By Dr. Muhammad Ramzanmramzaninfo@gmail.com, 03004487844 Edited by Ahsan Khan Eco ahsankhaneco@yahoo.com 03008046243

1. Week 3 Primary Data Collection: Survey Research Observation Method Experimental Research By Dr. Muhammad Ramzan [email_address] , 03004487844 Edited by Ahsan Khan Eco [email_address] 03008046243

7. A Classification of Survey Methods-Mode of Administration Traditional Telephone Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing Mail Interview Mail Panel In-Home Mall Intercept Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing E-mail Internet Survey Methods Telephone Personal Mail Electronic

17. A Comparative Evaluation of Survey Methods Criteria Phone In-Home Interviews Mall-Intercept Interviews CAPI Mail Surveys Mail Panels E-Mail Internet

19. There is no best form of survey; each has advantages and disadvantages.

25. A Classification of Observation Methods Observation Methods Personal Observation Mechanical Observation Trace Analysis Content Analysis Audit

31. A Comparative Evaluation of Observation Methods Criteria Personal Mechanical Audit Content Trace Observation Observation Analysis Analysis Analysis Degree of structure Low Low to high High High Medium Degree of disguise Medium Low to high Low High High Ability to observe High Low to high High Medium Low in natural setting Observation bias High Low Low Medium Medium Analysis Bias High Low to Low Low Medium Medium General remarks Most Can be Expensive Limited to Method of flexible intrusive commu- las t resort nications

49. Laboratory vs field experiments Factor Laboratory Field Environment Artificial Realistic Control High Low Reactive Error High Low Demand Artifacts High Low Internal Validity High Low External Validity Low High Time Short Long Number of Units Small Large Ease of Implementation High Low Cost Low High

50. Laboratory experiment Field experiment Artificial-Low Realism Few Extraneous Variables High control Low Cost Short Duration Subjects Aware of Participation Natural-High Realism Many Extraneous Variables Low control High Cost Long Duration Subjects Unaware of Participation

55. Conclusion There is no best data collection technique; each has its advantages and disadvantages. The suitability and appropriateness of data collection technique/method depends on the purpose, scope of the research and researchers resources.