ15IeT1SO)lOJ1rOTbI, 3HaYI1T, 11
BpeM51 B HI1X 6y)leT OTJ1W-IaTbC51pOBHO Ha 1 Y.
Hanpl1Mep, llapUJICpaCnOJ1o)J(eH B I-M yaCOBOM
n051ce. ECJ111TaM 10 Y, TO B Kueee, KOTOPbIti
HaXO)lI1TC51 BO 2-M n051ce, 6YLl,eT 11 Y. OpJ.1 pac-
CT051Hl1l1 Me)J()ly rr051CaMI1, Hanpl1Mep, 1800
Ll,0J1-
rOTbI BpeM51 113MeHI1TC51Ha 12 Y (1800
: 1SO= 12),
npl1 paCCT051HI1J.13600
- Ha 24 Y (3600
: ISO = 24).
MJ.1HYTHbIe J.1ceKYH)lHbIe CTpeJ1Kl1 BO Bcex n051-
cax I1)lYT O)lJ.1HaKoBo. CJ1eLl,OBaTeJ1bHO,)lBl1ra51Cb
Ha BOCTOK 11J1113anan, He06xoLl,l1MO 113MeH5ITb
OTCyeT BpeMeHI1 B COOTBeTCTBJ.111C '-IaCOBbIMI1
n05ICaMI1.
OTKY.LJ.AHAQHHATb OTCqET BPEMEHl1.
Ka)K)lbIH: YaCoBoti n051c J.1MeeT onpeLl,eJ1eHHbIti
HOMep - OT 0 Ll,0 23. n051C C TpUn8U'1CKUM Mepu-
auanoM, y KOToporo Ll,OJ1rOTa 00, CYI1TalOT
HaYaJlbHbIM, 11J111HYJ1eBbIM. OCTaJlbHbIM Yaco-
BbIM n051CaM OT HyJ1eBOrO (oH)J(e 24-ti) I1L1,aJlb-
we Ha BOCTOK npI1CBaI1BaIOTC51 HOMepa I-H, 2-H
11T. )l. - )l0 23- roo
n051CHOe BpeM51 HeKOTopbIX yaCOBblX n05ICOB
I1MeeT oc06bIe Ha3BaHJ.15I. Hanpl1Mep, BpeM5I
HYJ1eBoro n05Ica Ha3bIBalOT 3anaolloe6poneuclCUM,
Plr1c.5.
rplr1HBIr1•.•cKaH
o6cepBaTOplr1H,
•.•epe3 KOTOpylO
npOXOAIr1T
HyneBo.;1
Meplr1Alr1aH
(JloHAOH)
rAe Ha •.•Ir1HaeTCH OTC"'Eh
HOBoro AHH
no Hall1MeHee HaceneHHblM pailio-
HaM 3eMnll1, a 3TO npeIl1MYll.eCTBeH-
HO BOAHble npOCTopbl TlI1xoro
OKeaHa, npll1MepHO BAonb 180-ro
Mepll1AlI1aHa (12-iIi 4aCOBoili noS'lc),
npOXOAII1T TaK Ha3blBaeMaS'l nll1HII1S'l
nepeMeHbl AaT. 3TO ycnoBHaS'l nll1HII1S'l
Ha nOBepXHOCTII1 3eMHoro wapa, OT
KOTOpoili Ha4I11HaIOTCS'lHOBbie CYTKII1.
OTCIOAa YTPO «waraeT» no nnaHeTe
Ha 3anaA. no 06e CTOpOHbl OT 3TOili
nll1HlI11114aCbl 111MII1HYTbl COBnaAaIOT, a
KaneHAapHble AaTbl OTnIl14aIOTCS'l Ha
0AHII1 CyTKII1. Hanpll1Mep, 3anaAHee
6YAeT 6 OKTS'l6pS'l, a BOCT04Hee -
50KTS'l6pS'l. Ecnll1, CKa)f(eM, Kopa6nb
nepeceKaeT nll1HlI11OnepeMeHbl AaT
C BOCTOKa Ha 3anaA, TO 4epe3
HeCKonbKO MII1HyT 11135 OKTS'l6pS'l OH
nOnaAaeT B 6 OKTS'l6pS'l(TO eCTb npll1-
6aBnS'lIOTCS'l OAHII1 CYTKII1). Ecnll1 )f(e
nepeMell.aeTCS'l B o6paTHoM HanpaB-
neHII1I11,TO 11136 OKTS'l6pS'lCHOBa OKa
3b1BaeTCS'l B 5 OKTS'l6pS'l,TO eCTb 0A-
Hill 111Te )f(e CYTKII1OTC4111-
••-2bIBaIOTC~ ABa)f(Abl.

13. l-ro n05Ica - cpej)lleeeponeiicKllM, 2-ro n05Ica B 3apy6e)I(Hblx CTpa-
HaX - eOCmOltll0eeponeiicKUM.
B KAKOM lfACOBOJ;Jn05lCE PACPOJ10JKEHA YKPAMHA.
TeppYlTopJ.15I YKpaJ.1HbI nOt{TJ.1nOJIHOCTbIO HaX01l,J.1TC5IBO 2-M t{aco-
BOM n05ICe. B KpaHHJ.1X 3ana1l,HbIX J.1BOCTOt{HbIX nyHKTaX MeCTHOe
BpeM5I OTJIVlt{aeTC5I OT n05ICHOrO 60JIee '-leM Ha nOJI'-laCa, HO 1l,JUI
y1l,06CTBa B HaWeH CTpaHe nOBCeMeCTHO BBe1l,eHO e1l,J.1HOe
n05ICHOe BpeM5I. Cpelll1HHbIH MepVl1l,VlaH 2-ro 4aCOBOrO n05Ica
(30
0
B. 11,.) npOXOlll1T n04TI1 '-lepe3 Kuee. 003TOMY BpeMH 2-ro
n05Ica Ha TeppI1TOpJ.1J.1YKpal1HbI Ha3bIBaIOT KUeeCKILM. K KJ.1eBCKO-
My BpeMeHI1 npl1BH3aHO paCnVlCaHl1e nOe311,OB,aBT06ycOB VICaMO-
JIeTOB, a TaIOKe Me)((ll,yrop01l,Ha5I TeJIecPOHHaH VITeJIerpacPHa5I CB5I3b
B HaweM rocy1l,apCTBe.
KOr,llA HACTynAET JIETHEE BPEl15l. Bo MHOfl1X CTpa-
Hax B JIeTHI1H nepVlOIi. t{aCbI nepeB01l,HT Ha 1 4 Bnepe1l,. 3TO
He06xo1l,I1MO 1I,JI5ITOro, t{T06bI 3cPcPeKTI1BHee VlCnOJIb30BaTb
CBeTJIOe BpeMH CyTOK VI C3KOHOMJ.1Tb 3JIeKTp03HeprVlIO. TaKoe
«nepeBe1l,eHHoe» BpeM5I Ha3bIBaIOT Jlem1lUM.
JIeTHI1M BpeMeHeM nOJIb3YlOTC5I CBblwe 100 CTpaH MJ.1pa. B
YKpaJ.1He CTpeJIKJ.1 y.aCOB nepeB01l,5IT Ha 1 Y. Bnepe1l, B nOCJIe1l,Hee
BocKpeceHbe MapTa. B nOCJIe1l,Hee BocKpeceHbe OKT5I6p5I JIeT-
Hee BpeM5I OTMeHHeTC5I, y.aCbI nepeB01l,5IT Ha 1 t{ Ha3a1l" TO eCTb
BOCCTaHaBJIVlBaeTC5I n05ICHOe BpeM5I.
(! 3AnOMH~TE
• MeCTHoe BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa (HCqHCJIeHHH) BpeMeHH Ha OCHOBa-
HHH peaJIbHOrO COJIHeqHOrO BpeMeHH ,IJ,JIHKa)K,lJ,OrOnyHKTa Ha 3eMHOM rnape.
• nOHCHoe BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa BpeMeHH no MecTHoMy BpeMeHH Ha
MepH,IJ,HaHe, KOTOpblU npOXO,IJ,HT nOCpe,IJ,HHe onpe,IJ,eJIeHHOrO qaCOBOro nOHca.
• qacoBble nOHca - 3TO 24 nOHca, Ha KOTopble yCJIOBHO pa3,IJ,eJIHIOT 3eMHylO
nOBepXHOCTb ,IJ,JIHnOHCHoro OTCqeTa BpeMeHH.
• JIeTHee BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa BpeMeHH, KOTopaH npe,IJ,nOJIaraeT
nepeBO,IJ, CTpeJIOK qaCOB Ha 1 q Bnepe,IJ, OTHOCHTeJIbHO BpeMeHH, npHHHToro B
,IJ,aHHOuCTpaHe.
BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI
1.4TO TaKoe MeCTHoe BpeMH?
2. 4TO TaKOe nOHCHoe BpeMH 1114eM 06ycnoBneHo ero BBe,D,eH1I1e?
3.n04eMyBBO,D,1I1TCHneTHeeBpeMR?
4. 06bRCH1I1Te, n04eMY <P. MarennaH 111ero cnYTH1I1K1I1,060rHyB 3eMnlo BO BpeMR
KpyrocBeTHoro nnaBaH1I1H, "nOTepHn1l1» 0,D,H1I1CYTK1I1.
rEOrPAC2>W·IECKASl3AAAYA
Onpe,D,emne, KaK1I1M6Y,D,eT nOHCHoe BpeMH B SiKyTcKe 111nOC-AH,D,>KeneCe, ecn1l1 B
K1I1eBe - 14425 M1I1H.

14. § 3. CTPOEHIIE 3EMHOii KOPbI
II PEJIbE<I>
~. • BcnOMHVlTe, l.jeM MaTepVlKosaS1 Kopa OTnVll.jaeTCS1OT
""V OKeaHVll.jeCKoLil.
• KaKVle SbiAenS1IOT ¢OPMbl penbe¢a?
Pille. 6.
CTpoeHllle
aeMHOv. KOpbl
CTPOEHIlE 3EMHOH KOPbI. KaK BbI}')Ke 3HaeTe 113 r<ypca
6 KJIaCca, pa3JIWlalOT ,LI,BaOCHOBHblX Tl1na 3eMHOH KOpb!. Mame-
pUK06Ufl Kopa COCTOI1T 113Tpex CJIOeB (OCa,LJ,OYHOro, rpaHI1THOrO,
6a3aJIbToBOro), a OKeaHWleCKa51 - 113,LI,ByxCJIOeB (OCa,LJ,OYHOrO11
6a3aJIbTOBoro) 1104eHb TOHKa5l. TaKoH Tl1n KOPbI C¢OPMI1POBaJI-
C5I TOJIbKO no,Ll, OKeaHl1yeCKI1MI1 Sna,Ll,I1HaMI1. Ha npOT5I)J(eHIUI
MI1JIJIl1ap,Ll,OB JIeT 3eMHa51 Kopa 113MeH5IJIaCb: paCKaJIblBaJIaCb Ha
orpOMHble nJIaCTbl, nporl16aJIaCb Bna,Ll,I1HaMI1, B3,L1,bIMaJIaCb
ropaMI1, nOKa He npl106peJIa cOBpeMeHHblH BM,LI,.
Bbl Y)J(e nO,Ll,p06HO 03HaKOMI1JII1Cb C TeopMeH ,LI,Bl1)J(eHl15IJIl1TO-
c¢epHbIX nJII1T, OCHOBaHHOH Ha mnOTe3e ,LI,peH¢a MaTepI1KOB. Co-
maCHO cHOH TeOp11113eMHa51 Kopa 114aCTb BepXHeH MaHTl111 pac-
4JIeHeHbI my60KMMl1 Pa3JlOMaMM Ha orpoMHbIe 6Jl0Kl1 - JBffOC<t>ePHble
I1JlHTbI (Pl1c. 6). DOJIbilll1HCTBO nJIl1T BKJI104alOT 11MaTepI1KOBYlO, 11
OKeaHI14eCKYlO3eMHYlOKOpy. I1xMoLUHOCTb,Ll,OCTl1raeT60 -100 KM.
JII1TOC¢epHble nJII1Tbi MeMeHHO nepeMeLUalOTC5I no B5I3KOH
nosepXHOCTI1 MaHTl111 (acTeHoc¢epe) nO,Ll,06HO fI1raHTCKl1M JIb,Ll,l1-
HaM Ha nOBepXHOCTM BO,Ll,bI. CKOpOCTb I1X ,LI,BI1)f(eHI151 scero

15. Plllc.7.
nOcneAcTBIIISI
ABIII>KeHIIISI
nlllToc<l>epHblx
nnlllT
HeCKOJIbKOCaHTI1MeTpOB B rOll,. Ho TaKl1e nepeMew:eHl15I npOl1C-
XOll,5lTCOTHl1 Ml1JIJIl10HOB JIeT, n03TOMY nJIl1TbI 3a 3TO Bpe1vf51
CMeIl.l,aIOTC5I Ha TbIC5Illl1 KI1JIOMeTpOB. To eCTb COBpeMeHHoe
pa3MeIl.l,eHl1e MaTepl1KOB l1 OKeaHOB - 3TO pe3YJIbTaT ,llJII1TeJIbHbIX
rOpl130HTaJIbHbIX ll,BI1)KeHI1HJII1TOCcPePHbIXnJI I1T. 3TH ll,BI1)KeHl15I
npI1BOll,5IT TaK)Ke K TOMy, '-ITO Ha CTbIKax nJIHT B Oll,HI1XMeCTax
npOI1CxOll,I1Tnx C6JIl1)KeHl1e, a B ll,pyrnx - paCXO)K,lleHHe.
OPI1 C6JlIDKeHHH ll,ByxmnOCcPepHbIX nJIVlT, l1MelOIl.l,I1X
MaTepl1KoBylO KOPY, l1X Kpa51 BMeCTe C OCa,UO'-lHbIMl1nOp0ll,aMI1
CMl1HaIOTC5IB CKJIa,UKI1,o6pa3y51 ropHbIe Xpe6Tbi. ECJIl1 )Ke c6JII1-
)KaIOTC5InJIl1TbI, oll,Ha C OKeaHl1l.JeCKOH, a ll,pyra51 - C MaTepl1KO-
BOH KOpOH, TO nepBa51 npom6aeTC5I l1 KaK 6bl norp~aeTC5I noll,
MaTepHKOBy!o. Opl13TOM npl1nOll,H5ITbIH KpaH MaTepHKOBOH KOPbI
CMI1HaeTC5I B CKJIall,KI1, cPOpMl1py51 rOpbl, a Bll,OJIb no6epe)KI1M
B03Hl1KaIOT uenOQKH OCTPOBOBl1fJIY60KOBO)J,HbIeLKeJIo6a.
OPI1 paCXOLK)),eHHH JIl1TOCcPepHbIX nJII1T Ha l1XCTbIKe o6pa-
3YIOTC5ITpeIl.l,I1Hbi. nOll,06HOe Ha6JIIOll,aeTC5Inpel1MYUJ,eCTBeHHOHa
Ha TeMan1LJeCKOili KapTe "CTpoeHVle
3eMHoili KOpbl» nOKa3aHO pacnOnO>KeHVle
nVlTocepepHblX nnVlT, a TaK>Ke HanpaBneHVle
VI CKOpOCTb VlX nepeMeLl.eHVlS1.
Ha mnocepepHblX nnVlTax LJ,BeTOM BblAe~
neHbl nnaTepopMbl VI 06naCTVI CKnaALJaTOC-
TVI. B OCHOBe COBpeMeHHblx MaTepVlKOB
npeVlMYLleCTBeHHO ne>KaT ApeBHVle AO-
KeM6pVlilicKIt1e nnaTepopMbl. V1x 06paMnS1IOT
MonoAble nnaTepopMbl It106naCTIt1 CKnaALJa-
TOCTVI, 06pa30BaBWlt1eES1 n03AHee.
Ha AHe Mopeili It1 OKeaHOB 0603HaLJeHbi
OKeaHVlLJeCKlt1e nnaTepopMbl, CpeAIt1HHO-OKe-
aHIt1LJeCKVle xpe6Tbl, rny6oKoBoAHbie >Keno-
6a, 30Hbl pa3nOMOB. WTplt1XaMVI nOKa3aHbi
30Hbl 3eMneTpS1ceHVliIi, 3HaLJKaMIt1 - BynKaHbl.
1. KaKVle nVlTocepepHble nnVlTbl VI rAe ne-
peMeLlalOTCS1 C Halt160nbWeili CKOpOCTblO?
2. 06bS1CHIt1Te, nOLJeMy B npeAenax
TIt1XOOKeaHcKoro orHeHHoro KOnbLJ,a
cocpeAOTOLJeHO 80 % Bcex BynKaHoB.
3. KaKoili OCTpOB B ATnaHTIt1LJeCKOM
OKeaHe pacnonaraeTcS1 Ha rpaHIt1LJ,e
nVlTocepepHblx nnVlT?
4. Ha30BIt1Te ApeBHlt1e (AoKeM6pVlilicKVle)
nnaTepopMbl.
5. B npeAenax KaKoili nlt1TocepepHoili nnlt1Tbl
Mbl >KIt1BeM? KYAa It1C KaKoili CKOpOCTblO OHa
nepeMeLlaeTCS1? KaKlt1e nnaTepopMbl It106-
naCTIt1 CKnaALJaTOCTIt1 Ha Heili BbIAenS1IOT?
IAe HaXOAS1TCS130Hbl 3eMneTpS1CeHIt1i1i?
061lacTlil C Kopofi OKeaHl'1yeCKoro Tl'1na
o OKeaHl'1yeCKl'1e nnanpopMbl
oCpeAI'1HHO-OKeaHI'1YeCKl'1e xpe6Tbi
CJ rlly6oKoBoAHbie )I(ello6a
rpaHI'1l.(bIIlI'1Tocct>epHbIX nlll'1T
- C61l1'1)1(eHI'1~ = paCXOJKAeHI'1~
¢ HanpaBlleHl'1e 1'1CKOpOCTb
9,3 ABI'1)1(eHI'1~ nlll'1T (CM/roAl
BYIlKaHbl
• AeficTBylOlI.(l'1e * nOTYxwl'1e
I//; 30Hbl 3eMlleTp~CeHl'1fi 1'1
/ COBpeMeHHoro ropoo6pa30BaHI'1~
--- Pa31l0Mbi

16. -n-yr-e-w-e-CTB-M-e -B-cn-O-B-O-----;::I( ,ll,He OKeaHOB - B pHlllTOBblX ,ll,OJIOHaX. 3TO npo-
nnanpopMa B nepeBOAe C eppaH-
U,Y3CKOro 03HaljaeT nnOCKaR cjJOpMa.
Pille. 8.
CTpoeHlIle
nllaTCj>0pMbl
,ll,OJlhHhle ymeJIh5I WHpHHOH B HeCKOJIhKO ,ll,eC5IT-
KOB KHJIOMeTpOB. B,ll,OJThPWf)TOBhlX,ll,OJIHH cPop-
MHPYlOTC5I Cpe,ll,OHHO-OKeaHO'IeCKHe xpe6TbI B
BH,ll,e rHraHTCKHX nO,ll,BO,ll,HhIX ropHhIX coopY'A<.e-
HHH (pHC. 7). ITo TpemHHaM Ha nOBepXHOCTh
nO,ll,HHMaeTC5I paCnJIaBJleHHa5I MarMa. I10cJTe e"
OXJlCDIQJ.eHH.5IMarMaTWfeCKHe nOp0,ll,hI CTaHOB5IT-
C5I.MOJTO,ll,OH3eMHOH KopoH. OHa nOCTeneHHO
pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I. no 06e CTOpOHhI rJIy6HH-
HOro pa3JTOMa, HapamHBa5I Kpa5I JIHToccPepHhLx
nJIHT.
YCTO ~L hI rrO,UB K F )LfAC fKII 3F 1 T
KOPhI. Ha 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH eCTh OTHOCHTeJIhHO yCTOHLIJI-
Bhle H nOLlBH)KHhle y'·mCTKH. OTHOCHTeJlhHO yCTotft.!HBhIe y'-IaCTKl'
3eMHOM. KOPhI Ha3hIBalOT n JI a TlIJ 0 P M a MO. 3TO BhlpoBHeHHhI •
caMhIe LlpeBHHe yqacTKH JTHTOCcPePHhIX TIJIHT. OHl1 JIe)l(aT B OCHo-
BaHHl1 MaTepHKoB 11OKeaHH4eCKl1X Bna,nI1H. ITJIaTcPopMhI HMelOT
LlBYXCJlOHHOe CTpOeHl1e. HH)I(HHH CJTOH- Kpl1CTaJIJlH4eCIGIlt
cPYHLlaMeHT - CJTaralOT MarMaTH4eCKHe H MeTaMOPcPwleCKHe no-
POLlhI. BepXHl1M. COCTOI1T 113OCa,nOLIHhIX nopo,ll" KOTophle CJTOBHO
4eXJlOM nepeKphIBalOT cPYH,ll,aMeHT. MeCTaMH TBep,ll,ble KpI1CTal-
JIH4eCKHe nopOLlbI cPYHLlaMeHTa BblcTynalOT H3- no,ll, Pblx..lhLX
OCaLlOqHhIX nopOLl 4eXJIa Ha nOBepXHOCTh nJlaTcPopMbI. TaKiI
Y4aCTKH Ha3bIBalOT UJ.OTaMO. YQaCTKl1, nepeKpbITbIe 4ex..10. L
Ha3bIBalOTC5I nJIHTaMH (He nyratiTe CJIl1TOCcPePHhIMH!) (pHC. 8). ITo
reOJIOrH4eCKOMY B03pacTy pa3JIl14alOT LlpeBHHe H MOJIO.JbI
nJTaTcPopMhl. J(pe6Hue (ooKeM6puiiclCue) 1l.flamrjJopMbl Ccl:>OpMHpOBa-
JTHCbB apXeHCKYlO l1 npoTep030HCKYlO 3pbI, TO eCTh B ,ll,OKeM6pml.
B03paCT HX cPYHLlaMeHTa 1,5 - 4 MJIPLl JIeT. MOJlOOble 1l.flamrjJop.lfbl
Ccl:>OPMI1POBaJlI1CbTOJThKO500 MJTHJTeTHa3a,n.
Me)l(,1l,y OTHOCHTeJIhHO YCTOHLIHBbTMl1yYacTKaMl13eMHOH KOpbl
pa3MemaIOTC5IHeycTOHQl1Bble30HhT -nO,ll,BIDKHbIe nOSica. OHlI
COBna,naIOT C MeCTaMH fJTY6HHHbIX pa3JIOMOB Me)l(,1l,y JlHTOCcPe
HblMl1 TIJIHTaMH Ha cywe 11B oKeaHax (B cpeLlHHHO-OKeaHl1LIeCKIIX
xpe6Tax H my60KoBoLlHbTX )I(eJl06ax). B 3THX Y3Kl1X, npOT5I)I(eHHo-
CTblO B ThIC5I4H Kl1JlOMeTpOB, 30Hax cocpeLlOTOQeHbI BYJlKaHhl II
QaCTO 6bIBalOT 3eMJleTp5ICeHH51. TaKHe 30HhT Ha3bIBaIOT ceiiCMll'le-
ClCUMUnORCaMU.
<l>OPMhl PEJIhE<l>A. PeJlbecl:>TeCHO CB5I3aH co CTpoeHHeM 3e"l-
HOH KOPhI. Ee COBpeMeHHhTe OLIepTaH H5I npeLlCTaBJI5IIOT KpynHel1-
WHe cPOPMhT peJlbecl:>a - BblcTynbl MaTepHKOB H BnallHHhl
OKeaHOB, ropbT H He06b5ITHhie paBHHHbI. B pa3MemeHHl1 cPop, I
peJTbecl:>aHa nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH Ha6JlIO,ll,aIOTC5I onpe,ll,eJleHHhle
3aKOHOMepHOCTH.

17. BblcTynbI MaTepHKOB COOTBeTcTBylOT 3eM-
HOH KOpe MaTepl1KOBOrO Tl1na, a OKeaHH'IeCKHe
Bna,nHHbl- 06JIaCT5IM pacnpOCTpaHeHl1H OKe-
aH114eCKOH KOpb!. P a B H H H bl pa3MewalOTCH
Ha nJIanpOpMax. OT Toro, Ha KaKOM Y4aCTKe
nJIanpOpMbl pacnOJIO)l(eHa paBHHHa, 3aBl1Cl1T
ee BbICOTa: Ha W.I1TaX 4awe JIe)l(aT B03BblweH-
HOCTl1 11 nJIOCKOrOpbH, Ha nmnax - B03Bbl-
weHHOCTl1 11H113MeHHOCTH.
fOPbl cYWl1, cpe,nHHHO-OKeaHH'IeCKHe
xpe6Tbi 11 rJIy6oKOBo,nHble MeJIo6a Ha,UHe
OKeaHOB pacnOJIaralOTCH B nO,UBl1)l(HbIX n05Icax Ha rpaHl1lI,e JIl1TO-
CcPepHbIX nJIHT. Ha cywe BCJIe,UCTBl1eC6JIl1)l(eHHH JIl1TOCcPepHbIX
TIJIl1Tnopo,nbT Ha l1X KpaHX CMl1HalOTCH B CKJIa,UKH,06Pa3YSl 06JIaCTb
CKJI3,L('IaTOCTH(Pl1c. 9). ITPl1 3TOM B03HHKalOT MOJIO,UbTeCKJlaO'-lQ-
mbte lOPbt. ITocTeneHHo, Ha npOT5J)l(eHl1l1 Ml1JIJI110HOB JIeT, OHH
pa3pywalOTC5I. 80 BpeMH CJIe,llYlOWl1X,llBl1)l(eHHH 3eMHoH KOPbT OT
Pa3JIOMOB ropbl pa36HBalOTC5I Ha OT,lleJIbHble fJIb16bI. ITo pa3JIOMaM
npOl1Cxo,nl1T BepTl1KaJIbHOe CMeW.eHHe: eCJIl1OAHH Y4aCTOK no,nHl1-
MaeTC5I OTHOCl1TeJIbHO COCe,llHl1X, TO 06pa3yeTC5I ropCT, eCJIl1 ony-
CKaeTCH - rpa6eH. TaK <'p0PMl1PYlOTC5IcKJlaOrtamo-lJlbt606bte lOPbt.
PeJTbe<.pHaweH nJIaHeTbT <'pOpMHpOBaJICH npo,nOJDKHTeJTbHOe
BpeM5I. ITPl1 3TOM nep110,nbI ropo06pa30BaH115I 4epeAOBaJIl1Cb C
nepl1o,naMl1 MeHee aKTl1BHbTX,nBIDKeHl1H 3eMHoH KOpbI, Kor,na ropbT
pa3pywaJIHCb nOA BJIH5IHHeM BHeWHl1X npou,eccoB 11npeBpaw.a-
JIHCb B paBHHHbI. TaKl1M 06pa30M peJIbe<'p 3eMJTH 113MeH5IeTCHHe-
npepbTBHo.
~ rpa6eH
(!)3AnOMH~TE ~I---------------------.....
• MaTepHKOBa5I Kopa COCTOHTH3 Tpex CJIOeB (oca,nO'IHOrO, rpaHHTHoro, 6a3aJIb-
TOBoro) MOIIl,HOCTblO 35-70 KM; OKeaHH'IeCKaH Kopa - TOJIbKO H3,nByxCJIOeB
(oca,nO'IHOrO H 6a3aJIbTOBoro), HX TOJIlII,a He npeBblmaeT 10 KM.
• nJIaTcI>opMa - 3TOT OTHOCHTeJIbHOYCTOH'IHBbIH BbIpoBHeHHbIH yqaCTOK 3eMHOH
KOpbl.
• nO,nBHMHblH n05IC - 3TO y'lacToK 3eMHOH KOpbl Ha rpaHHlJ,e JIHToccI>epHblx
nJIHT, r,ne npoxo,nHT rJIy6HHHbie pa3JIOMbl.
• 3aKoHoMepHocTH pacnpocTpaHeHHH cl>OpMpeJIbecl>a: MaTepHKH COOTBeTCTBy-
/;OT3eMHOH Kope MaTepHKOBoro THna, OKeaHH'IeCKHe Bna,nHHbl -.OKeaHJ.f'le-
CKoro THna; paBHHHbI - nJIaTcI>opMaM, ropbl cymH - 06JIaCTHM cIciIa,n'laTOC1'.H:·
.r
Plllc.9.
CTpoeHllle
o6nacTIII
CKnaAl4aTOCTIII
BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~st
1.,LJeM3eMHa51 KOpa MaTepll1KOBoro TlI1na OTnw-taeTC51OT KOpbl OKeaH1I14eCKOro TlI1na?
2. KaKoBbl nOCneACTBlI151C6nll1)KeHlI1511l1paCXO)KAeHlI151nll1TOC¢epHblx nnll1T?
3. KaKoBo CTpOeHlI1e nnaT¢opMbl? KaK nnaT¢opMbl pa3n1l14atOT no B03pacry?
4. KaKlI1e npOCne)KlI1BatOTC513aKOHOMepHOCTlI1 pa3Mew,eHlI151 ¢OPM penbe¢a?

18. ~ • BcnOMHIilTe, '-ITOTaKOe KJlIilMaT.
"V • no KaKIilM nplil3HaKaM pa3nlil'-lalOT KnIilMaTIil'-leCKlile no~ca?
P~c. 10.
K1IIi1MaTlilliecKlile
nOSlca
KJUIMAT II KJIHMATWIECKME IlOHCA 113KYpca 6KJIacca BbI
~e MHorae Y3HMl1 0 KJUIMaTe - MHOrOJleTHeM pe)J(J1Me noro,Ll,bT,
Tl1nWmOM M5I ,LI,aHHOHMeCTHOCTl1. Era cPOPMI1PYlOT K.JllIMaTOO6pa-
3YJOIlI,He lIJaKTOpbl: KOJIJ1l-leCTBOCOJlHeYHoii[ 3HeprHl1, UI1PKYJT5IUI15I
B03,L1,YWHblXMacc 11xapaKTep nO,Ll,CTl1JlaIOTueii[nOBepXHocrn.
KJlHMaTH'leCKHe nOSica - 3TO Wl1pOTHbIe rrOJlOCbI 3eMHOH
nOBepXHOCTI1 C OTHOCI1TeJlbHO O,Ll,HOP0,Ll,HbIMKJII1MaTOM (Pl1c. 10).
OHl1 OTJIl1yaIOTC5I TeMrrepaTypoii[ B03,L1,yxa H npe06Jla,LJ,alOll.I,HMI1
B03,L1,yWHbTMI1 MaccaMH. KJIl1MaTl1yeCKl1e n05Ica 113MeH5IIOTC5I
30HMbHO, TO eCTb OT 3KBaTopa K rrOJIIOCaM. B Ka)K)l.OM 113OCIl06-
IlblX 1CJlUMamUlfeCKllX nORC06 B TeyeHl1e ra,Ll,a rOCrrO,Ll,CTByIOT onpe-
,LI,eJIeHHbTe B03.lIYWHbIe MaCChI (3KBaTOpI1MbHbIe, TpOTIl1yeCKl1e,
YMepeHHhIe, apKTHyeCKl1e JIH60 aHTapKTl1yeCKl1e). B nepexoiJllble
1CJlUMamUlfeCKue nORca B03,L1,YWHhIe MaCCbI rrocTynaIOT 113 CMe)K-
HhIX OCHOBHbIX rr05ICOB, 113MeH5I5ICb no ce30HaM: JIeTOM npeo6JIa-
,LI,aIOT B03,L1,YWHbIe MaCCbI OCHOBHOro n05Ica, pacrrOJIO)[(eHHoro
IO)KHee, a 3l1MOH - pacrrOJlO)[(eHHOrO ceBepHee.
o 3KBATOPVlAllbHbilii nOflc
oCY53KBATOPV1AIlbHbiE nOi1CA
TPonVl~ECKVlE nOi1CA
o 06naCT~ nycTblHHOroKIl~MaTa
o 06naCT~ BnalKHoro KIl~MaTa
CY5TPOnVl~ECKVlE nOi1CA
o 06naCT~ KOHT~HeHTanbHoro
KIl~MaTa
r---l 06naCT~ cpeA~3eMHOMopCKOro
L--! KIl~MaTa •
o 06naCT~ MyCCOHHOroKIl~MaTa
r---l 06naCT~ CpaBHOMepHblM
L--! YBn8)l{HeH~eM
YMEPEHHblE n051CA
r---l 06naCT~ KOHT~HeHTanbHoro
L--! KIl~MaTa
r---l 06naCT~ yMepeHHO KOHT~HeHTanbHoro
L--! KIl~MaTa
o 06naCT~ MopCKoro Kn~MaTa
~ 06naCT~ MyccoHHoro KIl~MaTa
o CY5APKTVlYECKV11i1nOflc
~ CY5AHTAPKTVlYECKVlIiInOflc
o APKTVlYECKVlIiInOflc
o AHTAPKTVlYECKV11i1nOflc
-- rpaH~~bl Kn~MaT~YeCK~XnO~COB
------ rpaH~~bl KIl~MaT~YeCK~X06naCTe~

19. B KJIHMaTI1LIeCKI1X IT051CaX BbI)),eJl5lIOT KJIIfMaTWleCKHe 06JIaCTIf C
PaJHbIMl1 nmaMH KJTI1MaTa. KrrHMaTW-feCKHe 06JIaCTH <P0PMHPy/oT-
C5IITO)),BJIH5IHHeM aJOHaJIbHblX, TO eCTb He30HaJIbHbIX, <paKTOpOB: ITO)),-
CTHJIalOllJ,et1 ITOBepXHOCTH (TOr)),a pa3JIW:laIOT KOHTI1HeHTaJIbHbrn: l1JI11
MOpCKOM KJII1MaT), OKeaHHLIeCKi1X TeqeHHM.
KJHIMATlIqECKIIE IIOHCA. Ha pa3HbIX IlIl1pOTaX ITO)),
BJIH5IHl1eM KJIHMaTOo6pa3ylOllJ,HX <paKTOpOB <P0PMHPYIOTC5I
pa3HbIe KJIHMaTHqeCKHe IT05lca.
KrrI1MaT 3KBaTOpHaJIbHOrO nOSica HaXO)),HTC5I no)), B03)),eM-
CTBl1eM 3KBaTOpl1aJIbHbIX B03)J,yIlIHbIX Macc. OHI1 OnpeLleJI51IOT )I(ap-
KYIO H BJIa)I(HYJO norOLlY Ha npOUDKeHl111 rolla. B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIX
1I1l1pOTaxYCTaHaBJIHBaeTC51 HH3KOeLlaBJIeH l1e. B Te4eHHe ro)),aHa6JI10-
LlaeTC5I BbICOKa51TeMneparypa B03LlYXa (+ 24 ... +28 0q. rOLlOBa51 aMn-
JIl1ryLla TeMITeparypbI He3Haql1TeJIbHa51 - Bcero 1 - 2°C. BCJIeLlCTBl1e
CHJIbHOro HarpeBamt5l3eMHot1 ITOBepXHOCTI111I1HTeHCI1BHoro nOLlbe-
Ma TemIOro B03)),yxa o6pa3y/oTc5I MOllJ,Hble KY4eBO-LlO)l(LleBbIe o6Jla-
Ka. E)I(e)),HeBHo OHI1 ITpI1HOC5IT JIHBHI1 C rp03aMI1. D03TOMY OCanKOB
3LleCb BbmanaeT MHoro - CBblIlIe 2000 I1M B ro)),. XapaKTepHa BbICO-
Ka51OTHOCHTeJIbHa51 BJI~OCTb B03Llyxa. Ce30HbI B TaKOM KJIHMaTe
He BbIpa)l(eHbl, nOCKOJlbKY 11TeMnepaTypa B03Llyxa, H KOJIJ1LIeCTBO
OCanKOB Ha npOTillKeHI1H rOlla npaKTWleCKH He 113MeH51IOTC5I.
no KapTe MO)l(HO Y3HaTb 0 pacnono)l(e-
HI-H1 Ha 3eMHoili nOBepXHOCH1 nOflCOB C
OAHOpOAHblM KnVlMaTOM. Ha VlX npOCTVlpa-
HVie YKa3blBalOT nonOCbl pa3Horo LJ,BeTa. Ha
KapTe XopOWO BViAHO, 4TO rpaHVlLJ,bl KnVlMa-
TVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB npOXOAflT He 48TKO no
napannenflM, a OTKnOHfllOTCfl TO Ha ceBep,
TO Ha lOr. 3TO CBfl3aHO C BnVlflHVleM TaKoro
KnVlMaToo6pa3YIOw,ero epaKTopa, KaK nOA-
cTVlnalOw,afl nOBepXHOCTb (penbeep, OKeaHbl,
MopCKVle Te4eHVlfl, neAHVlKVI VIAP.). B npeAe-
nax KnVlMaTVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB pa3HbiM LJ,BeTOM
0603Ha4eHbi KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle 06naCTVI.
6yKBaMH YKa3aHbi
MeCllYbl rOAa
o -20
AH<l>MAMHHACOH
1. IAe Ha 3eMne CepOpMVlpOBancfl 3KBaTO-
pVlanbHblili KJlVlMaTVlyeCKIIiIi nOflC? KaKVle
TaM npeo6naAalOT B03AYWHbie MaCCbl?
2. Me~y KaKVlMVIKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlMVInOflca-
MVI Jle)l(VlT cy6TponVl4ecKVliIi nOflC? KaK 3TO
BnVlfleT Ha rocnoAcTBO B03AYWHbiX Macc
Ha npOTfl)l(eHVIVI roAa?
3. KaKVle KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle o6nacTVI BblAe-
nfllOT B npeAenax yMepeHHoro nOflca? YTO
06YCJlOBnVlBaeTTaKVle pa3HOBVIAHOCTVIKJlVl-
MaTa B yMepeHHOM nOflce?
4. IAe HaXOAflTCfl apKTVl4ecKVliIi II aHTapK-
TVl4eCKVliIi KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle nOflca? KaKoili
KnVlMaT TaM epopMVlpyeTCfl?
5. B KaKVlXKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlXnOflcax pacno-
JlaralOTCfl AeppllKa VIAHTapKTVlAa?
6. KaKoili KJlVlMaTVl4eCKVliIi nOflC 3aHVlMaeT
HaVl6oJlbwylO nnow,aAb B IO)I(Hoili AMepVlKe?
7. Ha KaKOM MaTepVlKe WVlpOTHoe npocTVI-
paHVle KnVlMaTVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB HapywaeT-
Cfl? n04eMy?
8. B KaKOM KnVlMaTVl4eCKOM nOflce Vl
l
'KVlXKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlXo6nacTflx pacnOJli
Ha,y~pa"Ha? , - V

20. B cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHOM nO$lce K3)i(j],OrOnOflyuJapl15IBO~
)..I,YlllHbIe MaCCbI I1MelOT Ce30HHbIM XapaKTep. JIeToM, Koma Co.: -
Hue 60flbwe oCBew.aeT CeBepHoe nonylllapl1e, ClO)..I,anocryn
3KBaTOpl1MbHbIe B0311YWHbIe MaCCbI H3 COCe)..l,HerO(c IOra) 3
TOpHMbHoro n05Ica. n03TOMY fleTOM KflI1MaT 3)..1,eCb)KapKlill
Bfla>KHbIM, nOll06HO 3KBaTopHMbHOMy. 3I1MOH, Korlla CO.1W.•....::
60flbllle oCBew.aeT fO)KHOe nOflYlllapl1e, Ha 3Ty Teppl1TOpl -
nOCTynalOT TponWieCKl1e B03)..1,ywHbIe MaCCbI y)Ke C ceBepa. =
COCe)..l,HerO TponWieCKoro n05Ica. OHI1 npI1HOC5IT )KapKylO
CyxyIO noroAY. B lO)KHOM nonylllapHH Bce npOHCXO)..l,l1THa060p<J:".
KrIHMaT TpOnH'IeCKOrO nO$lca Ol.JeHb)KapKI1MI1 CYXOH. E:
cP0PMI1PYIOT TpOnl1l.JeCKHe B03)..1,YlllHbIe MaCCbI. YCTaHaBJ1YmaeT .
BbICOKoe aTMOCcPepHoe )..I,aBfleHl1e. TeMnepaTypa B03)..1,yxafleTO.
COCTaBfl5IeT +3SoC, a 3l1MOM CHI1)KaeTC5I )..1,0+20°C. CYTOLJH r
aMnflHTY)..I,a TeMnepaTypbI )..I,OCTl1raeT40°C, 06bIl.JHO 6e306flaLJHO
cyxo. n03TOMY I1MeHHO B TpOmIl.JeCKHX n05Icax paCnOflO)l(eH
Ha1160flbllll1e nYCTbIHH MHpa.
KrIHMaT c y6TpO n H 'I e c KO ro no $Ic a, KaK I1cy63KBaTOpHa1h-
Horo, cPopMl1pyeTC5I no)..l,B03)..1,eHCTBl1eMce30HHbIX 113MeHeHHM B03-
)..I,yuJHbIX Macc: fleTOM nOCTynalOT )KapKl1e, cyXl1e Tponl1LJeCKHe.
3l1MOM - npOXflanHbIe yMepeHHbIe. B KOHmUHeHmQ./lbIIOU cy6mpo-
nUliecKou o6.tlacmu KflI1MaT CYXOM, C )KapKHM fleTOM (+30°C) I~
npOXfla)..l,HOH 3l1MOH (O ... +SOC). YBfla)l(HeHl1e He)..l,OCTaTOLJHOe
(300 MM B rOll), n03TOMY npe06flanalOT nyCTblHH H nOflynycTbIHII.
Ha 3ananHbIX n06epe)l(b5D( MaTepHKOB fle)KI1T 06.tlaCmb cy6mponu-
lIeCK020 Cpe0U3eMHOMOpCK020 K./lUMama C )KapKI1M (+20 0c), CYXH.i
fleTOM, M5IrKOM (+ 10°C) I1 Ma)l(HOM (SOO -700 MM B ro)..l,) 3I1MOH.
BOCTOl.JHbIe n06epe)Kb5I HaXO)..l,5ITC5InOlI BflH5IHHeM MyCCOHH020
K./lUMama (fleTo )KapKOe I1 Bfl3.)((HOe, 3HMa - npOXflanHa5I 11cyxa5I).
B y Me p e H H 0 M no $Ic e 3eMHa5I nOBepXHOCTb nOflyqaeT COfl-
HeLJHOrO TeMa B 2 pa3a MeHbllle, LJeMB TpOnHLJeCKOM. B Tel.JeHHe
rO)..l,a3TO TerIJ10 paCnpe)..l,efl5IeTC5I HepaBHOMepHO. 003TOMY LJeTKO
BbIpa)KeHbI Bce ce30HbI: XOflO)..l,Ha5ICHe)KHa5I 3I1Ma, Tenfloe fleTO.
np0)..l,Ofl)KI1TeflbHbIe BeCHa 11oceHb. npI1 npe06fla)..l,aHI1H B 3Tl1X
lllHpOTax YMepeHHbIX B03AYlllHbIX Macc ClO)..I,aTaK)l(e npOHI1KaIOT
TpOnI1LJeCKHe 11apKTl1LJeCKHe MaCCbI. 003TOMY YMepeHHbIH KflI1-
MaT xapaKTepH3yeTC5I TenflbIM 11)l(apKHM (+22 ... +30°C) fleTOM,
XOflO)..l,HOM I1 MOp03HOH (-S ...-30 °C) 3I1MOH, 3HaLJI1TeflbHOH
ro)..l,OBOMaMnflI1Ty)..l,OM TeMnepaTYPbI B03)..1,yxa.
Ba)KHbIMI1 MeXaHI13MaMI1 nepeHoca B03)..1,YlllHbIXMacc 5IBfl5IIOT-
C5I aTMoccPepHble Bl1XpI1 - UI1KflOHbI 11aHTI1UI1KflOHbI. B UeHTpe
UHKJlOHa cPopMI1pyeTC5I 06flacTb HI13KOro aTMoccPepHoro )..I,aBfle-
HI15I, n03TOMY TYlla nepeMew.aIOTC5I pa3HbIe no CBOHM CBoHcTBaM
B03)..1,YlllHbIe MaCCbI. UHKflOH npI1HOCHT 06flaLJHylO, C OCanKaMI1
noro)..l,y. B UeHTpe aHTHUHKJlOHa cPopMI1pyeTC5I 06flacTb BbICOKoro

21. llaBJTeHVl5I, B03llYX onycKaeTc5I K nOBepXHOCTVl 3eMJTH. AHTVl-
UHKJTOH 06yCJTOBJTHBaeT MaJToo6JTaYHylO, 6e3 OCanKOB, co CJTa6bIM
BeTpOM norOllY.
Cy6apKTUqeCKU~ (cy6aHTapKTUqeCKH~) KJTHMaT X~
paKTepH3yeTC5I ce30HHbIMH H3MeHeHl15lMH B03,DylllHbIX Macc: JTeTOM
nOCTYnalOT YMepeHHble, a 3HM0l1 - apKTHYeCKHe. OCanKOB Bbmana-
eT MaJTO-llO 200 MM B roll. PacnpOCTpaHeHa MHoroJTeTH5I5I Mep3JTOTa.
ApKTHqeCKH~ (aHTapKTHqeCKH~) KJIHMaT OyeHb
XOJTOllHbII1. OH ¢opMHpyeTc5I B nOJT5IpHbIX 06JTaCT5IX XOJTOllHorO
TenJTOBoro n05lca. 3llecb uapHT llOJTra5I nOJT5IpHa5I HOYb C Henpo-
llOJT)l(HTeJTbHbIM CBeTJTbIM nepHolloM rOlla. B nOJT5IpHylO HOYb
COJTHue He n05IBJT5IeTC5I Han ropH30HTOM H He HarpeBaeT 3eMHylO
nOBepXHOCTb. HaCTynaeT llOJTra5l, MaJTOCHe)l(Ha51 H MOp03Ha51
(-40°C) 3HMa. B nOJT5IpHbIl1lleHb COJTHUe XOT5I H CBeTHT, HO yrOJT
naneHl15l JTyYel1 B nOJT5IpHbIX WHpOTax He6oJTbW0I1. KpoMe TOro,
CHer H JTell OTpa)l(alOT 60JTbWYlO yaCTb ero JTyYel1 06paTHO B aTMO-
c¢epy. D03TOMY JTeTOKopOTKoe, BJTa)l(HOe (c TYMaHaMI1) I1 XOJTOll-
Hoe (O ... +SOC). OcallKOB BbInallaeT MaJTO - llO 100 MM B rOll.
CYPOBOCTb KJTHMaTa ycyry6JT5IlOT CHJTbHble BeTpbI.
KJTHMaT HrpaeT 60JTbWYIO POJTb B )l(MBOI1 I1 He)l(MBOI1 npHpolle
3eMJTI1. OH 06YCJTOBJTHBaeT pacnpocTpaHeHHe nO~lB, paCHlTeJTbHO-
CTH I1 )l(MBOTHOro Ml1pa, pe)l(l1M peK, 03ep, MOpel1, JTellHI1KOB.
(! 3AnOMHli1TE
• KJIHMaT - 3TO MHOrOJIeTHH~peJKJfM noro1lbl, THnHqHbl~ 1lJI» 1laHHO~ MeCTHO-
CTH. OCHoBHble KJIHMaTOo6pa3ylOIIJ,Ue cl>aKTopbl: KOJIHqeCTBO COJIHeqHO~3Hep-
fHH, IJ,HpKyJI»IJ,H»B031lYlllHbiX Macc H xapaKTep n01lCTHJIalOlIJ,e~nOBepxHocTH.
• KJIHMaTHqeCKHe no»ca - 3TO llIHpOTHbie nOJIOCbl Ha 3eMHo~ nOBepxHocTH,
KOTopble HMelOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO 01lHOP01lHbl~ KJIHMaT.
• Pa3JIUqalOT KJIHMaTHqeCKHe no»ca OCHOBHble (3KBaTOpHaJIbHbl~, TpOnHqe-
CKH~, YMepeHHbl~, apKTHqeCKH~ H aHTapKTHqeCKH~) H nepeX01lHble (Cy63K-
BaTOpHaJIbHbl~, cy6TpOnHqeCKH~, cy6apKTUqeCKH~ H cy6aHTapKTHqeCKH~).
BonpOCblli1 3AAAHli1S1
1.KaKV1e OCHOBHble <j)aKTOpbl BJlV151IOTHa <j)0pMV1poBaHV1e KJlV1MaTa MecTHocTV1?
2. LJeM OCHOBHble KJlV1MaTW·1eCKV1en051ca OTJlWtaIOTC51OT nepexoAHblX?
3. OxapaKTepV13yC1Te 3KBaTOpV1aJlbHblC1KJlV1MaT.nOyeMY Ha 3KBaTope BTeyeHV1e IOAa
B~naAaeT6oJlbWOeKOJlV1YeCTBOOcaAKoB?
4. LJTOo6yCJlOBJlV1BaeT >KapKV1C1V1cyxoC1 KJlV1MaTTpOnV1yeCKOrO n051ca?
5. KaKV1e B03AywHbie MaCCbl npeo6JlaAalOT B cy6apKTV1YeCKOM n051ce 3V1M0C1,a Ka-
KV1e- JleToM?
>rEOrPAcJ>W'IECKASl3AAA"IA)
KJlV1MaTV1yeCKV1C1n051C, KJlV1MaTKOToporo <j)opMV1pyeTC51 OAHV1MTV1nOM B03AYWHbiX
Macc, Ha3b1BaeTC51OCHOBHbIM. C<j)OpMyJlV1pyC1Te onpeAeJleHV1e nepeXOAHOIO KJlV1Ma-
TV1yeCKOrO n051ca.

22. § 5. IIPMPO,I(HbIE 30HbI
~ • BCnOMHII1Te, KaKlI1e npll1pO,lJ,Hble 30Hbl Bbl,lJ,emllOT Ha 3eMne.
Pl1C. 11.
npl1pOAHble
30Hbl
PACIIPOCTPAHEHllE fEOfPA<I>WlECKllX IIOJlCOB II
IIPllPO.ll.HbIX 30H. 113 Kypca 6 KJ1acca Bbl )')Ke 3HaeTe, l.JTO
npHpo,nHble KOMnJleKCbl, npOCTHpalOmHeC5I B llmpOTHOM
HanpaBJleHHH H CMeH5IlOmHe ,npyr,npyra OT 3KBaTopa K nOJllO-
caM, Ha3bTBalOTC5IreorpalllHlJecKlfMH nOHcaMH (3KBaTOpHaJTbHbIM,
cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHbIM, TpOnHl.JeCKHH, cy6TpOIlW-leCKHH,
YMepeHHbIM, cy6apKTHl.JeCKHM H cy6aHTapKTH4ecKHH, apKTH-
l.JeCKHH H aHTapKTHl.JeCKHH). OHM OTJlHl.JalOTC51KOJlJ1l.JeCTBOM
TenJla, KOTOpOe nOJlY4aeT 3eMHa51 nOBepXHOCTb, npe06Jla,nalO-
WHMH B03nYWHblMH MaCCaMH J1rocnOnCTBYlQmJ1MH BeTpaMJ1.
Pa3JlHl.JH5I B COOTtWWeHHH TenJla H BJlam B npe,neJlax O,nHOro
reOrpaclWIl.JeCKOrO n05lca npenonpe,neJl5l1OT ero ,neJleHJ1e Ha
npHp0,l),Hble 30Hbl (pMC. 11). Ka)J(,[l,a51IlpJ1pOj.!.Ha5l30Ha xapaKTepH-
3yeTc5I onpeneJleHHbIM KJ1HMaTOM, 1l0l.JBaMH, paCTHTeJlbHOCTblO,
)KJ1BOTHbIM MJ1POM. Pa3MemeHJ1e 30H no,n4HH5IeTC5I reorpalllH'le-
CKOH 30HaJlbHOCTH - OHH CMeH51lOT npyr ,npyra OT 3KBaTopa K
nOJllOCaM (WJ1POTHa5I30HaJTbHOCTb), Jl1160 OTOKeaHOB BrJTy6b Ma-
Tepl1Ka (,nOJlrOTHa5130HaJTbHOCTb) BCJle,nCTBHeHepaBHoMepHoro
pacnpeneJleHH5I TenJla H BJlarH. CMeHa npl1po,nHblX 30H B ropax
Ha3bTBaeTC5IBblCOTHOH nOHCHOCTblO (PJ1c. 12).
30HA BJIA)KHbIX 3KBATOPllAJIbHbIXJIECOB. BJTa)l<Hble
3KBaTOpl1aJTbHble Jleca paCTYT B 3KBaTOpHaJTbHOM n05lce, 06pa-

23. 3Y5ITpl1 OCHOBHbIX MaCCl1Ba - B 1O:JlcHouAMepuKe, Ar/JpUKe, A3UU.
3Ta rrpl1p0,llHa5I 30Ha OTJIHlJaeTC5I HaH60JIbllll1M Ha 3eMHOM
lllape pa3H006pa3HeM pacTeHl1l1 H 60raTbIM )J(HBOTHbIM Ml1pOM.
LlepeBb51 paCTYT B HeCKOJIbKO 5IpYCOB. rOBOp5IT, 'ITO 3KBaTOpl1-
aJIbHbIH JIec He TeprrHT rryCTOTbI. BeTBH H CTBOJIbI ,ll,epeBbeB
nepeBHTbI JIHaHaMH - paCTeHH5IMH C f116Kl1MH, BblOllll1MHC5I,
O'IeHb ,ll,JIl1HHbIMH (l1HOf,ll,a 60JIee 100 M) cTe6JI5IMl1. Ha JIHaHaX,
a TaK)J(e Ha CTBOJIaX 11BeTKax ,ll,epeBbeB pa3Bl1Ba1OTC5I
paCTeHl15I-rrapa311TbI, KOTopble nl1TalOTC5I l1X COKaMH.
BblcoKan BJI~HOCTb B03,ll,yxa,ll,aeT B03MO)J(HOCTb MHO-
fHM paCTeHl15IM (HanpHMep, opXl1,ll,e5lM) nOfJIOlllaTb
BJIary np5lMO 113B03,ll,yxa. LlJl5I 3TOro OHH l1MelOT B03-
,ll,YlllHble KOpHH. BJIa)J(Hble 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIe JIeca -
BelfH03eJIeHbTe, TO eCTb paCTeHH5I He c6paCbIBaIOT
O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO BCIOJll1CTBy. DO'IBbI npeHMYllleCTBeH-
HO :JICeJlmble ljJeppa.tl.llUmUble l1Jll1 JlamepUmUble. B )J(ap-
KOM H BJla)J(HOM KJll1MaTe OTMepWHe OCTaTKl1 paCTeHl1116bTCTpO
neperHl1BalOT. rYCTble KOpHl1 paCTeHHH, pacnOJlO)J(eHHble y
- - ~ -~ ~ ~~
KAK 'U1TATb' KAPTY
npill nOMow,iIl KapTbl MO)KHO 03HaKO-
MiIlTbCs:JC pacnOnO)KeHiIleM Ha 3eMHoili
nOBepXHOCTiIl npillpOAHblX 30H. Ha iIlX
pacnpOCTpaHeHiIle YKa3blBalOT KOHTypbl
pa3Horo lJ,BeTa. B lJ,enOM npillpOAHbJe
30Hbl iIl3MeHs:JIOTCs:JOT 3KBaTopa K nonlO-
caM (no WiIlpOTe), HO BcneAcTBiIle HepaB-
HOMepHoro pacnpeAeneHiIls:J Tenna ill
Bnarill 3TO TaK)Ke npOillCXOAiIlT OT OKea-
HOB B rny6b MaTepillKa (no AonroTe).
I6.l )I(ecTKon~cTHble Be4HoaeneHbie
. neca ~ KycTapH~K~
nepeMeHHO-BnaJKHble
. MyccoHHble neca
BnalKHble aKBaTop~anbHble neca
o nonynYCTblH~ ~ nycTblH~
o CaBaHHbl ~ peAKonecb~
CJ 30Hbl BbICOTHO~nO~CHOCT~
rpaH~I1b1 reorpa<J~4ecK~x
nO~COB
Plr1c.12.
reorpa<!>lr1'feCKaSi
30Ha11bHOCTb
Ir1BblCOTHaSi
nOSiCHOCTb
Plr1c.13.
3KBaTOplr1a11bHbli.1
11ec
3i1lMOili + 25°C
neTOM + 25°C
OcaAKiIl - 2 000 MM/roA
1.KaKoBbl 3aKOHOMepHOCTiIl pa3Mew,eHiIls:J
npillpoAHblX 30H Ha 3eMne?
2. OnpeAenillTe reorpa¢w-JecKoe nonO)Ke-
Hille 30Hbl Bna)KHbiX 3KBaTopillanbHbiX neCOB,
KaK 3TO OTpa3i1lnOCb Ha oco6eHHOCTs:JX
KnillMaTa ill xapaKTepe pacTiIlTenbHocTiIl?
3. Ha KaKOM MaTepillKe caBaHHbl 3aHiIlMa-
lOT Haill60nbWiIle nnow,aAiIl?
4. PaCCKa)KiIlTe 0 pacnOnO)KeHiIlill cTenHoili
ill necocTenHoili 30H. n04eMY B CTens:JXHeT
ApeBecHoili pacTiIlTenbHocTiIl?
5. CpaBHiIlTe pacnOnO)KeHiIle IO)KHoili
rpaHI1lJ,bl TyHApbl B EBpa3i1lill ill CeBepHoili
AMepillKe. KaKoBbl pa3nill4i1ls:J?
6. Ha KaKiIlX MaTepillKax Ha6nlOAaeTcs:J
AonrOTHoe npOCTiIlpaHiIle npl1pOAHblX 30H?

24. rrOBepXHOCTH, 6blCTpO rrOrJIOIlJ,aIOT nHTaTeJIbHble BeIlJ,eCTBa.
n03TOMY n04Bbi MaJIOnJIOLI,OpOLI,Hble.
B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbiX JIeCaX MHOrHe :>KHBOTHble 06HTalOT Ha
LI,epeBb51X, nHTa51Cb HX JIHCTBOW H nJIOLI,aMH. 3TO HaCeKOMble,
MHOr04HCJIeHHbie nTHLI,bl, 06e3b51HbI, 3MeH H 5IIlJ,epHLI,bI. Ca-
MhlW KpynHblw XHIlJ,HHK - JIeOrrapLI,.
J( H.'-', I B caBaHHax rOCnOLI,CTBYIOTTpaBh!. Cpep,H HHX
OTLI,eJIhHO HJIH rpynrraMH paCTYT LI,epeBb51. CaBaHHhI pacnpOCT-
paHeHbl B cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHOM n051ce, me pa3JIWIalOT
O.Jr't-;
LI,Bace30Ha - BJIa:>KHOeJIeTO H CYXYlO 3HMY.
TpaBbI, npeHMyIlJ,eCTBeHHO 3JIaKH, JIeTOM BblpaCTa-
lOT LI,O5 M. MHoro aKaUHw H KOJII04HX KYCTapHHKOB.
3HMOW TpaBbl BblCblxalOT, a LI,epeBb5I c6pacblBalOT
::-§<.~~. = =:> => r_~~_~JII1CTBy. YT06hl nepe:>KI1Tb CyXOM ce30H, LI,epeBb51
3111MOVI + 25°C (6YTbIJl04HOe, 6a06a6) 3anacalOT Bflary B CBOHX OrpOM-
neToM + 25°C HbIX CTBOflax. B caBaHHe C¢OPMHPOBaJII1Cb KpacHo-6y-
OCa,D,KlII- 300 - 1000 MM/roA pble nOlf6bl, HX rrflOLI,OpOLI,HbIHCflOM flerKO BbIMblBaeTC5I
B nepHOLI, LI,O)KLI,eH.>KHBOTHbIW MHp 4pe3Bbl4aHHO pa3Ho06pa3-
P~c. 14.
CaBaHHa HbIH. Oc06eHHO MHoro TpaB05ILI,HhIX: aHTHflorrbl, :>KHpa¢bl,
3e6phl, 6yMBOflbI, CflOHbI, 6ereMOTbl, HOCOpOrH. CpeLI,H XHIlJ,HH-
KOB - flbBbI, JIeOnapLI,bl, renapLI,bI, nleHbI, WaKaJIbI. MHoro
06e3b5IH. BOLI,5ITC5ICTPaycbl - caMble KpynHble Ha3eMHbie rrTJ1L1,bl.
'""POnI1QECKI1E flYC TbIHH H flOJIYf YCThIHH. ma30Ha
OTflWIaeTC5I pe3KHM HeLI,OCTaTKOM BJiarH H pa3pe:>KeH-
HblM pacTHTeflbHblM nOKpOBOM. KOflH4eCTBO OCaLI,KOB
Ml13epHOe (LI,O200 MM B roLI,). TpOnJ14eCKHe rryCTblHH
pacnpocTpaHeHbl B TponH4ecKoM n05Ice, rLI,eB Te4eHHe
rOLI,anpe06flaLI,aeT CyXOH TPOnl14eCKHH KOHTI1HeHTaJIb-
HbIM B03LI,yX. BCfleLI,CTBl1e 3HaLJl1TeJIbHbIX CYTOLJHbIXKO-
fle6aHHw TeMnepaTYpbl B03Llyxa ropHble nopoLlbl6blCTpO
pa3pywalOTC51. n03TOMY orpoMHble npocTpaHcTBa no-
KpblTbl IlJ,e6HeM I1fll1 CbIITyYl1MH rreCKaMH, KOTopble cB060LlHO ne-
peMeIlJ,aIOTC5I BeTpOM. B nYCTbIH5IX OLJeHb MaJIO opraHW-leCKHX
OCTaTKOBpaCTeHHWI1 BOLI,bl,n03TOMY nOLJBbl OLJeHb6eLI,Hble flH60
Bo06IlJ,e He ¢OPMHPYlOTC51. HeT 3LleCb H nOCT05IHHbIX BOLlOTOKOB.
Ha nepBbIH B3fJ15ILl,nYCTbIH516e3:>Kl13HeHHa. Ho ee :>KI1BOTHbIM
Ml1p 3HaLJl1TeflbHO 60raLJe, LJeM paCTI1TeflbHbIW. B rrycTblHe MHO-
ro MeJIKI1X HaceKOMbIX, KOTOpbIMH nHTaIOTC5I nayKH, CKOpnI10-
Hbl, 5IIlJ,epHUbl, nTHUbI. Ha HHX, B CBOIO OLJepeLI,b, OXOT5ITC51
XHIlJ,HI1KH - WaKaJI, rrOJIOCaTa5I rHeHa, fll1CHLI,a ¢eHeK. fflaBHoe
YCflOBl1e :>K113HJ1B rrycTbIHe - crroc06HOCTb 1136e:>KaThrreperpeBa-
HH5I 11npOLlOfl:>KI1TeflbHOe BpeM5I 06XOLI,HThC5I6e3 BOLI,bLHaceKO-
Mble H npeCMbIKalOIlJ,HeC5I, cnaCa5ICb OT :>Kapbl, 3apblBalOTC5I B
rreCOK. AHTl1flOnbl J1ra3eflJ1 cnoc06HbI npeOLI,OfleBaTb orpOMHble
paCCT05IHH5I B nOJ1CKaX BOLI,bI.
3111MOVI + 15°C
neToM + 35°C
OcaAKlII - 100 MM/roA
P~C. 15.
nYCTblHSI

25. B I1YCTbIHHXBCTpelIalOTCH Oa3HChi - yqaCTKl1 C 60raTOM pac-
Tl1TeJlbHOCTblO, r)le pacTYT <pl1Hl1KOBaHnaJlhMa, aKaIJ,I1l1, <ppyK-
TOBhle )lepeBhH. Oa3l1ChI B03Hl1KalOT 6Jlaro)lapH YBJlffiKtIeHl1lO3a
ClIeT nO)l3eMHbIX BO)ll1Jll1l1CKYCCTBeHHoMyOpOllIeHl1lO.
CTE:1M. 3TO 30Ha yMepeHHoro I10Hca. CTeI1l1 OTJ1l1-
lIalOTCH 60raThIM pa3HOTpaBheM, cpe)ll1 KOToporo
npe06J1a)lalOT 3JlaKl1 - KOBhIJlh, Tl1nlIaK, TOHKOHOr.
TIO)l nbIllIHOM paCTl1TeJlhHOCThlO, KOTopaH e)l(ero)],-
HO OTMl1paeT l1 o6pa3yeT MHOro OpraHl1lIeCKl1X OCTaT- 3i11MO~ - 12°C
KOB, C<P0PMl1POBaJll1Ch I1JlO)],Opo)],Hhle ltep1l03eMbi l1 JleToM + 24°C
ICatuma1l06ble nOlt6bl. Cpe)],11 )I(l1BOTHhIXI1pe06Jla)],alOT OC3AKiI1 - 400 MM/roA
rphl3yHhl: cyCJl11K, TywKaHlIl1K, XOMHK. 113-3a CypOBOM 3l1Mhl Pl<1c. 16. CTenb
60JlhllIl1HCTBO rphl3yHoB, )I(l1BYIlJ,l1XB Hopax, BI1a)],alOTB CIUllIKY.
BcrpelIalOTC5I CTenHOM xopeK, 6apCYK 11JH1CI1Ua. MHoro CTen-
HhIXnTl1IJ,()],po<pa, cepa51 KYpOI1aTKa, )I(aBOpOHOK, CTeilHOM OpeJl)
11I1peCMhIKalOIIJ,I1XCH(CTeI1Ha5I ra)],lOKa, I10Jl03l1 )],p.).
C ~ U
. ~C . 3Ta 30Ha paCilpOCTpaHeHa B EBpa3l111l1 CeBep-
HOM AMepl1Ke. Wl1POKOJll1CTBeHHhle JIeca Eeponbl
npe)lCTaBJIeHbl )ly60M, 6yKOM, rpa60M, JIl1I10M, KJ1e-
HOM. B CeeepfLOU AMepUKe l1X)],0I10JIH5IlOTB5I3, TlOJIh-
I1aHHOe )lepeBO. WI1POKOJlI1CTBeHHhle J1eca 5IBJIHlOTC5I 3i11MO~
Jll1CTOI1a)],HbIMI1,OHl1 e)l(erO)lHO Ha 3I1MYc6paChIBalOT
JIl1CTBy. B CMewaHHhIX Jlecax COlfeTalOTC5IJlI1CTBeHHble
l1XBoMHhie (eJlb, COCHa) I10pO)lbI. TIOlIBhl - iJep1l060-noiJ30JlUCmble. Pl<1c. 17.
B Jlecax BO)],51TC5IJIOCh, 6JlarOpO)lHhIM OJIeHb, KOCyJlH, Ka6aH, CMewaHHble neca
BOJIK, 6apcYK, J1eCHM KYHl1IJ,a,3aHIJ" 6eJIKa. 113 nTI1IJ,BCTpelIalOTC5I
)],5ITeJl,Cl1Hl1IJ,a,)lp03)]" 3516J1l1K,TeTepeB. ~D"
, . 3Ta 30Ha 3aHl1MaeT ceBepHYlO qaCTb yMepeH- ~.'
HOro I10Hca. TaM I1P0)],0J1)1(l1TeJlbHa51cypoBa5I 3I1Ma 11 ~.""q~
yMepeHHo TeI1JIOe JIeTO. CHe)l(HhIM nOKpoB Jle)l(I1T ",m-~200 )lHeM B rO)ly. Teppl1TOpl151 3a6oJIoLJeHa. TIOqBhI - ~:';Q"';";
noiJ30JlUCmbie l1 mopqJJl1l0-60JlOmllble. PacTYT XBoMHble 3 2 3 °iI1MO~ - 4 ...- 0 C
JIeca l13 eJll1, I1l1XTbI, COCHhI, eCTb JIl1CTBeHHhle I10PO- JleToM + 19°C
)lhl - 6epe3a 11OCI1Ha.)J(I1BOTHhIMMI1Ppa3HOo6pa3HhIM: OC3AKiI1 - 600 MM/roA
JIOCh, 6YPblM Me)lBe)lb, BOJlK, J1l1CI1IJ,a,J1eCHa51KYHI1IJ,a, PI<1C. 18. Tal.1ra
xopeK, JIaCKa, 3MIJ,-6eJI5lK, 6eJlKa. MHOro I1TI1IJ,.XapaK-
TepHhl HaceKoMhle-KpoBoCOChl: KOMapbI, MOWKa.
,...... • 3Ta 6e3JIeCHaH npl1po)],HaH 30Ha I1pOCTl1pa-
eTC5IB cy6apKTl1LJeCKOM n05Ice. KJUtMaT TaM CYPOBhIM,
C I1P0)],OJl)l(l1TeJlhHOM XOJIO)],HOM3l1MOM 11 KOPOTKI1M
I1POXJla)],HhIMJIeTOM. BCJIe)],CTBl1eI1pOMep3aHl15I I10lfBbI
l1 ropHhIX I10pO)], B TYH)],pe paCilpOCTpaHeHa MHOrOJIeT-
HIDI Mep3JIOTa. )J,epeBh51 He pacTYT, KpOMe KapJll1KOBOM
6epe3bI l1 KYCTapHl1KOBOMOJIbXI1, KOTopble CTeJl5lTCH
3i11MO~ - 25 ...-40°C
JleToM + 12°C
OC3AKiI1 - 400 MM/roA '
PI<1C. 19. TyHApa

26. no 3eMJIe l13-3a Cl1JlbHbIX BeTpOB. PacnpOCTpaHeHbI MXl1 Ii _ -
WaMHI1Kl1, OCOKl1, 6pYCHl1Ka. Cpe,ll.11 )I(l1BOTHhIX - ceBe P..;
OJleHh, neceIJ;, JleMMI1Hr, 6eJla5I KYpOnaTKa, 6eJla5I COBa.
BO,ll.OnJTaBaIOIIJ:l1X nTI1IJ;: ryCI1, YTKJ1, Jle6e,ll.l1, raraphI. Tyna
C?Ilee6ble llOlf6bl OlJeHb 6e,ll.Hhle.
APKTI1QECKI1E nYCThIHM. 31'0 30Ha Jle.1HF.
nyCTbIHb, KOTOpa5I pacnpOCTpaHeHa Ha ocmpoBax G -
BepnocO JIeaoBumoco OKeQlta. OTJlI1':1aeTC5I CYPOB~ 1
KTl1lJeCKl1M KJlI1MaTOM. CHe)l(HhIM nOKpOB Jle)+Q
300,ll.HeM B roJl.Y. Ha He60JlblIlOM fJTy611He - MO -
nJlaCThI MHOrOJleTHeM Mep3JlOThI. OHa OXJlIDKllae7 ---
':IBY, 3a,ll.ep)l(J1BaeT nOBepXHOCTHhle BO,ll.hI, ':11'0 rrp -:>-
,ll.l1T K 3a60JTa'II1BaHHIO Teppl1TOpl1l1. PaCTl1Te.lhH
l1 )I(l1BOTHbIM Ml1p O':leHh 6e,ll.Hhle. C HacTynJTeHl1eM KOpO-:-
XOJlO,ll.HOfO JTeTa MeCTaMI1 n05IBJl5IIOTC5I Jll1WaMHl1Kl1, :-['(1[. -
Jl5IPHbIM MaK, KYpOnaTO'Ih5I TpaBa. BO,ll.5ITC5I ceBepHbIM O. ""-
6eJlbIM Me,ll.Be,ll.h, neceLI" JTeMMl1Hf. JIeToM fHe3,ll.5ITC5I '-IaHKli.
HOKllIOBble Ka3apKl1 11,ll.pyme nTl1IJ;hI.
3AnOMHlo1TE
3111MOili -30 ...-40°C
JleToM + 5°C
OcaAK1I1 - 300 MM/roA
Pl1c.20.
ApKTl111eCKaSl
nycTblHSl
• npHp0,1J.Hble 30HbI - 31'0 npHp0,1J.Hble KOMnJleKCbl C xapaK1'epHbIMH
KJlHMa1'a, nO'IBaMH, paC1'H1'eJlbHOC1'blO, JKHB01'HblM MHpOM, K01'opble 3aKO
MepHO H3Meml101'CH B COO1'Be1'C1'BHH C reOrpa~HqeCKOH 30HaJlbHOCTbIO.
• reorpa~uqeCKaH 30HaJIbHOC1'b - 31'0 3aKOHOMepHaH CMeHa npHpO)J.HbIX 30
3KBa1'opa K nOJlIOCaM (illHp01'HaH 30HaJIbHOC1'b) JlH60 01' OKeaHOB BfJIy6b Ma
Ka (,1J.OJlrOTHaH30HaJIbHOC1'b), 06yCJlOBJleHHaH HepaBHoMepHblM pacnpe,rre.le
TenJla H BJlarH.
• BbICOTHaH nOHCHOCTb- 3m 3aKoHOMepHaH CMeHa npupO)J.Hb1X30H CBbICOTOll B
BOnpOCbJ H 3AIJ.AHH5I
1.KaKl-1e reorpaepl-1'-1eCKl-1e n051ca CepOpMl-1pOSanl-1Cb Ha 3eMHOM wape?
2. LJeM pa3n1tlLJaIOTC51 nOH51H151«Wl-1pOTHa51 30HanbHOCTb» l-1«SbICOTHa51 n051C-
3. nOLJeMy S Hl-1>KHeM 51pyce Sna>KHbIX 3KSaT0pl-1anbHbIX necos paCTYT TeHes' -
Sble AepeSb51l-1 KycTapHl-1Kl-1, HO HeTTpasbl?
4. OxapaKTepl-13ytllTe 30Hy casaHH.
5. Ha30Sl-1Te 6e3necHbie npl-1pOAHble 30Hbl. nOLJeMy TaM He pacTyT AepeSb51.
L~~KH~)KHASI nOnKA
1.,l],eTcKa513HLI,l-1KnOneAl-151: 3eMn51l-1 BceneHHa51. - M.: Nota Bene, 1994.
2. YOTT CPo 3eMneTp51CeHl-151 l-1 synKaHbl: 3HLI,It1KnOneAIt151 oKpy>KalOw,ero
M.: POCM3H, 1997.
3. CnOSHl-1K-AOsiAHl-1K 3 epi3l-1LJHO',reorpaepi'i: 6 - 8 KnaCIt1 j C. B. Mixeni, B. 10.
KO, r. ,l],. npOLl,eHKO, B. r. LJl-1pKaj3a peA. B. r. LJl-1PKl-1.- XapKis: OCHosa, 2
4. UJ,o? ~K? LJOMy? CSiT Al-1S0Sl-1>KHOro i 3araAKosoro: nonyn51pHa .0.1111'51a e
neAi51. - XapKis: Cl-1TeKC, 2000.

27. BonpOCbl l-13AAAHl-1S1
( I YPOBeHb)
1. IIhlpHHa Ka:IK)J;OI'OlIaCOBOI'O rrOHCa COCTaBJlHeT:
a) 100; 6) 15
0
; B) 100
0
.
2. HaJl60JlbIIlaH MOIIJ;HOCTb 3eMHOH KOpbI rro)J;:
a) OKeaHaMII; 6) paBHIIHaMII; B) I'OpaMII.
3. TIO)J;BH:lKHbIMH yqacTKaMH 3eMHOH KOpbI HBJlHIOTCH:·
a) IIJIaT<p0pMhI; 6) IIOHca CKJIa,n;lIaTOCTII.
4. ,II;peBHHM IIJlaT«!l0pMaM Ha rrOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlH COOTBeTCTBYIOT:
a) paBHIIHhI; 6) I'OPhI; B) cpe,n;IIHHO-OKeaHIIlIeCKlIe Xpe6ThI.
5. Ha30BJlTe rrepeXO)J;HbIe KJlHMaTHlIeCKJle rrOHca:
a) yMepeHHhIll:; 6) cy6TpoIIWleCKIIll:; B) TpOIIIIlIeCKIIll:;
1') cy6::nmaTOpIIaJIhHhIll:.
6. 30Ha, 3aHHMalOIIJ;aH u;eHTpaJlbHYIO lIaCTb yMepeHHOI'O rrOHca, l')J;e
rrpeo6J1a)J;aeT TpaBHHHCTaH paCTHTeJIbHOCTb Ha lIepHo3eMHbIx H
KalliTaHOBbIX rrOlIBax, - :JTO:
a) CTeIIh; 6) Tall:ra; B) IIyCThIH.H; 1') caBaHHa.
(II YPoBeHb)
7. Ha30BHTe lIaCTII CBeTa.
8. KaKOll: MaTepIIK HaII6oJIhIIIIIll: IIO IIJIOIu;a,n;lI?
9. KaKIIe TIIIIhI 3eMHOll: KOPhI pa3JIII'laIOT?
10. KaK Ha3hIBaeTC.H IIOJIOCa, r,n;e cocpe,n;OTOlIeHhI ByJIKaHhI lI'laCTO
6hIBaIOT 3eMJIeTp.HCeHII.H?
11. Ha30BIITe OCHOBHhIe KJIIIMaTII'leCKIIe IIO.HCa CeBepHoro IIOJIyIIIapII.H.
(III ypoBeHb )
12. ~TO TaKoe MeCTHoe BpeM.H?
13. ~TO TaKoe IIO.HCHOe BpeM.H?
14. KaKoBo CTpoeHIIe IIJIaT<popMhI?
15. KaKIIe <pOPMhI peJlhe<pa COOTBeTcTByIOT IIO,n;BIIJKHhIM IIO.HCaM Ha
CYIIIe II Ha ,n;He oKeaHoB?
16. ITo KaKIIM KJIIIMaTII'leCKIIM IIOKa3aTeJl.HM B IIpe,n;eJIax KJIIIMaTIIlIe-
CKIIX IIO.HCOBpa3JIIIlIaIO'l' IIpIIpo,n;HhIe 30HhI?
(IV YPoBeHb)
17. ITOJIh3Y.HCh KapTOll: 'laCOBhIX IIO.HCOB, OIIpe,n;eJIIITe, KOTOphIll: 'lac B
XaphKoBe, eCJIII B ITeKIIHe 5 'l 20 MIIH.
18. KaK CJle,n;yeT IIepeBeCTII (Ha3a)J; IIJIII BIIepe,n; II Ha CKOJIhKO) CTpeJlKII
lIaCOB IIaCCaJKIIpaM, IIpIIJIeTeBIIIIIM II3 O,n;ecchI B TOKIIO (5IIIOHII.H)?
19. 06'h.HCHIITe, IIO'leMy Hey,n;o6Ho IIOJIh30BaThC.H MeCTHhIM BpeMeHeM.
20. B 'leM 3aKJIIO'laeTC.H OCHOBHa.H 3aKOHOMepHOCTh B pa3Me:w;eHIIII
KpyIIHhIX q)OPM peJIhe<pa Ha 3eMJIe?

28. ~ .- --

29. TeMa 1. Ta.1xa.111tOKeaH. OKeaHa.1S1
TeMa 2. ATnaHTa.1"1eCKa.111tOKeaH
TeMa 3. ~HAa.1I1tCKa.111t OKeaH
TeMa 4. CeBepHbJIIt lleAOBa.1TbJIIt OKeaH
TbIC5IyaMI1 KMJIOMeTpOB CI1HeBbl npOCTl1paeT-
C5I OKeaH Ha HaweH nJlaHeTe. OH LI,eHCTBI1TeJIb-
HO He06b5ITHhIH, He0603pI1MhIH: ero COJleHble
BOLI,bInOKphIBalOT 3/4 3eMHoH nOBepXHOCTI1. 3TO
BeJll1yeCTBeHHoe, 3araLI,OYHOe BOLI,HOenpocTpaH-
CTBOOn05IChIBaeT Haw Ml1p 11nyJlbCl1pyeT npl1JII1-
BaMI1, KaK orpOMHoe cepLI,l.l,e 3eMJII1. JIacKoBoe 11
O.lIHOBpeMeHHO onaCHoe BOJlHeHl1e BOLI,blCJlOBHO
yKa3blBaeT Ha :>Kl1BylOLI,ywy OKeaHa, npl1Tal1BlllY-
IOC5I B TeMHbIX fJly6I1Hax ... TaK KpaCHOpelll1BO
Onl1CbIBalOT nl1CaTeJII1 Ml1pOBOH OKeaH, KOTO-
PblH 5JBJl5IeTC5I06beKTOM 113yYeHI15I reorpa¢l1l1.
)J,peBHl1e rpeKI1 OKeaHOM Ha3blBaJll1 60ra-
nOBeJlI1TeJI5I BOLI,HOH CTI1XI1I1. BaBI1JlOH5JHe 11
erl1nT5JHe - MI1¢l1yeCKYIO peKY, KOTOpa5I, no I1X
npeLI,CTaBJIeHI151M,OMhlBaJIacyrny, pa3Mell.l,eHHylO
51K06hI Ha nJIOCKOM LI,I1CKe.
113yYa5J OKeaHbI, RbI Y3H aeTe 060c06eHHo-
CTSIXI1X npl1pOLI,hI 11nOJIylll1Te OTBeTbl Ha MHOrl1e
BOnpOCbI.
• KaK «3arJl5lHYTh» Ha OKeaHWIeCKoe .lIHO 11«YBI1-
LI,eTb» era peJlhe¢, era He06bIYHbIX 06I1TaTeJIeH?
KaKoH OKeaH 3eMHoro mapa caMbIH LI,peBHI1H
11caMbIH rJly60Kl1H? KaKoH Hal160Jlee TenJlbIH, a
KaKOH - XOJlOLI,HbIH?
• DOlleMYTelleHI15I B OKeaHax nepeMeilialOTC5J no
onpeLI,eJIeHHbIM MapmpyTaM?
DOlleMY OKeaHbl He06xoLI,l1MO OXpaH5ITb?
Bbi TaK)J(e HayqUTeCb Ha KapTe:
HaXOLI,l1Th MOp5J 11OCTpOBa;
pa3JII1yaTb ropHble xpe6TbI 11fJIy60KOBOLI,Hble
)J(eJl06a Ha OKeaHl1yeCKOM LI,He;
onpeLI,eJl5lTh TenJlbie 11XOJIOLI,Hhle TelleHI1SI.
Bbl nOJlY'{I1Te MHoro LI,pyroH I1HTepecHoH 11
He06xoLI,I1MOM .lIJlSI n03HaHI151 npl1pOLI,bl 3eMJll1
I1H¢OpMaUI1I1.

30. nJlOw,a,lJ,b OKeaHa - 178,7 MJlH KM2
CpeAHflfl rny61i1Ha - 4 000 M
MaKcliIManbHafl rny61i1Ha - 11 022 M
T~Xllll1OKEAH. OKEAH~S1
§ 6. THXHM OKEAH
~ • BcnOMH~1Te, KTOiii Korp,a BnepBble nepeC8K TlilXIiIC1OKeaH.
"V • KaKlile <j:>OPMblpeJlbe<j:>a pa3JlVl4alOT Ha OKeaHVl4eCKOM ,lJ,He?
fEOfPA<I>l1QECKOE nOJIO)KEHME M PA3MEPhI.feorpa-
l!>lflIecKoe nOJIO:lKeHHe - 3TO Ba)l(J-laH COCTaBJlHlOll.I,aH xapmcrepl1c-
Pille. 21. TIIlXIIlH TI1KI1 Jl106oro 06beKTa, B TOM 'II1CJIe 11OKeaHa, cBoeo6pa3HbIH
OKeaH a.n.pec B npOCTpaHCTBe. OT pacnOJIO:>KeHI1H Ha 3eMJIe 3aBl1CHT npl1-
WKAJlA rnY6V1H
B METPAX
o
200
2000
4000
6000
8000

31. pO)lHble YCJlOB115LHaY'mTbC5I Onpe)leJl5ITb reo-
rpaQ.>l1'.JeCKOe rrOJlO)KeHl1e BaM rrOMO)KeT rrJlaH
Ha rrOCJle)lHeM Q.>0p3aIJ,e Y'.Je6Hl1Ka.
113 KYpca reorpaQ.>l1l1, KOTOpblVr 113Y'.JaJlC5IB
6 KJlaCce, Bbl y)Ke 3HaeTe, YTO Tl1XI1Vr OKeaH pac-
rrOJlaraeTC5I Me)K)ly EBpa3l1eVr 11ABcTpaJll1eVr Ha
3arra)le, CeBepHoVr 11lO)KHOVr AMepl1KoVr - Ha
BOCTOKe, AHTapKTl1)loVr - Ha lOre. Eepera 3Tl1X
MaTepl1KOB OrpaHl1Yl1BalOT OKeaH (Pl1c. 21).
3KBaTop pa3)leJl5IeT Tl1xl1Vr OKeaH rrOYTl1 rrOnOJlaM, n03TOMY
npl1p0)lHble YCJlOBl151 ceBepHoVr 11 IO)KHOVr l.JaCTl1 OKeaHa He
I1MelOT pe3KHX pa3Jll1Yl1Vr.
Tl1Xl1Vr OKeaH - caMblVr 60JlblllOVr 11rny60Kl1Vr OKeaH HallleVr
nJlaHeTbl. OH TaKoVr orpoMHblVr, YTO MO)KeT BMeCTI1Tb Bce MaTe-
pl1Kl1 11OCTpOBa 3eMJll1 11COCTaBJl5leT
.. • ,I rrOl.JTI1nOJlOBI1HY rrJlOma)ll1 Ml1pOBO-
ro OKeaHa.
B COCTaBe Tl1xoro OKeaHa MHoro
MopeVr. Cpe)l11 HI1X OKpal1HHble
MOp5I - EepUH2080, OxomCKoe, ffnOH-
CKoe,10JICHO-KumaUCKoe. OHl1 pacno-
JIaralOTC5I B)lOJlb BOCTOl.JHOVrOKpal1Hbl
EBpa31111, MaJlO B)laIOTC5I B cyrny, OT
OKeaHa I1X OT)leJl5IIOT TOJlbKO rrOJlYoc-
TpOBa 11OCTpOBa (CM. PI1C. 21). Hal1-
60Jlbllll1Vr 3aJll1B - ArmcKa. TIPOJll1Bbl
COe)lI1H5IIOT Tl1Xl1Vr C )lpyrHMl1 OKea-
HaMl1. TI1X11Vr11ATJlaHTl1l.JeCKl1Vr OKe-
aHbI TaIOKe c006ma1OTC5I flaHaMcKUM
KaHaJlOM, KOTOpblVr npopbIT l.Jepe3
TIaHaMCKl1Vr nepellleeK Me)K)ly CeBep-
HOVr 11lO)KHoVr AMepl1KoVr. OCTpOBOB
B TI1XOM OKeaHe MHOro, 11OHl1l1MelOT
pa3HOe npOI1CXO)K)leHl1e (06 3TOM - B
CJle)lY!Oml1X naparpaQ.>ax).
1. B KaKV1XnOJlywapV1-
5lXJle)l(V1TT VlXV1ViOKeaH
OTHOCV1TeJlbHO3KBaTO-
pa V1HyJleBoro MepV1-
AV1aHa?
2. 6epera KaKV1X
MaTepV1KoB orpaHV14V1-
BatoT oKeaH?
3. Ha30BV1Te HaVl60Jlb-
WV1e MOp51 VI3aJlV1Bbl
TV1XOro OKeaHa.
4. KaKV1e npOJlV1Bbl
COeAV1H51toTTVlxVlVi
OKeaH C APyrV1MV1
oKeaHaMV1?
5. Ha30BV1Te KpynHeVi-
WV1eoCTpoBa B TV1XOM
OKeaHe.
6. Ha30BVlTe cpeAV1H- .
HO-OKeaH Vl4eCKV1e
xpe6Tbl, npeACTaBJleH-
Hble B peJlbe¢e nOAH51-
TV151MV1.Ha KaKV1e
KOTJlOBV1HblOHV1pa3Ae-
Jl51toTJlO)l(e oKeaHa?
TIJlaBaHl15I Tl1Xl1M OKeaHOM ocyme-
CTBJl5lJll1 eme B )lpeBHl1e BpeMeHa
)KI1TeJlI1 OCTpOBOB. BXII B. 3arra)lHylO
l.JaCTb OKeaHa OCBOl1JlI1 Kl1TaVrIJ,bI.
l1CTOpl15I l1CCJle)lOBaHI151 ero eBpo-
rreVrIJ,aMl1 Hal.Jl1HaeTC5I, Bep05lTHO, C
OTKpbITl15I l1CrraHIJ,a BacKo HYHbeca
iJeha.tlb6oa. B 1513 r. OH rrepeceK TIa-
HaMCKl1Vr rrepellleeK lI,eHTpaJIbHoVr

32. BaCKO HyHbec
Ae 5al1b6oa
(1475 - 1517)
AMepl1Kl1 J1 C BepWI1HbI rOpbI )'B11,II;eJI6ecKpatiHI1e BOAHbi
CTOphI, KOTOpbIe Ha3BaJI lO:>KHbIM MOpeM. B TO BpeMH eBpOn
6bIJII1 y6e)KJl,eHbI, lJTOcyllI,eCTByeT OAI1H OKeaH - ATJIaHTJ1lJ
TIopTyraJIelJ, f/Jepnan Mac€JlJlan J1ero KOMaH,II;a 6hIJIJ1 ne
MJ1eBponetilJ,aMI1, KOTophIe npeOAOJIeJIJ1 npOCTopbI Tl1xoro
aHaBO BpeW! nepBofOKpyrocBeTHoro nJIaBaHI1H B 1519 - 1-_-
TIocJIe HJ1X J1CnaHlJ,hI, nopTyraJIblJ,bI, rOJIJIaHAlJ,bI, aHrJIl1lJ -
HeOAHOKpaTHO OCYllI,eCTBJI5IJIJ1 3KCneAJ1lJ,J111 AJIH OCBoeH
MopCKoro nyrJ1 lJepe3 TJ1xJ1ti OKeaH K 6eperaM A3J1J1. Toma OIL
OTKphlTO MHOro OCTpOBOB. KpoMe TOro, MOpenJIaBaTeJIJ1 3ar
CbIBaJIJ1 B Kopa6eJIhHhIX ))()'pHaJIaX AaHHbIe 0 BeTpax, MOp
TelJeHJ1HX, npJ1JIJ1BaX J1 OTJII1Bax. HanpJ1Mep, <D. Mare.l.l
nOnhITaJIC5I J13MepJ1ThrJIy6J1HyTJ1Xoro oKeaHa, HO, onYCTJ1B ;6_
Z KOHOnJI5IHoti BepeBKJ1, AHa TaK J1 He AOCTlIT.
B XVIII B. aHrJIMticKJ1H MOpenJIaBaTe.:
J(JlCeiiMc KYK HaHec Ha Kapry MHorolJl1CJIemm:
TJ1XOOKeaHCKJ1eOCTpOBa (PJ1c. 22). BnepBbie lI3-
MepeHJ1H TeMneparypbl BOLIhI Ha nOBepXHOCTH
fJIy611He ocymecTBJ1JII1 B HalJale XIX B. BO Bpe
M5I J13BecTHoro BaM KpyrocBeTHoro nJIaBaHJ
H6ana J(pY3enUlmepHa 11 IOpUfl JIuCRHCKOcO.
B 1873 - 1876 n. aHfJIJ1ticKa5l3KCneAJ1UJ151
CYAHe «qeJIJIeH1DKep» c06paJIa pa3Ho06pa3H)1
J1H¢OpMalJ,J11O 06 oc06eHHocTHX BOA TJ1XOf
OKeaHa. TOfAa BnepBbIe 6bIJIa COCTaBJIeHa Kap12
ero rJIy6J1H 11 06Hapy)[(eHbi my60KoBOAHbI=>
)[(eJI06a. n03LIHee npOBOAJ1JIJ1Cb J1CCJIeAOBaHJ,U
Ha CnelJ,l1aJIbHbIX HayqHblX CYAax «BI1T5I3h» (Po -
CJ1H), «AJIb6aTpoc» (CIliA) J1AP.
CeroAH5I Y4eHbie pa3HbIX CTpaH npOBOA5l.
J1CCJIe,II;OBaHJ151OKeaHJ1lJeCKOrO ,II;Ha, ceticMI1-
lJeCKI1X 30H, MJ1rpalJ,l1ti npOMbICJIOBhIX PbI6
nOMOllI,hlO nOABOAHbiX annapaTOB - 6aTJ1CKa-
¢OB 11nO,II;BOAHhiX JIOAOK.
KaK Bbl y>Ke 3HaeTe, TVlXVlM OKeaH
Ha3Ban <:P. MarennaH BO BpeMH
nepBora KpyracBeTHoro nnaBaHiIlH.
npaB,lJ,a, 3TO Ha3BaHiIle He COOTBeT-
cTByeT xapaKTepy OKeaHa,
nOCKonbKY TaM 4aCTO 6blBalOT
WTOpMbl ill yparaHbl. npOCTO <:P. Ma-
rennaHy y,lJ,anOCb nepece4b TiIlXill~
OKeaH, Hill pa3y He nonaB B WTOpM.
TaK Ha KapTax nOHBiIlnOCb iIlcnaHC-
Koe Ha3BaHiIle Map naqVlq,VlKo -
Mope MlllpHoe, Tlllxoe, CnOKOtAHoe.
113 AHeBHl1Ka aHrl1l1V1CKOrO
KopOl1eBCKoro nl1paTa
He ycnenill Mbl BO~TiIl B 3TO Mope (era
Ha3blBalOT TiIlXillM, a ,lJ,nH Hac OHO
OKa3anOCb 6eweHblM), KaK Ha4a-
naCb TaKaH CTpaWHaH 6ypH, KaKO~
Mbl ell.e He BiIl,lJ,enill. OHa npO,lJ,on>K+-
naCb 52,lJ,HH.
cPP3HCVlC ,llpeHK, _.-~
'. 1578 r. ."ID,_-
r

33. 4000
6000
8000
10000
CTPOEHlIE 1I PEJIbE<I> ,Il,HA. KaK BaM )0Ke M3BeCTHO, rro
pa3Ho06pa3MlO peJIbe<l>a )lHO OKeaHa He YCTYJIaeT rrOBepXHOCTM
cyUIM. Ha OKeaHWleCKOM )lHe pa3JIM'Ia1OT rrO)lBO)lHYIO OKpaMHY
MaTepMKOB, rrepeXO)lHYIO 30Hy, JIO)Ke OKeaHa M Cpe)lMHHO-OKea-
HJ1:qeCKMe Xpe6TbI. CTPOeHMe )lHa THxoro OKeaHa orrpe)leJI5IeT
TUXOOKeaHC1Wfl /lumocrjJepHQfl flJluma. BMeCTe C )lpyrHMM IlJIMTa-
MH OHa ocymeCTBJI5IeT ropH30HTaJIbHble )lBI1)KeHH5I, KOTopble
COrrpOBO)K)laIOTC5I rrO)lBO)lHbIMM H Ha3eMHbIMH 3eMJIeTP5ICeHH5I-
MH, UYHaMH H H3Bep)KeHH5IMH ByJIKaHOB.
TIO)lBO)lHa51 OKpaHHa MaTepHKOB B
THXOM OKeaHe MMeeT Y3KMH WeJIb<l> (MaTepM-
KOBYIO OTMeJIb) H KPYTOH MaTepHKOBbIH CKJIOH.
B nepeXO,lJ,HOU 30He, JIe)KameH Me)K)ly
rrO)lBO)lHOH OKpaHHOH MaTepMKOB H JIO)KeM
OKeaHa, 3eMHa51 Kopa MaTepHKOBoro THrra
rrepeXO)lHT B KOpy OKeaHH'IeCKoro THrra. TaM
rrpocTHpalOTC5I KOTJIOBHHbI 0KPaHHHbIX MopeH,
OCTpoBHble )lyrH H rJIy60KOBO)lHble )KeJI06a
(pHC. 23). OCTpOBHbIe ,IIyfH - 3TO uerrM OCTPO-
BOB, 06pa30BaHHbIX OrpOMHbIMM )lyr006pa3HbI-
MM rrO)lBO)lHbIMM xpe6TaMM, OT)leJIbHble
BepwMHbI KOTOpbIX rrO)lHMMaIOTC5I Ha)l BO)lOH
(HarrpMMep, KYPU/lbCKUeOcmpOBa). fJIY60KOBO,lJ,-
HhIe )l{eJIo6a - 3TO Y3KMe H O'IeHb rJIy60KMe ()l0
11 000 M) rrpom6bI )lHa OKeaHa. OHH OKaHMJI5I-
lOT OCTPOBHble )lyrH M OT)leJI5IIOT rrepeXO)lHble
30HbI OT JIO)Ka OKeaHa. B TMXOM OKeaHe 60JIb-
we Bcero fJIy60KOBO)lHbIX )KeJI060B. CaMble
rJIy60KMe - MapuaHCKuu (11 022 M) H </JU/lun-
nUHCKUU (10265 M).
JI 0)1{ e 0 K e a H a pacrrOJIaraeTC5I Ha rJIy6MHax
. 3 000 - 6 000 M M3aHMMaeT 66JIbIllyID qaCTb IlJIO-
ma)lM )lHa TMXOro OKeaHa. OKeaHJ1:qeCKa513eM-
I Ha51 Kopa 3)leCb TOHKa5l. PeJIbe~ JIO)Ka OKeaHa Pille. 24. Ll,yHaMIII B TIIIXOM OKeaHe
KTO npeAynpe>K,lJ,aeT 0 ~YHaMIII
B TltlXOM OKeaHe Ha raBaL;1cKltlX OCT-
I pOBax pa60TaeT Me>KAYHapoAHblL;1
u,eHTp OnOBel!.(eHltl~ 0 u,yHaMltl. Ero
cneu,ltlanltlCTbl nonY4alOT AaHHbie 0
BpeMeHltl, KOOPAltlHaTaX ltl Cltlne nOA-
3eMHbiX Ton4KOB B n1060L;1T04Ke OKe-
aHa B Te4eHltle 3 MltlH nocne ltlX Ha-
4ana. Cneu,ltlanbHble BonHOMepbl,
YCTaHOBneHHble Ha 6yL;1Kax, 3aMep~-
lOT BbICOTY, AnltlHY, CKOpOCTb ltl Ha-
npaBneHltle u,yHaMltl. OnOBel!.(eHltle
no PaAltlO AaeT B03MO>K-
" HOCTb CnaCTltl nIOAeL;1.
.~.

34. npe,ll,CTaBJl5leT c060ti COyeTaHHe KOTJlOBHH H
nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIX ropHbIX Xpe6TOB, KOTOpbIe HX pa3-
,ll,eJl5lIOT. HanpHMep, Ce6epo-3anaOHblU xpe6em
pa3,ll,eJl5leT Ce6epo-3anaoHyLO H Ce6epo-Bocmott-
HyLOKOI11Jl06UHbl.KOTJlOBHHbI 51BJl51IOTC5ImraHT-
CKHMH nOHH)f(eHH5IMH ,ll,Ha H HMelOT
npeHMymecTBeHHO XOJlMHCTYIO nOl3epXHOCTb.
npOHCXO)f(,ll,eHHe nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIX Xpe6TOB CB5I3aHO
C BYJlKaHHyeCKoti ,ll,e5lTeJlbHOCTblO.
Cpe)l,HHHO-OKeaHH'IeCKHe XpeOTbI -
3TO mraHTCKHe nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIe rOpHble coopy)(e-
HH5I, 06pa30BaBWHeC5I H3 3acTbIBweti JlaBbI B Me-
CTaX paCXO)f(,ll,eHH5I JlHTOC¢epHbIX nJlHT. )lBa TaKHX xpe6Ta
npOCTHpaIOTC5I Ha lOre H BOCTOKe THXOro OKeaHa - IOJICHo- Tuxo-
OKeaHCKoe H BoCmOttHO- TUXOOKeaHCKoenooHflmufl.I1Hof,ll,a HX Bep-
WHHbl B03BbIWaIOTC5I HaLl,ypoBHeM OKeaHa B BH,ll,eBYJlKaHHyeCKHX
OCTpOBOB. BOKpyr THXOfO OKeaHa pacnOJlO)f(eHbI ceticMHYeCKHe
30HbI TUXOOKeaHCK020 02HeHH020 KOJlbu,a.
LiTO cerOAHSI ~ccneAYIOT
B 2006 r. Me>KAyHapOAHa>l KOMaH-
Aa Y'-leHblx V13 CWA, repMaHVlVI,
IO>KHoili KopeVl, ABCTpanVlVl VInanya-
HOBOili rBVlHeVl VlccneAOBana AHO
3anaAHoili '-IaCTVI TVlxoro OKeaHa.
OHVI Vl3y'-lanVl rVlAPoTepMbl - BbIXO-
Abl Ha AHe OKeaHa rop>l'-lViX BOA,
'-ITo6bl Bbl>lCHVlTb, MO>KHO nVl A06b+I-. .
BaTb 30noTO, MeAb VIAPyrVle no- !
ne3Hbie VlCKonaeMble CO ..
AHa OKeaHa. ,,@>.
...
(!')3AnOMHl>1TE
• TUXUH OKeaH - caMbIH OOJIbllIOH U myooKuH OKeaH HallIeH nJIaHeTbl.
• OrKpblTUe U UCCJIe)l,OBaHUeTuxoro OKeaHa CBSl3aHOC UMeHaMU BaCKO HYUbeca
)l,e EaJIbOOa, <I>epHaHa MareJIJIaHa, MBaHa Kpy3eHIIITepHa, IOpuSi JIuCSlHCKOro.
• TuxooKeaHcKaSi JIUToccjlepHaSi nJIUTa U ee nepeMemeHue OOyCJIOBJIUBaIOT
nOBblllIeHHYIO ceHCMu'IecKyIO aKTUBHOCTb OKeaHa. Ha OKeaHU'IeCKOM )l,He
Bbl)l,eJISIIOT nO)l,BO)l,HyIO oKpauHy MaTepUKOB, nepeXO)l,HyIO 30Hy, JIO)Ke OKeaHa,
Cpe)l,UHHO-OKeaHU'IeCKHe xpeOTbl.
BonpOCbll>1 3AAAHl>1S1
1. KTO VIKorAa VlCCJleAOBaJl TVlxVliII oKeaH?
2. PaCCKa)l(VlTe 06 oc06eHHocH1X nepexoAHoili 30Hbl AHa TlI1xoro OKeaHa.
3. OxapaKTepll13yillTe peJlbecj:>JlO)l(a OKeaHa.
4. nOAyMaillTe, n04eMY B TVIXOM OKeaHe MHoro OCTpOBOB BYJlKaHVl4ecKoro
npoVlcXO~eHVls:l .
rEOrPA$l>1~ECKASl3AAA~A
no rpaAycHoili ceTKe KapTbl BbI4V1CJlVlTenpOTs:l)l(eHHOCTb TVlxoro OKeaHa C 3anaAa Ha
BOCTOK no 3KBaTOpy (1
0
= 111,3 KM).
nPAKTl>1~ECKASlPA60TA
nOAnVlwVlTe Ha KOHTypHoili KapTe Ha3BaHVls:l: Mopeill - 6epVlHroBo, OxoTcKoe, ~noH-
CKoe, IO)I(Ho-KVlTailicKOe, <PII1JlVlnnVlHCKoe; npOJlVlBOB - 6epVlHroB, MareJlJlaHOB; Ka-
HaJla - naHaMcKVliII; rny6oKoBoAHblX)I(eJlo6oB - MapVlaHcKVliII, <PVlJlVlnnVlHcKVliII;OCT-
pOBOB - raBaillcKVle, Mapll1aHCKVle, ~noHcKVle, <PVlJlll1nnIl1HCKVle,60JlbWVle 30HAcKVle.

35. § 7. THXHM OKEAH (npO~OJDKeHHe)
~ • BCnOMHII1Te, KaKlI18 T84eHII1~ C4I11TaIOTC~ TennblMII1, KaKlile - xonOAHblMIil.
KJIHMAT. TIiIXHH OKeaH pacn0J1araeTC51 BO Bcex KJlIi1MaTH-
yeCKHX n051cax, KpoMe apKTHYeCKOrO (pIiIC. 25). Ero 66J1bWa51
yaCTb HaXOnIilTC51 B ){(apKl1X 3KBaTOpHaJ1bHOM iii TpOnHYeCKHX
n05lcax 060HX nOJ1ywapHH. n03TOMY OH - mraHTCKIiIH HaKO-
nlilTeJ1b TenJ1a iii caMbIH TenJ1bIH OKeaH nJ1aHeTbI.
TIiIXIiIH OKeaH, HeCMOTp5I Ha ero Ha3BaHHe, OTJ1li1yaeTC5IHecno-
KOHHbIM xapaKTepOM. B WHpOTax C TpOnHyeCKl1M KJlIi1MaTOM B
TeyeHlile rolla nYIOT naCCaTbI. Ay 6eperoB UeHTpaJ1bHOH AMeplilKl1
B03HIiIKaIOT TponuqeCKHe IQ-fKJIOHbl - BeTpbI 60J1bWOH pa3pywH-
TeJ1bHOHCIiIJ1bI.OHIiI nepeMemaIOTC5I Ha ceBepO-3anan iii 3aryxaIOT
TOJ1bKOB03J1eEepliIHroBa MOp5I. ).LrI5IyMepeHHoro KJlHMaTa o6ol1X
nOJ1ywapVIH xapaKTepHbI nOCT05lHHble VI CHJ1bHble 3anaLlHble
BeTpbI, oco6eHHO B 40 - 60-x WVIpOTax lO){(Horo nOJ1ywapVI5I.
BO,l.J:HbIE MACCbI. Oco6eHHOCTH KJlHMaTa CKa3bIBaIOTC5I Ha
CBOHCTBax BOnHbIX Mace. KaK Bbl y){(e 3HaeTe, BO,ll,Hble MaCCbI-
3TO 60J1bWlile o6beMbl BOLlbI, KOTopble <pOpMHpyKHC5I B
Pl1C. 25.
Tl1Xl1ii1 OKeaH
1. B KaKliIX KnlilMaTliI-
4eCKliIX nO>lcax ne)f(liIT
TliIxliIiII oKeaH?
2. Ha30BliITe Te'-l8-
HliI~, epOPMliIPYIOllliIe
KpyroBopoT BOAbl B
IO)f(Hoill'-IaCTliIOKeaHa.
3. Ha30BliITe Tennble
Te'-l8HliI>l. KaK OHliI
Bnlil~IOT Ha KnlilMaT
no6epe)f(liIi11?
4. KaKliIe )f(liIBOTHble
,..•. TyHeu
-C"YM6p"~
•.•. Gena~ aKyna .••••••TpeCKa
-CapA"Ha
••••• KacaT,a :..e- nefil:4"e
A AenbqmH _ ~~:al1
.J Mopc'OI1 cnOH 'y AAb6aTpoc
'" Mopc'OI1 neB ..i GaKnaH
.4., KOT"' n"HrB"H
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•.••.~:~~~xa)f. ~'il'~~a~

36. 06111TaTenlll
Tlllxoro OKeaHa
onpe)],eJIeHHhlX patioHax OKeaHa I1I1MelOT onpe)],eJIeHHhle CBOti-
CTBa. 3HatIl1TeJIhHaJI npOTIDKeHHOCTb Tl1xoro OKeaHa 06YCJIOB-
JII1BaeT 113MeHemrn Cpe)],Hero)],OBhlX TeMneparyp BO)],bl OT +28°C
Ha 3KBaTope )],0 -1°C Ha ceBepe 11lOre. Atic6eprw OT 6eperoB
AHTapKTl1)l,hI )],OCTl1raIOT 40-x llIl1pOT.
COJIeHOCTh nOBepXHOCTHbIX BO)], TaIOKe 113MeH5IeTC5I OT
3KBaTopa K nOJIIOCaM. 3KBaTOpHaJIhHhIe BO)],HhIe MaCCbl THXOro
OKeaHa HMelOT cpe)],HIOIO )],JI5I MHpoBoro OKeaHa COJIeHOCTb
(35 %0). B ceBepHoti tIaCTI1 OKeaHa OHa CHIDKaeTC5I)],0 32 %0.
TEQEHI1.SI. nOBepxHocTHhIe TetIeHl15I B OKeaHax 06YCJIOBJIe-
HhI "nOCT05IHHbIMI1 BeTpaMI1. B TI1XOM OKeaHe OHI1 06pa3YlOT
)],Ba rwraHTCKMX 3aMKHYTbIX KpyroBopoTa (CM. pHC. 25).
B CeBepHoM nOJIywapl1H ceBepo- BOCTOtIHbIti naccaT 06yCJIOB-
JII1BaeTTenJIOe CeeepHoe JIaccamHoe me'leHue. nepeCeKa5I OKeaH,
OHO pa3BeTBJI5IeTC5I.Ha )],Ba nOTOKa. O)],I1H nOBOpatIl1BaeT Ha lOr K
3KBaTopy H 06pa3yeT Me;)fCnaCCamHoe npomueOme'leHue. BTOPOti
nOToK)],aeT HatIaJIO MOlllHOMYTenJIOMY me'leHUIO Kypocuo. nepe-
Mellla5ICb B)],OJIb51noHcKHX OCrpOBOB, OHO 3aMeTHO OTenJI5IeT I1X
KlJI1MaT. CeBepHee KypOCHO 3aMelllaeTC5I TenJIhlM Ceeepo- Tuxo-
OKeaHCKUMme'leHueM. no)], BJIH5IHl1eM 3ana.u.HblX BerpOB 11OTKJIO-
H5IlOllleti CHJIhI BpallleHH5I 3eMJIl1 OHO HanpaBJI5IeTC5I BOCTOtIHee.
Y 6eperoB CeBepHoti AMepHKM CHOBa OTKJIOH5IeTC5IHa ceBep H
<popMHpyeT TenJIOe AtmcKuHcKoe me'leHue. npHTOK TenJIbIX BO)],
06yCJIOBJIl1BaeT OTTOK XOJIO)],HblX. OHI1 06pa3YlOT XOJIO)],Hoe Ka-
flU¢OPHUUCKoe me'leHUe, KOTopoe Bcrpel.IaeTC5I C TenJIbIM Ceeep-
HblM JIaccamHblM. TaK 3aMbIKaeTC5I. ceBepHbIti KpyroBopoT
nOBepXHOCTHhlX BO)],THXOro OKeaHa.
B IO)KHOM nOJIyruapl111 nOCT05IHHbIe BeTpbl TaK)Ke <pOpMH-
PYIOT MOpCKl1e TetIeHH5I, 06pa3ylOlllHe orpoMHblti KpyroBOpOT "
B OKeaHe, HO ~e npOTHB qaCoBoti CTpeJIKM.
OPfAHI1QECKIHl MI1P. B TWXOM OKeaHe OtIeHb pa3Ho06pa3-
HbIti OpraHHtIecKHti MHp. Bl1)l,OB )Kl1BOTHhlX B HeM B HeCKOJIbKO
pa3 60JIbllIe, tIeM B )],pyrHX OKeaHax. B nOBepXHOCTHbIX Bo)],ax
cocpe)],OTOtIeH nJI"aHKTOH - MeJIKl1e pa'-iKH, KpeBeTKH, tIepBI1, Me-
)l,y3bl, KOTophle 51BJI5IIOTC5IOCHOBHOti nl1111eti )l,JI5I60JIbllIl1HCTBa
06HTaTeJIeti OKeaHa. Oc06eHHO MHOro IlJIaHKTOHa B 3KBaTopH-
aJIbHbIX, yMepeHHblX, cy6nOJI5IpHbIX H aHTapKTI1QeCKl1X llIHPO-
Tax. [l03TOMY 3TH patioHhI Hal160JIee 60raThI Pb160ti,
MOJIJIIOCKaMH H MOpCKHMI1 MJIeKOnHTalOlllI1MH. TponwlecKHe H
cy6TpOnHtIeCKl1e llIHPOTbI, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIe Me)K)l,y 3Tl1MH
patioHaMI1, HanpOTI1B, HaCTOJIbKO 6e)],Hble Ha OpraHHtIecKYIO
)KH3Hb, tITO HX Ha3bIBalOT BO)],HbIMI1 nYCTbIH5I.MH.
B THXOM OKeaHe 06l1TalOT MOpCKOti KOTI1K, CI1Byq, KaJIaH,
MOpCKOti JIeB. MHoro 11 )KHBOTHbIX-fl1raHTOB: CI1HI1X
KHTOB - caMblX KpynHhlX )Kl1BOTHbIX 3eMHoro llIapa (HX MI1Ha

37. 1l0CTllraeT 33 M), KJ1TOBblX aKYJI Cuo 15 M), 3JIeKTpMlIeCKJ1X CKa-
TOB (MacCOM,lJ,O 200 IT), KaWIaTCKJ1X Kpa6oB, pa3Max MOmHbIX
KJIeUlHeM KOTOpblX ,lJ,OCTMraeT 1,5 M. ECTb H mraHTCKJ1e KaJIb-
MapbI (,lJ,JIJ1Ha,lJ,o18M, Macca -1000 IT). AyMOJIJIIOCKa TpM,lJ,aK-
Ha paKOBMHa HMeeT Maccy 300 IT.
EOr ATCTBA OKEAHA. Tl1XJ1i.t OKeaH 60raT rrpHp0,lJ,HbIMM pecyp-
caMM. ITpe)l()J,e Bcero, 3TO pbI6a, MOJIJIIOC KH, MJIeKO nHTalO-
IIJ,HeM B 0,lJ,0 p 0 CJI H, Koropble 5IBJl5IIOTC5IueHHbIMM rrpO,UyKTaMM
rrMTamrn. TMXI1M OKeaH ,lJ,aeTrrOJIOBMHY MMpOBorO yJIOBa PbI6bI:
TpeCKJ1,XeKa,MMHTa5I,CeJIb,lJ,H,KaM6aJIM,aHlIOYCOB,TYHua.Cpe-
llM MOJIJIIOCKOB rrpOMbICJIOBOe 3HalIeHI1e I1MelOT YCTpHUbI, MJ1,lJ,MI1,
'vlopCKJ1e rpe6eIllKJ1, KaJIbMapbI, OCbMI1Hom. )J,06bIBalOT TaIOKe
KpeBeTOK, Kpa60B, JIaHrycTOB. l'13-3a lIpe3MepHoro BbIJIOBa KJ1TbI,
.1aCTOHome M lIeperraXI1 Tpe6YIOT OXpaHbI. IT 03TOMY MX rrpOMbICeJI
ceit'Iac 3arrpemeH JIM60 orpaHHlIeH. He MeHee B<DKHbIMI15IBJI5IIOT-
C5IH BO,lJ,OpOCJII1.IToBceMecTHo crrpOCOM rrOJIb3yeTC5I JIaMI1HapM5I,
113BeCTHa5I KaK MOpCKa5I KarrycTa. BO,lJ,0POCJIM yrrOTpe6JI5IIOT B
ITMmY, 113 HMX M3roTOBJI5IIOT Me,lJ,I1UI1HCKMe rrperrapaTbI, HCrrOJIb-
3YIOT KaKKopM M y,lJ,06peHl1e B CeJIbCKOM X0351iicTBe.
TMXMM OKeaH - 3TO npMpO,lJ,Ha5I KJIa,lJ,OBa5I nOJIe3HblX
I1CKOnaeMbIX. Ha ero ,lJ,He eCTb )KeJIe3Hble 11 MapraHueBble
PYllbI, <}JOC<}JOPI1TbI.I1x 3anaCbI npeBbIIllaIOT 3aJIe)K11 Ha cYIlle.
Ha IlleJIb<}Je C 6ypOBbIX nJIaT<}JopM 11rrO,lJ,BO,lJ,HbIXIllaXT ,lJ,06bIBa-
lOT He<}JTb, rrpl1pO,lJ,HbIM ra3, KaMeHHbIM yrOJIb, OJIOBO..
B OKeaHMlIecKMX BO,lJ,axCKpbITbI orpOMHble 3arraCbI :;)H e p r H H.
I1cnoJIb3y5I CI1JIY rrpMJIMBOB 11OTJII1BOB, TelIeHI1M M BOJIH, Bblpa-
oaTbIBalOT 3JIeKTp03HeprHIO. B 5/nolluu, Harrpl1Mep, COTHM Ma5I-
OB pa6oTaIOT Ha 3JIeKTp03HepmM, nOJIy'IeHHOM OT MOpCKJ1X
BOilH. BnpolIeM, 3HepreTM'IeCKJ1e 60raTcTBa OKeaHa qeJIOBeK nOKa
llCnOJIb3yeT MaJIO.
061f1TaTenlf1
Tlf1xoro OKeaHa
rli1raHTCKli1VI
KaJlbMap
3AnOMHHTE
• Tuxuu OKeaH JIe)KHT BO Bcex KJIHMaTH'leCKHX nOHcax, KpOMe apKTHqeCKoro.
• .BO,ll,Hble MaCCbl HMelOT BblCOKYlO Cpe,ll,HerO,ll,OBYIOTeMneparypy H cpe,ll,H101O)l,JIH
MHpoBoro OKeaHa COJIeHOCTb (35 %0), KOTopbIe YMeHbmalOTcH K nOJIIOCaM.
• TeqeHIDl B TUXOM OKeaHe 06pa3Y1OT ,ll,Ba3aMKHYTbrX KpyroBopoTa.
() BOnpOCbl H 3AAAHHSr)~--------------
1. KaK 1I13MeH~IOTC~cBoCicTBa BOAHblX Macc TlI1xoro OKeaHa c YAane H111eM OT3KBaTopa?
2. YeM o6ycnoBneHo ¢OpMlI1pOBaHlI1e Te4eHII1CiB oKeaHe? KaK OHII1nepeMeUJ,aIOTC~ B
TII1XOMoKeaHe?
3. KaKOBbl npll1pOAHble 60raTcTBa TlI1xoro oKeaHa?
4)nPAKTWiECKASI PA60TA ) . .
0603Ha4bTe Ha KOHTypHOCi KapTe COOTBeTcTBylOUJ,II1M L1,BeTOMTennble 111xonOAHble
Te4eHII1~, Ha3BaHII1~ KOTOpblX ynoMII1HaIOTC~ B naparpa¢e.

38. ~ • BcnOMHV1Te, KaKV1,e 6blBalOT OCTpOBa no npoV1CXo>K,ll,eHV1 10,
fEOfPA<I>WIECKOE IlOJIO)KEHlIE. OKeaHIDI- 3To MHOrO-
YI1CJleHHble OCTpOBa (cBblwe 7 TbIC.) B u,eHTpaJIbHOH H IOro-3a-
na,LIHOH I.IaCT5IXTl1xoro OKeaHa. OHl1, CJlOBHO nyeJlI1HblH pot'!,
____________ ~ paCCe5IJlHCb B OTKpbITOM OKeaHe (pHC. 26). He-
"yreweCTBlte B cnOBO F KOTopble OCTpOBa pacnOJlaralOTC5I rpynnaMl1,
o6pa3y5I apXUneJIarH.XOT5I OKeaHI15I - caMoe
60JlbWOe Ha 3eMJle CKOnJleHl1e OCTpOBOB, HO
C06CTBeHHO cywe cpen:l1 npOCTopOB OKeaHa
npl1pon:a OTBeJla CKpOMHoe MeCTO. 06ll.l,a5I
nJlOll.l,a,LIbOCTpOBOBBcero 1,3 MJlH KM2.
OCTpoBa pa36pocaHbI Me)Kn:y cy6TpOnl1yeCKl1Ml1 Wl1pOTa-
Ml1 CeBepHoro 11yMepeHHbIMH Wl1pOTaMl1 fO)KHOrO nOJlywa-
Pl1t'!. OHI1 Jle)KaT Ha nepeKpecTKe MOpCKI1X nyTeti l13 A311H l1
B nepeBOAe C rpeYeCKOrO cnOBO
MenaHe3IAfi 03HayaeT yepHble
OCTpOBa, MIAKpOHe3IAfI- ManeHb-
KII/e OCTpOBa, nOnlAHe3IAfi - MHOiO
OCTpOBOB.
Plllc.26.
'iacTIII OKeaHIIIIII
.•
- f!)-i .!,? OB
~
o~ O.fO>KHbl~
• ;&0'
2. B KaKoiii yaCH1
OKeaHlI1l11 cocpeAOTO-
YeH~ MaTepll1KOB~e
oCTpoBa?
120'
4. Ha30BlI1Te rocy-
AapcTBa, KOTOpblM
npll1HaAne>t<aT OT-
AenbHble oCTpoBa
OKeaHlI1l11.
3. npll1BeAlI1Te npll1-
Mepbl apXlI1nenarOB,
pacnono>t<eHHblX B
MlI1KpOHe3111111,Mena-
He3111111,nOnll1He3111111.

39. ABCTpaJU1H BAMepHKY. OKeaHH5I BKJl104aeT MeJlalle3UIO, MUK-
pOlle3UIO, IIOJlUIle3UIO H H06YlO 3eJlalli)ulO (pHC. 26).
OCTPOBA H HX llPOHCXO.lK,ll,EHHE. n pOHCXO)J()l.eH He,
reorpa<pH4eCKoe nOJlO)KeHHe H pa3MepbI OCTpOBOB OKeaHHH
TeCHO CB5I3aHbI co CTpoeHHeM .zlHa THxoro OKeaHa. OCTpOBa
51BJl5lIOTC5IHa,llBO,lJ,HbIM oT06pa)KeHHeM OKeaHH4eCKoro peJlbe-
<pa, nOCKOJlbKY CBOHMH OCHOBaHH5IMH Jle)KaT Ha ,lJ,HeOKeaHa.
MaTe pH KO Bhl e OCTpO Ba B npOWJlOM 6bIJlH 4aCT5IMH MaTe-
pHKa, HO OTKOJlOJlHCb OT Hero B pe3YJlbTaTe onycKaHH5I Y4aCTKOB
CyWH HH)Ke ypOBH5I MOp5l. 3TH OCTpOBa Jle)KaT npeHMyll.l,eCTBeHHO
Ha weJlb<pe. HanpHMep, ell.l,e HeCKOJlbKO ,lJ,eC5ITKOBTbIC5I4 JleT Ha-
3a,ll KpynHeHwHH OCTpOB OKeaHHH HoeylO FeUHelO COe,lJ,HH5IJlaC
ABCTpaJIHeH 150-KHJloMeTpoBa51 nepeMbI4Ka. Ee onycKaHHe Bcero
Ha 30 M npHBeJlO K 06pa30BaHHIO Toppecoea npOJluea. MaTepHKo-
Boe npOHCXO)J()l.eHHe HMelOT TaK)Ke ocmpoea Hoeo51 3eflaHaUfl.
ByJlKaHH'IecKHe OCTpOBa - 3TO Ha,lJ,BO,lJ,HbleBepWHHbI
BbICOKHX nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HbIXByJlKaHOB, nO,lJ,HO)KH5I KOTOpbIX Jle)KaT Ha
3Ha4HTeJlbHbIX my6HHax (,lJ,05 000 M). 3TH OCTpOBa He60JlbWHe,
CKaJIHCTble, YBeH4aHbI KOHycaMH noraCWHX JlH60 ,lJ,eHCTBYIOll.l,HX
ByJlKaHOB. npeHMYll.l,eCTBeHHo OHH pacnOJlaralOTC5I rpynnaMH.
HanpHMep, FaeaUCKue ocmpoea - 3TO 24 OCTpOBa, npOCTHpalO-
ll.l,HeC5I Ha 2500 KM. Cpe,lJ,H HHX H BbIC04aHWa51 BepWHHa nOJlH-
He3HH - eyflTwH MayHa- Kea (4205 M).
KOpaJlJlOBhle OCTpOBa 06pa30BaHbI MOpCKHMH opraHH3-
MaMH - KOPaJIJlOBbIMH nOJlHnaMH, KOTopble HMelOT H3BeCTKOBble
CKeJleTbI (pHC. 27). nOJlHnbI KpaHHe Tpe60BaTeJlbHbI K cpene 06H-
TaHH5I: pacnpOCTpaHeHbI TOJlbKO B TenJIbIX BO,lJ,aX(He HH)Ke +20°C)
Ha He60JlbWOH my6HHe (30 - 50 M), r,lJ,enOCTaT04HO KHCJlOpO,lJ,aH
CBeTa. npHKpenJl5l5lCb KO ,lJ,HY,OHH nHTaIOTC5I nJlaHKTOHOM H pac-
TyT BBepx H BWHpb. CKOnJleHH5I KOPaJlJlOBbIX CKeJleTOB 06pa3ylOT
pH4>hl - BbIT5IHYTble B ,lJ,JlHHy nOJlOCbI (pHC. 28) HJlH aTOJlJlhl -
He60JlbWHe OCTpOBa B <POpMe KOJlbIJ,a (pHC. 29). OCHoBaHHeM,lJ,Jl51
KOpaJlJIOB 06bI4HO CJlY)KHT BepWHHa nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HOrO ByJlKaHa.
TLilnbl
OCTpOBOB
~ynallbl.la 1t13BecTKOBblH
CKelleT
PlI1c.27.
KopannoBbliii nonll1n
PlI1c.28.
KopannoBbliii PIl1<1>
PlI1c.29.
KopannoBbliii OCTpOB

40. A
Ca3Aen I
*' ' Ai+.
q,'<I :-.(/;-? ~
1l-"~
% ·f4
"'i5.:;;·,l·- HaBeTpeHHble CKflOHbl Bbl-
'?<:: ; I- ~ '"' _
Jji1YI'~ COKiIIX BYflKaHOB I aBaillCKiIIX
OCTpOBOB - O,QHO H3 CaM&IX sna)#{-
H&IX MeCT Ha 3eMfle: TaM BblnaAa-
eT AO 12 500 MM OCaAKOB B roA.
KOparrJIOBhle coop~emrn rrOLI.HHMaIOTcH H~
BOLI.OHHa HeCKOJIhKO MeTPOB, TO eCTh KOp3J1.l
Bhle OCTPOBa HeBhICOKHe (06hrtlHO He 60JIee - _
Ha,LI,ypOBHeM oKeaHa) H eLI.Ba3aMeTHhI CpeLI.HBO -
HhIX rrpOCTopOB. Ilo3ToMy JIereHLI.hI maC5IT, lITO
)l(HTeJIH OKeaHHH «BhIYLI.HJIH» CBOH OCTPOBa 0
KoponeBa nanbM
KOKOCOBYIO naflbMY cnpaSeAflillBO LI.Ha OKeaHa.
Ha3blBalOT xne60M OKeaHI1I1. CTBOfl nPMPO.IJ:HbIE YCJIOBIUI. feorpaq:mqecKoe
nanbMbl ClJiIITaeTC51 LeHHbIM CTPO- rrOJIO)l(eHHe OKeaHHH CpeLI.H 6ecKpaHHHx BO.J-
iIITeflbHblM MaTepillanOM. 1113rillraH- HhIX rrpOCrOpOB, He60JIhllIaH IIJIOma,LI,h OCTPOBOB
TCKiIIX 7-MeTpOBbIX flillCTbeB Aefla-
H YLI.arreHHOCTh OT MaTepHKOB 06yCJIOBHJIH qpe3-
lOT KpblWiII ill BeH illKill, nfleTYT KaHaTbl
ill Wfl51nbl. 1113LBeTOB nOflYlJalOT BhrtlaHHOe cBoe06pa3He HX rrpHpOLI.hI. fOBOp5IT,
naflbMOBoe BiIIHO. Ho STili naflbMO- OKeaHHH - 3TO BJIa,LI,eHHHOKeaHa. 11LI.eHCTBH-
Bble 6flara He MOrYT cpaBHiIITbC51 C I TeJIhHO, Ha peJIhe<pe, KJIHMaTe, paCTHTeJIhHOM H
nflOAaMiII. 8-KillnorpaMMOBbl~ Mono- )l(HBOTHOM MHpe CKa3arrOCh BJIIDIHHe OKeaHa.
AO~ opex COAep>KiIIT nOfl-flillTpa KO- P e JI bell> ByJIKaHHqeCKHX OCTpOBOB rop-
KOCOBoro MOflOKa, KOTopoe XopOWO HhIH, a KOparrJIOBhIX - HH3MeHHhIH. Ha MaTe-
YTOfl51eT)Ka>KAY.Y C03peBwero ope-
xa BMeCTO MOflOKa BHYTPill 6efla51 PHKOBhIX OCTpOBax rOphI COqeTaIOTCH C
M51KOTb - Konpa. 1I13MeflblJeHHO~ paBHHHaMH. KJIHMaT TerrJIhIH H MHrKHH, rro-
Konpoi:1 - KOKOCOBOi:1 CTPY>KKO~ - CKOJIhKY OCTpOBa rrpeHMymecTBeHHO JIe)l(aT B
nOCblnalOT pa3Hoo6pa3Hble cnaAo- 3KBaTOpHaJIhHhIX H TpOrrHqeCKHX llIHpOTax, B
CTiII. 1113Hee ~A3roTOBfl51IOT KOKOCO- yMepeHHOM - TOJIhKO HOBafl 3eflQHOUfl. TeMrre-
Boe MaCflO. VI3 MaCfla nOflYlJalOT + 0
Aa>Ke rOplOlJee, y>Ke n051BillflillCb. paTypa B03LI.yxa BhICOKaH ( 25 C). Ho )I(apy
• aBTo6ycbl C «KOKOCOSbIMiII ". CM5IrqmOT BJIa)I(Hhle BeTpbl C OKeaHa. OHH )I(e
MOTopaMiII». • 61. 06YCJIOBJIHBaIOT 06HJIhHhle LI.O)j(LJ.H,rr03ToMY
. ~ KOJI~eCTBO OCa,LI,KOBrrpeBbIlliaeT 4 000 MM B roLI..
B OKeaHHH 3ap0)j(LJ.aIOTC5I TporrWleCKHe U:HKJIOHhI, KOTophle
COrrpOBO)j(LJ.aIOTC5I 60JIbllIHMH pa3pYllIeHH5IMH. Ho B u:eJIOM
KJIHMaT OKeaHHH CqHTaIOT HaH60JIee KOM<pOpTHbIM Ha 3eMJIe.
PaCTHTeJIbHOCTb OCTpOBOB pa3Ho06pa3Ha. BCJIeLI.cTBHe
HepaBHoMepHoro YBJIa)l(HeHHH (JIH60 H36hITOK, JIH60 HeLI.OCTaTOK
Pltc.35.
KOKOCOBaSl
nnaHTal.41tSlHa
OCTpOBax TOHra

41. ocaLlKOB) paCnpOCTpaHeHbI 11BJla>l<Hble BeYHO-
3e.leHble J1eCa, 11cyxl1e CaBaHHbl. B J1ecax paCTyr
KOKOCOBaH 11caroBaH n3JlbMbl, LlbIHHOe 11XJle6-
Hoe JlepeBbH, Q:>I1KYCbI,OpXJ1Llel1. CpeLlI1 LlI1KO-
pacrywl1xpaCTeHI1i1i MHoro 1l0Jle3HbIX: C ueHHoili
.JpeBeCI1HOili (>KeJle3HOe 11caHLla.nOBoe LlepeBbH);
CCOYHblMH nJlOLlaMH (nanaili5I, MaHro, 6aHaHbl);
paCTeHI1i1i, KOTOpbJe LlalOT npHHOCTI1 (I1M6I1pb,
lyCKaTHblili opex, lIYWI1CTbIM nepeu).
KOP3JlJlOBble OCTpOBa C 6eLlHblMI1 1l0YBaMH, KOTopble TOHKI1M
CJloeM 33JleralOT Ha KOP3JlJlOBbIX H3ReCTHHKax, I1MelOT CKYLlHYIO
TPaBHHI1CTYIO paCTI1TeJlbHOCTb. Vlx yKpaweHI1eM 5IBJlHIOTCHTOJlb-
KO pOWI1 KOKOCOBbIX rI3JlbM. VlHTepeCHO, YTO BYJlKaHl1yeCKl1e H
KOP3JlJlOBble OCTpOBa 3aCeJlHJH1CbpaCTeHI1HMI1 C nOMOWblO BeT-
pa, TeyeHI1i1i 11Lla>Ke IlTI1U, KOTopble nepeHOCI1JlI1 I1X IlblJlbUY 11
ceMeHa. B OKeaHl111 MHoro 3H)l,eMHKOB - TaKI1X BHLlOB paCTeH1111
II >KI1BOTHbIX, KOTopble 60JlblJle HI1f1l,e He BCTpeya1OTC5I.
)KHBOTHbIH MHp OCTpOBOB6eLlHbll1. CpeLlI1 Ha3eMHbIX>KI1-
BOTHblX 1l0YTI1 HeT MJ1eKOIlI1TaIOWI1X (KpOMe MblWel1 11KpbIC).
3aTO MHoro IlTI1U - pailiCKI1X, r0J1y6eili, nOllyraeB, COpHblX Kyp.
OTCyTcTBl1e XI1WHI1KOB Ilpl1BeJIO K 1l0HBJ1eHI1IO 6eCKpblJ1blX
nTI1U - Kary H KI1BI1. Ewe COBceM HellaBHO B HOBOi1 3eJlaHlJ,1111
BOLlI1JlI1Cbrl1raHTCKHe (BbICOTOili llO 4 M) 6eCKpblJlble 11THUbi Moa,
Hi1ua KOTOpbIX BeCI1J111no 7 Kr! Ha OCTpOBax HeT 115IllOBI1TbIX
3leili. ECTb npeCMblKalOWl1eC5I - reKKOHbl, I1ryaHbl, HWepl1Ubl,
raTTepl1l1. B paCllpOCTpaHeHl111 )[(I1BOTHbIX 60JlbWYlO POJlb Cblf-
P3Jl LIeJlOReK. 3aBe3eHHble 11M c06aKH, KOWKI1, CBI1Hbl1 nOBce-
IeCTHO paCIlJlOlll1JlHCb 11co BpeMeHeM OllVl'-I3JlH.
Ha3a,o,
ii3AnOMHIIITE ) --- - - -- - ----
• OKeaH"H - 3TO cOBoKynHocTb OCTpOBOB pa3Horo npOHCXO)KJleHHSI, pacnOJIO-
JKeHHblX B ~eHTpaJIbHOH H IOrO-3ana)l,HOH qaCTSIX THxoro OKeaHa.
• Oco6eHHOCTb npHpO)l,bl OKeaHHH - npe06JIa)l,aHHe OCTpOBOB ByJIKaHHqeCKO-
ro H KOpaJIJIOBOrO npOHCXO)KJleHHSI, TenJIblH BJIaJKHblH KJIHMaT, a TaKJKe BJIaJK-
Hble BeQH03eJIeHbie JIeca H caBaHHbl C pa3Hoo6pa3HOH paCTHTeJIbHOCTblO H
cpaBHHTeJIbHO 6e)l,Hb1M JKHBOTHblM MHpOM.
• 3H)l,eMHKH - 3TO BH)l,bl paCTeHHH HJIH JKHBOTHbIX, KOTopble 60JIblUe HHr)l,e He I
'- BCTpeQaIOTCH. ~)
>BOnpOCbl1ll3AAAHIIISI )~----------------
1.Bce m1 oCTpoBa TII1XOfOOKeaHa BXO,lJ,SlTB COCTaB OKeaHII1I11?
2. KaKlI1e TlI1llbl OCTpOBOB no npoIl1CXO>K,lJ,eHII1IOpacnpocTpaHeHbl B OKeaHII1I11?
3. n04eMY B OKeaH 111111eCTb MeCTa, f,lJ,enpe06na,lJ,aeT Bna>KHblLilll1nll1cyxoLil KnIl1MaT?
4. KaKlI1e paCTeHII1511l1>KII1BOTHblepacnpocTpaHeHbl B OKeaHII1I11?
6ynK~ C AepeBa
PacTyw,ee Ha OCTPO- " fI(
Bax xne6Hoe ,o,epeso '1"'" ~
VlMeeT KpynHble nno-
,o,bl, KOTopble co,o,ep-
>KaT KpaXMan VI caxap .
Xne6, Bbllle4eHHbliil Vl3 1ti
HVlX, npVlfHHbliil Ha BKyC VI 60raT }i"",
BVlTafv1V1HaMVI. • t'~
nT~LI,a K~B~{Ht' /
IlOXO>Ka Ha Kny60K
wepCTVI co cnVlLJ,eiil
raTTep~S1 -
3HAeMIIII<
HOBOiii 3enaHAIII~ -
e,o,VlHcTBeHHbliil BVI,o,
llepB051LU,epos,
>KVlSWVlX Ha 3eMne
MlllnnlllOHbl neT

42. KopeHHoiii
>KIIITenb
HOBOiii rBIIIHelll
§9.CTPAHbIOKEAHMM
~ • C 1I1MeHeM KaKOro 1I13BeCTHOrO yKpa1l1HcKoro 1I1CCne)lOBaTen~ CB~-
"V 3aHO V13YLleH1I1e HaCeneH1I1~ 111npVlpO)lbl OCTpOBOB TVixoro OKeaHa?
3ACE.JIEHHE OKEAHMJ1 H .lMI3HbJlIO.llEM. OCTpOBa TM-
xoro OKCaHaJIlDllM HallaJ1M OCBaMBaTb ewe TbIC5JlU1JleT Ha331l. Ho
YlIeHble 110CMX nop HC BbIHCHMJlH, KaKMM 06pa30M 3TO npOMCXO-
ll11J10. bOJlbWMHCTBO ClII1Ta]{)T, liTO nepBbIMM OCTpOBa 3aCeJlMJ1M
BbIXOllUbI 1131020- BocmOLfI-IOU A3UU. H 0 eCTb MllPyrMe rI1ll0Te3bI.
Hanpl1MCp, HOpBe)l(CKI1 i1 MCCJ1eLlOBaTeJlb-nyTewecTBeHHMK Typ
Xei'iepiJOJl npeLlnOJlaraJl, 4TO ncpsble JI[{)LlI1 npM6bIJlI1 B OKeaHI1[{)
M3 A.MepUKu. Y.T06bl LlOKa3aTb 3TO, 01-1B 1947 r. OCYllleCTBMJl f1J1a-
naHI1C Ha nJlOTY «KOH- THKl1» OT TI1XOOKCaHCKoro n06epe)l(b>I
IO)I(HOH AMepMKi1 K OCTpOBaM nOJl11He31111.CJleLlOBaTeJlbHO, Y)I(e
B npOWJlOM JI[{)LlH, KOTopble 6blJlM HCKyCHblMH MopeXOAaMI1,
MOrJJM nepeceKaTb OKeaH Ha JlOLlKaX, HcnoJlb3y>I OKeaHHlIeCKMe
TClIeHM>I.
Ceti4ac B OKeaHMI1 np0)l(HBcllDT OKOJlO 10 MJlH 4eJlOBCK. Cpc-
AM Hl1X H KOpCHHble )I(I1TeJ1H, H npHIllJlble, H CMewaHHoe I-Iace-
JleHHe. KopeHHoe HaCeJleHl1e - Tex, KTO )I(HBer TaM H3AaBHa,
Ha3blBa[{)T a60pHreHaMH, 11J111Ty3eMuaMH. HanpHMep, B Hoeou
reullee 11Ha 6J1H3J1e)l(alllHX OCTpOBax )I(l1ByT nanyacbl, KOTopbIe
OTHOC>ITC>IK aBCTpaJ10I1AHOH pace. Ha APyrl1x OCTp0133Xl-IaceJle-
HHe npHI-I3)lJ1e)[(HT K oc060i1 nOJlHHC3I1i1cKOM rpynne, KOTOpa>I
3aHI1MaCT npoMe)l(yT04Hoe 110JlO)l(eHI1e Me)l(AV OCHOBHbIMH
pacaMH. Haw COOTC4eCTSeHHI1K HUKOJlaii Mll1(Jlyxo-MaKJlaii B
XIX B. HCCJle1l0BaJl )KI13Hb KopeHHblX )I(HTeJleiii OKeaHHH
(Pl1c. 31). B OKeaHl111 )KHByT Ta[()l(e nOTOMKM ncpeCeJlCHl~eB 113
EBpOnbI.
CBOI1 He33BI1CHMbiC roCyLl3pcTBa HapOLlbl OKeaHHH C031laJ1H
Plllc.31.XVl>KIIIHaTY3eM~eB
(pl~CYHOKH. MII1Knyxo-MaKnafl)
PIIIC. 32. HaceneHlIIe 3anaAHoro CaMoa
OTMellaeT AeHb He33BlllCIIIMOCTIII

43. cpaBHHTCJ1bHO HCllaBHO (pHC. 32). npOllOmKHTCJ1bHOC BpCMH
OCTpOBa 6bIJ1H KOJ10HH~MH - BJ1allCHHHMH llpyrHX rOCYllapCTB.
HCKOTOpbIC H ccti4ac HBJ1HIOTC5I3aMopCKHMH TCppMTOpM5IMM
CPpaHl{UU, CLlJA, Hoeoii 3eJWHaUU M IIp. (CM. pMC. 26 Ha c. 38).
HaCeJ1eHl1e 3aHHMaeTCH npcHMymecTBeHHO CCJ1bCKMMX0351M-
CTBOM.Oc06eHHo pa3BMTO TponH4eCKoe 3CMJ1ellCJ1l1e: Bblpaml1-
BalOT KOKOCOBble naJ1bMbl, 6aHaHbl, aI-laHaCbl, caxapHblti
TpOCTHHK. C HHM CBH3aHa nMw,eBa51 npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb, KOTO-
paH Bblpa6aTbIBacT KOKOCOBOC MaCJ10 11caxap, KOHcepBHpycT
(PpyKTbl H COKH. TOJlbKO Ha OT.1leJ1bHbIXOCTp013aXll06bIBaIOT PY.1lbl
U13eTHbIXMeTaJ1J10B,KaMeHHblti yroJ1b, ¢OC¢OPMTbI. )J(M3Hb 116blT
OCTpOBMTHH TpallJ.1UMOI-lHO CBH3aI-lbl C npOMbICJ10M B OKcaHC-
J10BJ1cti pbI6bl, '-Iepenax, TpenaHroB.
CTPAHhI OKEAHIU1. Hoeyro 3eJlalfaUHJ I-la3blBalOT rOCYllap-
CTBOM Ha KpalO CBeTa. OHa pacn0J10)J<CHa Ha llByx 60J1bllIJilX OCT-
pOBax, a TaK)J<ep5l11CHc60J1bllIJilX. npHpOlla CTpaHbI 4PC3Bbl4aMHO
pa3Ho06pa3Ha - nOKpbITbIC J1C.1lI-l11KaiVI11BCpWI1I-1bl rop 11nCC4a-
I-IblC nJ151)J<l1,nhllllHblC TpOnl14CCKI1e J1Cca 113CJ1eHbIC J1yra, ByJ1-
KaHbl 11 rCH3CpbI. 1(0pcHHble )KI1TCJ111- MaOpl1 COCTaBJl5llOT
Hc60J1blllYIO 4aCTb I-IaCCJ1CHI1H. bOJ1bWI1HCTBO - 31'0 nOTOMKI1
CBpOneMCKI1X nepCCeJ1CHUCB, npCI1MyWCCTBCHHO aHrJ1114aH.
DOJ1CCCTOJ1CTI1HTOMy Ha3a.u HOBaH 3CJ1aH.1lI1H6blJ1a KOJIOI-mci;j
BCJ1YIK06p11TaI-I1111. CCH4ac 31'0 HC3aBI1CHMOC rOCYllapCTBO.
HaCCJ1CHI1C pa3BO.1ll1T KpynHblti poraTblti CKOT 11OBeu, Bblpa-
W,11BaCT nlllCI·-I1 uy, KYKYPY3Y, 514MCHb, 606bl, H6J10KI1I1 BBHOr-pan.
B npl16pe)J<Hbix BO.1laXHOB03CJ1aHD,Ubl 3aHI1MaIOTC5I npoMblcJ10M
Pbl6bl 11MOJIJ1IOCKOB. Pa3BI1BaCTC5I nl1WCBaH npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb
(ncpcpa60TKa M0J10Ka, M5ICa, 3cpHa, pbI6bl), HaJ13)KeHO npm13-'
BO.1lCTBOTKaHcti, aJ1IOMI1HI1>I 11 nJ1aCTMaCCbI. HOB<lH 3CJ1aHllI1H
>IBJ151eTC51MI1POBblM nOCTanWI1KOM MaCJ1a, M5ICa, lllCpCTI1, a TaK-
)J<e KI1BI1 11 516J10K. 3Ha'-II1TCJ1bHble .1l0XO.1lbl X0351tiCTBy CTpaHbI
HOBAS1
3EJ1AHA&i1S1
• 269 TbIC. KM
2
t 3,5 MflH LIen.
@ BenmilHrTOH
MaoplII
Tpa,D,lIJl..llilOHHO
yKpawalOT ce6H
TaTYliIpoBKOIIt

44. PECnY6JlIil KA
<J>V1A>KVI
~JIJ'ii
II":;
t 856 TbIC. 'fen.
@CYBa
KOPOJ1EBCTBO
TOHrA
• 0,7 TbIC. KM
2
t 101 TbIC. 'fen.
@ HyKyano<t>a
npHHocHTTypH3M. n03TOMY >KHBOnI1CHbie neiba.>KH, npl1Blle .
IOWHe Typl1CTOB co Bcero Ml1pa, Ha3bIBalOT rJIaBHbiM 60raTCTBC
HOBOM 3eJlaHlll1l1 (pHC. 33).
Pecny6J1uKa C/JUOJICUpacnOJlO>KeHa Ha MHOrOYHCJleHHbi:
BYJlKaHHyeCKI1X 11KOpaJlJlOBblX OCTpOBax B IOro-3anallHoM ya ,...
Tl1xoro OKeaHa. B npOWJlOM CTpaHa 6blJla KOJIOHl1eM BeJlI1K -
6pI1TaHHH, a He3aBl1CHMOCTb nOJly'II1J1a 131970 r. <!>epMepbl Ta
BblpaWI1BalOT I1M6Hpb, caxapHblH TpOCTHHK, KOKOCOBylO nalb-
MY, aHaHaCbl. <!>Hll)K}1HUbl TaK>Ke pa3B01UIT K03, CI3I1HeH, 1l0Maw-
HIOIO nTI1UY. ))OJlbWOe 3HalJeHHe HMeeT pbI60JlOBCTBO. H~
OCTpOBax 1l06blBalOT 30JIOTO, cepe6po, MellHble VI aJlIOMI1HHeBbl'"
PYllbl, H3BeCTHSlKH. Ho OCHOBHa51npl16blJlb nOCTynaeT OT npo-
H3BOllCTBa caxapa, KOTOpblM nOLITI1 nOJlHOCTblO RbIB03IHC5I RlIPY-
me CTpaHbl, a TaK>Ke TYPHCTOB - I1X npHBJleKalOT )I(HBOnl1CHble
KOPaJIJlOBble PHcPbl VI nJIH)I(YI.
Kopo.1eBcmBO TOHza COCTOIIfT113170 OCTpOBOB BYJlKaHl1yeCKO-
ro 11 KOpaJIJlOBOrO npOI1CXO)l(1JeHlHl. nOCT05lHHOe HaCeJleHlle
npmKI1BaeT TOJlbKO Ha 45 H3 HHX, OCTaJlbHbIe - He 3aCeJleHbi. B
XVIII B.ll,)I(eHMC KYK Ha3BaJI HX OCTpOBaMI1ll,py>K6bl, nOCKOJlb-
Ky OCTpOBI1THHe npl1HHJII1 ero KOMaHllY OyeHb roCTenpl1I1MHO. B
npOWJlOM OCTpOBa 6blJll1 KOJIOHl1eM BeJlI1K06pI1TaHHI1, a B 1970 r.
nOJlYYHJII1 He3aBI1CHMOCTb. TOHraHubI BblpaWHBalOT Tapo, 51IC.
6aTaT, OBOUlI1, ap6y3bl. VlMelOTC5I nJlaHTaUHH KOKOCOBblX nallb.1.
6aHaHOB 11UI1TPYCOBblX (pHC. 35). BllpYrHe CTpaHbl BbIB0351TKon-
py - BblcyweHHble HlIpa KOKOCOBblX opeXOB, KOKOCOBoe Mano.
pbl6y, CTpy4KH BaHI1JlH, KOTopaH I1CnOJlb3yeTc5I B KOHlII1TepcKot'1
OTpaCJlYL
310JIOI MlJECKI1E flP06JlEMhl JllOlIl1 CBoeH X0351HCTBeH-
HOH lIe5lTeJlbHOCTblO 113MeH5IIOTnepB0311aHHylO npHpOllY OCTPO-
BOB OKeaHHI1. TaM, me 6bIJll1 Jleca, n05lBI1JJ11Cb nJlaHTaUl111
CeJlbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIX KyJIbTyp. >KHBoTHble, KOTopble 6bIJlII
npVlBe3eHbI 11311pymx 4aCTeH CBeTa, TaK>Ke HaHOC5IT 3Ha4l1TeJlb-
HbIH ypOH MeCTHOH npVlpOlle. TaK, Ha OCTpOBax pacnJlOlll1Jl11Cb
KpbICbI, KOWKH 01l114aJ11111 Ha4aJ111 OXOTI1TbC5I Ha nnm. ))O.lb-
woi;j np06JleMOH CTaJlO HCnOJlb30BaHHe HeKOTopblX OCTpOBOB
(EUKUHU, ryaJl1, Mypypoa) KaK nOJlHroHoB lIJl515I1IepHbiX I1CnbITa-

45. HHI1. Bce 3TO np!IBOLlHT K HapyweHHfO npHpom-lOro paBHOBeCHH,
• ,13MeHeHHfO npMpOLlbi OCTpOBOB. 3arp5l3HeHbi H BOLlbl THXOro
OKeaHa. Bo BpeM5l f1JlaBaHlrI51CYLlOB11JI06bl'1H nOJle3HbiX I1CKOna-
e~lbIX B Hero nonanaeT 60JTbWOe KOJ1l1lJeCTBOBpeLlHblx BemeCTB.
3arp5l3HeHHble BOLlbI HaHocm BpeLl i10PCKHM 06HTaTeJl51M. Oc-
HOBHblMJiI JilCTOLIHHKal'vIJil 3arp513HeHM5l BOLlbl 5TBJT51fOTC51peKI1,
nOCKOJTbKY HecyT YLl06peHJil5l, CMbITbie C nOJTei-i, CTOKH npoMblw-
_leHHbiX npeLlnpH51TMI1 H HaCeJleHHblX nyHKToB. KpOMe Toro, B
OKeaH nonaLlaeT orpoil-1Hoe KOJlJiIlleCTBO Mycopa - flJTaCTHKOBbIX
6YTbIJlOK, nOJTH3THJTeHOBbIX naKeTOB lr1T. Ll.
OLJeHb onaCHO 3arp513HeHHe BOLlb! He¢TbfO, a TaIOKe 3axopo-
HeH!Ie B oreaHe panMOaKTlr1BHbIX OTXOLlOB H OTpaBJl5IfOmJilX Xlr1-
1HlJ.eCKHX BemeCTB. B HaLlaJle XXI 13.BpeLlHblX Bew,eCTB nona.n.o B
OKeaH CTOJlbKO, LITO OH y)Ke He Bcern.a MmKeT cnpaBHTbC51 C !IX
nepepa60TK0I1. HaH60JTee 3arp513Hel-IHbIMI1 paMOHaMH THxoro
OKeaHa 5IBJl>lfOTC51 HnoHc/(oe Mope 11 KOflUqJOpHUUCKUU 3QflUB.
3arPH3HeHHbie BOLlbi TeLleHM51MH pa3HOC51TC5l fIOBCfOL1Y.
OlfeHb onaCHO
3arpSl3HeHVle
OKeaHa BcneA-
CTBVle lIICnblTa-
HVll1 S1AepHoro
Opy>KVlSl
(! 3AnOMH~TE
• HaCeJIeHl{e OKeaHI{H OTHOCI{TCSI K aBCTpa.110H,lJ,HOHpace I{ OC060M nO.l1lme-
31{HCKOH rpynne •
• OCTpOBa OKeaHl1H )l,JlI{TeJlbHOe BpeMSl6blJIO KOJIOHHSlMH. CeH'IaC npeo6JIa)l,a-
lOT He60JlblliHe He3aBHCHMbie rocy)l,apCTBa.
t BOnpOCbl ~ 3AAAHII1S1
1.KaKnpo~cxoA~n03aceneH~eocTpoBoBOKeaH~M?
2. L.JTOTaKoe KOnOHlrl~?
3. KaKOtII X03>ltllCTBeHHOtll Ae>lTenbHOCTbIO 3aH~MaeTC>l HaceneH~e Ol<eaH~M?
4. !1cnonb3Y>l pa3nltiLJHbie VlCTOlJH~KLrl~Hcj:>opMau,MII1, nOArOTOBbTe paCCKa3 06 OA-
HOtll ~3 CTpaH OKeaHIIlIll.
5. nOLJ8MY TlIlx~ii1 OKeaH He06xoAIIlMO OXpaH>lTb?
6. TYP~3M Ha OCTpOBax OKeaH~1I1 - OAVlH1113Ba>KHetllWVlXII1CTOLJHVIKOBAOXOAOB MeCT-
Horo HaCeneH~>l. nOAyMatllTe, KaKVle 110nO)KVlTenbHble VI oTpVlu,aTenbHble CTOpOHbl
VlMeeT Typlll3M AJl5'lOCTpOBHblX CTpaH.
OAltiH ~3 OCTpOBOBOKeaHIIl~ lrlMeeT HeCKOnbl<OHa3BaHVltII- PanaHyVl, MaTaKIIITepaHrVl
(B nepeBOAe C nOnlllHe311ltllCKOrO -- «rna3, CMOTP5'lLL~t11B H860») _3TOT OCTpOB 06pa-
30BaH BynKaHIIlLJeCKOtllnaBoii1. !1HTepecHO, LJTOTaM 6blnlll 06HapY>KeHbl MHoroLJVlCneH-
Hble r~raHTCKlIle KaMeHHbie CTaTYVI. !1xnpO!t1CXO)KAeHVle IIITeXHIIlKa 1Il3rOTOBneHIIl5'lAO
CIIlX nop He~3BeCTHbl. npeAnonaralOT, LJTOIIlX CoopYAVlnlll nOLJTII11 000 neT TOMy
Ha3aA. HapoA, IIlX c03AaBWlIltll, L'lCLJe33aAonro AO npM6bIT~5'l TYAa eBpOnetllu,eB.
Hail1AVlTe 3TOT OCTpOB Ha KapTe (KooPA~HaTbl 26' 10. 111.,110' 3. A.) VI Y3HaeTe ero
TpeTbe Ha3BaHlIle.

46. ATJ1AHTi4'"1ECKi4~ OKEAH
§ 10.ATJIAHTMQECKMM OKEAH
~: BCnOMHlI1Te, KaKlI1e MaTepll1KlI1 OMblsaeT ATnaHTlI1yeCKlI1V1 OKeaH.
KaKlI1e 1I13SeCTHbie MopennaSaTenll1 60p03AlI1nll1 npOCTopbl
ATnaHTlI1yeCKoro OKeaHa?
rEOfPA<I>l1llECKOE rIO.JIOlKEHJ.1E H PJMEPbl. ATJTaH-
TH4eCKJ.1MOKeaH - BTOPOM no nJIOWMJ.1 OKeaH nJIaHeTbi. KaK H
TJ.1XHM, OH npOCTHpaeTC5I OT cy6apKTH4eCKHX WJ.1pOT110AHTapK-
/ TI111bfHa 16 000 KM. Era oc06eHHOCTblO 51BJI5IeTC5I
BbIT51HyTa5I¢opMa. VI Ha ceBepe, 11Ha IOfeOKeaH
I1MeeT Wl1pOKOe co06111eHHe C XOJIO,LlHbIMI1
nOJI5IpHbIMJ.1 B011aMI1. fpaHI1UbI C HH11J.1MCKJ.1M
11THXI1M OKeaHaMI1 0603Ha4eHbl yCJIOBHO - OT
MbICOB Ha IO)KHbIX OKOHe4HOCT5IX A¢PI1KI1 11
lO)KHOM AMepl1KI1 no Mepl111HaHaM K AHTapK-
TI1,Lle (Pl1c. 37). no fJIy6HHe ATJIaHTl14eCKl1M
OKeaH 5IBJI5IeTC5I BTOPblM nOCJIe Tl1xoro.
MaKCHMaJIbHa51 rJIy6l1Ha - B 2Jly6oKoeoiJ!wM
J/ceno6e flY3pmo-PuKo (8 742 M).
B ATJIaHTl14eCKOM OKeaHe BbI,LleJI5IIOTBHyT-
peHHl1e (EaflmuucKoe, Cpeou3eMHoe, lJepHoe,
A30ecKoe) 11OKpal1HHble (CeeepHoe, Kapu6cKoe)
MOp5I. OCTpoBa HaXO,Ll5ITC5Inpel1MYllleCTBeHHO
6Jll13 CYWI1 I1 I1MelOT MaTepl1KOBOe npOI1CXO)K-
11eHl1e'(BefluKo6pumaHufl, EOflbluue AHmuflb-
cKue). BYJlKaHI14eCKJ.1MI1 51B)15IIOTC5IKaHapcKue
ocmpoea, !1CJlaHOUfl, KOPaJlJlOBbIMI1- EepMYo-
CKue ocmpoea.
I1CTOPIUII1CCJIEJl,OBAHJ.UI. ATJlaHTI14e-
CKJ.1MOKeaH - Hal160Jlee 113yt-IeH 11OCBoeH 4e-
JlOBeKOM. I1epBble CBe11eHI15I 0 HeM C06paJll1
<pHHI1KHHUbI ewe 3a TbIC5I4Y JleT ,Ll0 HaweM
3pbI. Ho TOJlbKO B X B. BI1KI1HraM y,LlaJlOCbnepe-
Ce4bOKeaH oT6eperOB EBPOflbI 11110CTWlb fpeH-
JlaH,Ll1111 11 CeBepHOM AMepI1KI1. Ha4aJlo
aKTI1BHOMY OCBOeHl11OOKeaHa 6blJlO fIOJlO)KeHO
BXV B. XpucmOfpopOM KO/lyM6oM. n03,LlHee ocy-
weCTBJI5IJll1 fIJlaBaHl15I fIOPTyfaJIbUbl, I1CnaHUbI.
nYTeWeCTBlle B cnOBO
Ha3BaHiI1e ATnaHTIIf'lecKoMy OKe-
aHy Aanil1 ApeBHiI1e rpeKiI1 B 4eCTb
MiI1cPiI14eCKoro TiI1TaHa Amaca (AT-
naHTa), KOTOpblV1 s:lKo6bl CTOs:ln Ha
Kp3l0 3eMnlo1 101Aep>Kan Ha nne4ax
He6ecHblV1 CBOA. B pa3Hoe BpeMs:l
ATnaHTiI1yeCKiI1V1 OKeaH Ha3blBanil1:
Mope 3a fepaKnoBblMIo1 (fepKyne-
COBbIMIo1) cTon6aMIo1, 3anaAHblV1
OKeaH, Mope TbMbl, Mope MpaKa.
6epMYACKL111 TpeyronbHL1K
Ecnlo1 Bbl ycnblwlo1Te 0 «Abs:lBOnbCKOM
TpeyronbHIo1Ke", <<KnaA6101w,eATnaH-
TIo1Klo1»,«TaIo1HCTBeHHOM Mope>,; ecnlo1
Y3HaeTe, 4TO B ATnaHTIo1Ke 6eccneA-
HO iI1C4e3alOT Kopa6nil1, BHe3anHO B
s:lCHylO 101TiI1XYIO noraAY nponaAalOT
CaMOn€Tbl; ecnil1 rOBOps:lT 0 cBepxb-
eCTeCTBeHHblX ciI1nax, 3cPcPeKTe ril1-
raHTCKoro na3epa, BMewaTenbCTBe
npIo1WenblJ,eB-iI1HOnnaHeTs:lH nil160
>KiI1TeneV1nOABoAHOV1 ATnaHTiI1Abl, TO
repoeM TaKoro «BceneHCKoro AeTeK-
TIo1Ba" s:lBns:leTCs:l 6epMYACKIo1iii Tpe-
yronbHIo1K. 3TO Bcero nlo1Wb 4aCTb
npeAnOnO>KeHiI1V1 Y4€HbIX. A T04HO 1013-
BeCTHO, 4TO B XVI B. Io1CnaHCKiI1V1MO-
pennaBaTenb XyaH 6epMYAec
OTKpbln rpynny KopannOBblX OCTPO-
BOB, KOTopble n03AHee 6blnlo1
Ha3BaHbi B era 4eCTb.